Isotopes of rhodium
Naturally occurring rhodium (Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh.[1] The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days, 102mRh with a half-life of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lifes that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 207 days and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.
The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 103Rh is ruthenium and the primary product after is palladium.
Standard atomic mass: 102.90550(2) u
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[2][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
89Rh | 45 | 44 | 88.94884(48)# | 10# ms [>1.5 µs] |
β+ | 89Ru | 7/2+# | ||
90Rh | 45 | 45 | 89.94287(54)# | 15(7) ms [12(+9-4) ms] |
β+ | 90Ru | 0+# | ||
90mRh | 0(500)# keV | 1.1(3) s [1.0(+3-2) s] |
9+# | ||||||
91Rh | 45 | 46 | 90.93655(43)# | 1.74(14) s | β+ | 91Ru | 7/2+# | ||
91mRh | 1.46(11) s | (1/2-) | |||||||
92Rh | 45 | 47 | 91.93198(43)# | 4.3(13) s | β+ | 92Ru | (6+) | ||
92mRh | 4.66(25) s [2.9(+15-8) s] |
(>=6+) | |||||||
93Rh | 45 | 48 | 92.92574(43)# | 11.9(7) s | β+ | 93Ru | 9/2+# | ||
94Rh | 45 | 49 | 93.92170(48)# | 70.6(6) s | β+ (98.2%) | 94Ru | (2+,4+) | ||
β+, p (1.79%) | 93Tc | ||||||||
94mRh | 300(200)# keV | 25.8(2) s | β+ | 94Ru | (8+) | ||||
95Rh | 45 | 50 | 94.91590(16) | 5.02(10) min | β+ | 95Ru | (9/2)+ | ||
95mRh | 543.3(3) keV | 1.96(4) min | IT (88%) | 95Rh | (1/2)- | ||||
β+ (12%) | 95Ru | ||||||||
96Rh | 45 | 51 | 95.914461(14) | 9.90(10) min | β+ | 96Ru | (6+) | ||
96mRh | 52.0(1) keV | 1.51(2) min | IT (60%) | 96Rh | (3+) | ||||
β+ (40%) | 96Ru | ||||||||
97Rh | 45 | 52 | 96.91134(4) | 30.7(6) min | β+ | 97Ru | 9/2+ | ||
97mRh | 258.85(17) keV | 46.2(16) min | β+ (94.4%) | 97Ru | 1/2- | ||||
IT (5.6%) | 97Rh | ||||||||
98Rh | 45 | 53 | 97.910708(13) | 8.72(12) min | β+ | 98Ru | (2)+ | ||
98mRh | 60(50)# keV | 3.6(2) min | IT | 98Rh | (5+) | ||||
β+ | 98Ru | ||||||||
99Rh | 45 | 54 | 98.908132(8) | 16.1(2) d | β+ | 99Ru | 1/2- | ||
99mRh | 64.3(4) keV | 4.7(1) h | β+ (99.83%) | 99Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
IT (.16%) | 99Rh | ||||||||
100Rh | 45 | 55 | 99.908122(20) | 20.8(1) h | β+ | 100Ru | 1- | ||
100m1Rh | 107.6(2) keV | 4.6(2) min | IT (98.3%) | 100Rh | (5+) | ||||
β+ (1.7%) | 100Ru | ||||||||
100m2Rh | 74.78(2) keV | 214.0(20) ns | (2)+ | ||||||
100m3Rh | 112.0+X keV | 130(10) ns | (7+) | ||||||
101Rh | 45 | 56 | 100.906164(18) | 3.3(3) a | EC | 101Ru | 1/2- | ||
101mRh | 157.32(4) keV | 4.34(1) d | EC (93.6%) | 101Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
IT (6.4%) | Rh | ||||||||
102Rh | 45 | 57 | 101.906843(5) | 207.0(15) d | β+ (80%) | 102Ru | (1-,2-) | ||
β- (20%) | 102Pd | ||||||||
102mRh | 140.75(8) keV | 3.742(10) a | β+ (99.77%) | 102Ru | 6+ | ||||
IT (.23%) | 102Rh | ||||||||
103Rh[n 3] | 45 | 58 | 102.905504(3) | Stable[n 4] | 1/2- | 1.0000 | |||
103mRh | 39.756(6) keV | 56.114(9) min | IT | 103Rh | 7/2+ | ||||
104Rh | 45 | 59 | 103.906656(3) | 42.3(4) s | β- (99.55%) | 104Pd | 1+ | ||
β+ (.449%) | 104Ru | ||||||||
104mRh | 128.967(4) keV | 4.34(3) min | 5+ | ||||||
105Rh[n 3] | 45 | 60 | 104.905694(4) | 35.36(6) h | β- | 105Pd | 7/2+ | ||
105mRh | 129.781(4) keV | 42.9(3) s | IT | 105Rh | 1/2- | ||||
β- | 105Pd | ||||||||
106Rh | 45 | 61 | 105.907287(8) | 29.80(8) s | β- | 106Pd | 1+ | ||
106mRh | 136(12) keV | 131(2) min | β- | 106Pd | (6)+ | ||||
107Rh | 45 | 62 | 106.906748(13) | 21.7(4) min | β- | 107Pd | 7/2+ | ||
107mRh | 268.36(4) keV | >10 µs | 1/2- | ||||||
108Rh | 45 | 63 | 107.90873(11) | 16.8(5) s | β- | 108Pd | 1+ | ||
108mRh | -60(110) keV | 6.0(3) min | β- | 108Pd | (5)(+#) | ||||
109Rh | 45 | 64 | 108.908737(13) | 80(2) s | β- | 109Pd | 7/2+ | ||
110Rh | 45 | 65 | 109.91114(5) | 28.5(15) s | β- | 110Pd | (>3)(+#) | ||
110mRh | -60(50) keV | 3.2(2) s | β- | 110Pd | 1+ | ||||
111Rh | 45 | 66 | 110.91159(3) | 11(1) s | β- | 111Pd | (7/2+) | ||
112Rh | 45 | 67 | 111.91439(6) | 3.45(37) s | β- | 112Pd | 1+ | ||
112mRh | 330(70) keV | 6.73(15) s | β- | 112Pd | (4,5,6) | ||||
113Rh | 45 | 68 | 112.91553(5) | 2.80(12) s | β- | 113Pd | (7/2+) | ||
114Rh | 45 | 69 | 113.91881(12) | 1.85(5) s | β- (>99.9%) | 114Pd | 1+ | ||
β-, n (<.1%) | 113Pd | ||||||||
114mRh | 200(150)# keV | 1.85(5) s | β- | 114Pd | (4,5) | ||||
115Rh | 45 | 70 | 114.92033(9) | 0.99(5) s | β- | 115Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
116Rh | 45 | 71 | 115.92406(15) | 0.68(6) s | β- (>99.9%) | 116Pd | 1+ | ||
β-, n (<.1%) | 115Pd | ||||||||
116mRh | 200(150)# keV | 570(50) ms | β- | 116Pd | (6-) | ||||
117Rh | 45 | 72 | 116.92598(54)# | 0.44(4) s | β- | 117Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
118Rh | 45 | 73 | 117.93007(54)# | 310(30) ms | β- | 118Pd | (4-10)(+#) | ||
119Rh | 45 | 74 | 118.93211(64)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 119Pd | 7/2+# | ||
120Rh | 45 | 75 | 119.93641(64)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 120Pd | |||
121Rh | 45 | 76 | 120.93872(97)# | 100# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 121Pd | 7/2+# | ||
122Rh | 45 | 77 | 121.94321(75)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] |
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes
- ^ a b Fission product
- ^ Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ John W. Arblaster "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010" Platinum Metals Review Volume 55 Issue 2 April 2011 Pages 124-134.doi:10.1595/147106711X555656
- ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.