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Iran–North Korea relations

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Iran–North Korea relations
Map indicating locations of North Korea and Iran

North Korea
Iran
Diplomatic mission
North Korean Embassy, TehranIranian Embassy, Pyongyang
Envoy
Ambassador Kang Sam-hyonAmbassador Seyed Mohsen Emadi
Iranian embassy in Pyongyang, North Korea

Iran–North Korea relations (Korean: 이란-조선민주주의인민공화국 관계; Persian: روابط ایران و کرۀ شمالی) are described as being positive by official news agencies of the two countries. Diplomatic relations improved following the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and the establishment of an Islamic Republic. Iran and North Korea pledge cooperation in educational, scientific, and cultural spheres.[1] Some media reports claim this cooperation extends to nuclear cooperation,[2] though official U.S. government publications[3] and academic studies have disputed this.[4] The United States has been greatly concerned by North Korea's arms deals with Iran, which started during the 1980s with North Korea acting as a third party in arms deals between the Communist bloc and Iran, as well as selling domestically produced weapons to Iran, and North Korea continues selling missiles to Iran. North Korea and Iran are the remaining two members of George W. Bush's "Axis of evil", which has led to many of the concerns regarding Iran–North Korea relations.

The United States of America designates both nations as State Sponsors of Terrorism, and they reciprocate this shared enmity. Despite this, Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both North and South Korea.

History

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The Persian-Korean relationship started with cultural exchanges date back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea era, more than 1600 years ago by the way of the Silk Road. A dark blue glass was found in the Cheonmachong Tomb, one of Silla's royal tombs unearthed in Gyeongju, and an exotic golden sword was found in Gyerim-ro, a street also located in Gyeongju. These relics are presumed to have been sent to Silla from ancient Iran or Persia through the Silk Road. It was only the Koryeo Dynasty during King Hyeonjong's reign when trade with Persia was officially recorded in Korean history. But in academic circles, it is presumed that both countries had active cultural exchanges during the 7th century Silla era which means the relationship between Korea and Iran dates to 1500 years ago.[5] "In a history book written by the Persian scholar Ibn Khordadbeh, it states that Silla is located at the eastern end of China and reads 'In this beautiful country Silla, there is much gold, majestic cities and hardworking people. Their culture is comparable with Persia'.

Other items uncovered during the excavation include a silver bowl engraved with an image of the Persian goddess Anahita; a golden dagger from Persia; clay busts; and figurines portraying Middle Eastern merchants. Samguk sagi — the official chronicle of the Three Kingdoms era, compiled in 1145 — contains further descriptions of commercial items sold by Middle Eastern merchants and widely used in Silla society.[6]

During the first decades of the Cold War, the Imperial State of Iran had no relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, particularly due to Iran having relations with the Republic of Korea that were established in 1962. Both countries were allied in the U.S.-led Western Bloc. In 1971-1972, the DPRK expressed support for Iraq's territorial claims against Iran, and condemned the Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. In September 1972, however, the visit of an Iranian table tennis team in the DPRK indicated the start of a rapprochement between Pyongyang and Tehran. In April 1973, Iran established diplomatic relations with North Korea, a decision that Deputy Foreign Minister Ahmad Mirfendereski justified on the grounds that "keeping the North Koreans isolated would not serve a useful purpose; on the contrary, bringing them more fully into the diplomatic world would make them behave more responsibly."[7] In the following years, the two states concluded various bilateral agreements related to trade and payment (1973), cultural cooperation (1974), and inter-news agency (1978), but Iran's overall contacts with the DPRK lagged far behind its extensive cooperation with the ROK. In 1979, the pro-U.S. monarchy was deposed and was replaced with an Islamic Republic, which facilitated the improvement of Iranian-North Korean relations.[8] North Korea's Rodong Sinmun consistently refrained from covering the Iranian protests until the departure of the Shah and the collapse of Shahpour Bakhtiar’s provisional government, but once Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini established his administration, the DPRK diplomats in Tehran made intense efforts to ingratiate themselves with him. During the Iran hostage crisis, North Korea was one of the few states that openly sided with Tehran against Washington. In January 1980, the DPRK concluded its first trade agreement with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[9] In early October 1980, shortly after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, three Iranian Boeing 747 cargo planes flew to North Korea and returned with medical supplies and artillery shells, which is the first known instance of military cooperation between the countries.[10]

Despite the two countries' shared antagonism to U.S. foreign policies, the specific national interests of the North Korea and the Islamic Republic of Iran were often considerably different from each other. For instance, North Korea, though it provided Iran with military assistance during the Iran–Iraq War (an act that induced Baghdad to break diplomatic relations with Pyongyang on 10 October 1980),[11] made repeated attempts to normalize its relations with the Iraqi government. In 1982, the North Korean authorities secretly invited an Iraqi delegation to Pyongyang, but the Iraqi government sent only an unofficial representative. In 1983, the head of the DPRK trade office in Kuwait attempted to persuade Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz to allow North Korea to reopen its embassy in Baghdad, but to no avail, because the DPRK wanted to reach reconciliation with Iraq without discontinuing its arms shipments to Iran. These aborted North Korean initiatives revealed that Pyongyang was not ideologically committed to Iran's crusade against Saddam Hussein.[12] In turn, the Iranian leaders decided to maintain diplomatic relations with both North and South Korea. During the recent inter-Korean security crises (like the ROKS Cheonan sinking and the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong), Iranian news agencies usually quoted the statements of the Korean Central News Agency in parallel with the statements made by Western and South Korean politicians, without showing any detectable preference for either side.[13]

Nor were the two states in full concord in adopting a position toward the various manifestations of international terrorism. On the one hand, both Iran and the North Korea provided military assistance to Hezbollah in Lebanon, and they actively sided with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad against the Syrian wing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant during the Syrian civil war. On the other hand, North Korea and Iran held substantially different views about the conflicts in which the Taliban, Boko Haram, and the Iraqi wing of ISIL were involved. While the North Koreans stressed that U.S. efforts to suppress these organizations constituted interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Iraq, the Iranian leaders, who regarded Sunni Salafi extremism as a direct threat to their own interests, repeatedly accused America of not striving hard enough to eliminate these groups or even seeking to reach an agreement with them.[14][15]

In 2013, North Korea opened the Ar-Rahman Mosque on the premises of the Iranian embassy, making North Korea the only nation besides Armenia to have a Shia mosque but no Sunni mosque.[16]

During the intertwined North Korean and Iranian nuclear crises, the favorable or unfavorable views that Iranian observers and policy-makers formed about North Korea's nuclear policies were considerably influenced by their political affiliation. In general, Iranian reformists were more negatively disposed toward the DPRK than conservative hard-liners, as they were of the opinion that Iran could not afford to pursue a confrontational nuclear strategy akin to North Korea's policy. Conservative hard-liners cited North Korea's open nuclear defiance of America's might as a positive example that Iran should emulate, but if the DPRK happened to enter nuclear talks with the U.S., they monitored the negotiations with thinly veiled distrust.[17]

Ambassadors

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List of North Korean ambassadors to Iran

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  • Kim Jong-nam (2000–2004)[18]
  • Kim Chang-ryong (2004–2010)[19]
  • Jo In-chol (2010–2014)[20]
  • Kang Sam-hyon (2014–2020)[20]
  • Han Song-u (2020-)[21]

List of Iranian ambassadors to North Korea

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  • Aliasghar Nahavandian
  • Seyed Morteza Mirheidari (-1997)[22]
  • Mohammad Ganjidoost (1997–2001)[23]
  • Jalaleddin Namini Mianji (2002-2007)[24]
  • Morteza Moradian[25] (2008–2012)[citation needed]
  • Mansour Chavoshi (2012–2016)[26]
  • Seyed Mohsen Emadi (2017–2020)[27]

Others

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  • Ri Won Il, chairman of the DPRK-Iran Friendship Association[28]
  • Anoushiravan Mohseni Bandpei, chairman of the Iran-Korea Parliamentary Friendship Group[29]

Military weapons

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North Korean military students graduate from an Iranian military university, 2021

Since the 1980s North Korea has become known as a reliable supplier of arms to other countries including Iran. Weapons sales between North Korea and Iran increased significantly during the Iran-Iraq war.[30] This weapons sale relationship has expanded into further military cooperation including in the development of and exchange of nuclear technology. This relationship has also involved Syria.[31][32]

During the Persian Gulf War North Korea is said to have supplied Iran with a range of arms including artillery, anti-aircraft machine guns, mortars, ammunition, tanks, small arms, naval mines and anti-tank and surface-to-air missile systems.[33] In December 2009, in contravention of an arms embargo imposed on North Korea, a shipment of North Korean arms, said to be en route for Iran, according to the Congressional Research Service, was intercepted in Thailand.[34][35] These weapons included rocket launchers and surface-to-air missile parts.[34]

In addition to weapons, North Korea and Iran have an active exchange of military expertise particularly in relation to special operations and underground facilities.[31] North Korea is thought to have trained Iranian operators in these advanced infiltration techniques.[31]

In March 2013 North Korea and Iran, as well as Syria, blocked a UN Arms Trade Treaty[36] aimed at setting "standards for all cross-border transfers of conventional weapons".[37]

Arms expert Jeffrey Lewis claims that the second stage of North Korea's Hwasong-14 ICBM is similar to the upper stages designed for the Iranian space launch vehicles.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Result of Iranian delegation visit to N Korea positive". IRNA. 23 January 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  2. ^ Coughlin, Con (26 January 2007). "N. Korea helping Iran with nuclear testing". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  3. ^ Congressional Research Service, "Iran-North Korea-Syria Ballistic Missile and Nuclear Cooperation," 26 February 2016, [1]
  4. ^ Patrick McEachern and Jaclyn O'Brien McEachern, North Korea, Iran and the Challenge to International Order (Routledge, 2017), [2]
  5. ^ "Cultural ties put Iran, S Korea closer than ever for cooperation". Tehran Times. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  6. ^ "1,500 Years of Contact between Korea and the Middle East". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  7. ^ Balazs Szalontai and Yoo Jinil, "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran: North Korea’s Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Spring 2023), pp. 210-216.
  8. ^ Shirzad Azad, "Iran and the Two Koreas: A Peculiar Pattern of Foreign Policy", The Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Fall/Winter 2012), p. 173.
  9. ^ Szalontai and Yoo, "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran," pp. 227-229.
  10. ^ Iran Missile Chronology nti.org Retrieved 9 August 2023; "Iraqis hitting resistance from Iran," Canberra Times, 11 October 1980, p. 5.
  11. ^ Chung-in Moon, "Between Ideology and Interest: North Korea in the Middle East", in Park Jae Kyu, Byung Chul Koh, and Tae-Hwan Kwak, eds., The Foreign Relations of North Korea (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 383, 396.
  12. ^ Szalontai and Yoo, "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran," pp. 234-235.
  13. ^ Balázs Szalontai, Cracks in the North Korea-Iran Axis. Elements of dissonance in the rhetoric of the Tehran-Pyongyang partnership. NK News, 5 August 2014.
  14. ^ Balazs Szalontai, "Consent, discord in North Korean, Iranian attitudes toward international terrorism", NK News, 17 August 2015.
  15. ^ Balazs Szalontai, "The specter of terrorism in North Korean, Iranian propaganda", NK News, 25 August 2015.
  16. ^ Chad O'Carroll, "Iran Build's Pyongyang's First Mosque," NK News, 21 January 2013.
  17. ^ Balazs Szalontai, "'This Is Iran, Not North Korea': Conflicting Images of the DPRK in Iranian Public Discourse," North Korean Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 2021), pp. 79-95.
  18. ^ "DPRK ambassador to Iran appointed". Korean Central News Agency. 7 November 2000. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  19. ^ "DPRK Ambassador to Iran Appointed". Korean Central News Agency. 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  20. ^ a b North Korea appoints new ambassador to Iran | NK News – North Korea News
  21. ^ Iranian President on Friendly Relations between DPRK and Iran, Rodong Sinmun, 29 June 2020.
  22. ^ "Vice-President Ri Jong Ok meets Iranian Ambassador," Korean Central News Agency, 17 July 1997.
  23. ^ "Paek Nam Sun meets Iranian ambassador". Korean Central News Agency. 23 February 2001. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  24. ^ "DPRK-Iranian Cultural and Scientific Exchange Plan Signed". Korean Central News Agency. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  25. ^ Farrar-Wellman, Ariel (1 July 2010). "North Korea-Iran Foreign Relations". Critical Threats. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  26. ^ "N. Korean Supreme People's Council speaker asks for broader ties with Iran". 25 October 2012.
  27. ^ "Kim Yong Nam Receives Credentials from Iranian Ambassador | Korean News". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.; "Vice Foreign Minister of DPRK Meets Ambassador of Islamic Republic of Iran," DPRK Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 3 December 2020.
  28. ^ "Rally and Film Show Mark Victory of Islamic Revolution in Iran". Korean Central News Agency. 11 February 2004. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  29. ^ "Kim Yong Nam Meets Iranian Delegation". Korean Central News Agency. 29 July 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  30. ^ "Foreign Policy Goals – Military Assistance". October 1991. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  31. ^ a b c "Iran North Korea: DPRK Is Ally of US Enemies in Middle East Nuclear, Missile, Arms and Engineering Sales". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  32. ^ John Larkin and Donald Macintyre (7 July 2003). "Arsenal of the Axis". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  33. ^ "North Korea got third of hard currency from arms sales to Iran in early 80s: Aug 1984 declassified CIA Report". KorCon Collection. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  34. ^ a b "North Korea: Back on the Terrorism List?". CRS. 29 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  35. ^ Thomas Fuller and Choe Sang-Hun (31 January 2010). "Thais Say North Korea Arms Were Iran-Bound". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  36. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (28 March 2013). "U.N. Treaty to Control Arms Sales Hits Snag". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  37. ^ "Iran, North Korea, Syria block UN arms trade treaty". Reuters. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  38. ^ "Could Iran be behind North Korea's nuclear, missile advances?".

Further reading

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  • Choi, Lyong; Shin, Jong-dae; and Lee, Han-hyung. "The Dilemma of the 'Axis of Evil': The Rise and Fall of Iran-DPRK Relations." The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 31, No. 4 (December 2019), pp. 595–611.
  • Fitzpatrick, Mark. "Iran and North Korea: The Proliferation Nexus." Survival, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2006), pp. 61–80.
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