Isotopes of ruthenium
Naturally occurring ruthenium (Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru with a half-life of 373.59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru with a half-life of 2.9 days.
Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (87Ru) to 119.95 u (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, excepting 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary mode after is rhodium.
Standard atomic mass: 101.07(2) u
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[1][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
87Ru | 44 | 43 | 86.94918(64)# | 50# ms [>1.5 µs] | β+ | 87Tc | 1/2-# | ||
88Ru | 44 | 44 | 87.94026(43)# | 1.3(3) s [1.2(+3-2) s] | β+ | 88Tc | 0+ | ||
89Ru | 44 | 45 | 88.93611(54)# | 1.38(11) s | β+ | 89Tc | (7/2)(+#) | ||
90Ru | 44 | 46 | 89.92989(32)# | 11.7(9) s | β+ | 90Tc | 0+ | ||
91Ru | 44 | 47 | 90.92629(63)# | 7.9(4) s | β+ | 91Tc | (9/2+) | ||
91mRu | 80(300)# keV | 7.6(8) s | β+ (>99.9%) | 91Tc | (1/2-) | ||||
IT (<.1%) | 91Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (<.1%) | 90Mo | ||||||||
92Ru | 44 | 48 | 91.92012(32)# | 3.65(5) min | β+ | 92Tc | 0+ | ||
93Ru | 44 | 49 | 92.91705(9) | 59.7(6) s | β+ | 93Tc | (9/2)+ | ||
93m1Ru | 734.40(10) keV | 10.8(3) s | β+ (78%) | 93Tc | (1/2)- | ||||
IT (22%) | 93Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (.027%) | 92Mo | ||||||||
93m2Ru | 2082.6(9) keV | 2.20(17) µs | (21/2)+ | ||||||
94Ru | 44 | 50 | 93.911360(14) | 51.8(6) min | β+ | 94Tc | 0+ | ||
94mRu | 2644.55(25) keV | 71(4) µs | (8+) | ||||||
95Ru | 44 | 51 | 94.910413(13) | 1.643(14) h | β+ | 95Tc | 5/2+ | ||
96Ru | 44 | 52 | 95.907598(8) | Observationally Stable[n 3] | 0+ | 0.0554(14) | |||
97Ru | 44 | 53 | 96.907555(9) | 2.791(4) d | β+ | 97mTc | 5/2+ | ||
98Ru | 44 | 54 | 97.905287(7) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.0187(3) | |||
99Ru | 44 | 55 | 98.9059393(22) | Stable[n 4] | 5/2+ | 0.1276(14) | |||
100Ru | 44 | 56 | 99.9042195(22) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.1260(7) | |||
101Ru[n 5] | 44 | 57 | 100.9055821(22) | Stable[n 4] | 5/2+ | 0.1706(2) | |||
101mRu | 527.56(10) keV | 17.5(4) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
102Ru[n 5] | 44 | 58 | 101.9043493(22) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.3155(14) | |||
103Ru[n 5] | 44 | 59 | 102.9063238(22) | 39.26(2) d | β- | 103Rh | 3/2+ | ||
103mRu | 238.2(7) keV | 1.69(7) ms | IT | 103Ru | 11/2- | ||||
104Ru[n 5] | 44 | 60 | 103.905433(3) | Observationally Stable[n 6] | 0+ | 0.1862(27) | |||
105Ru[n 5] | 44 | 61 | 104.907753(3) | 4.44(2) h | β- | 105Rh | 3/2+ | ||
106Ru[n 5] | 44 | 62 | 105.907329(8) | 373.59(15) d | β- | 106Rh | 0+ | ||
107Ru | 44 | 63 | 106.90991(13) | 3.75(5) min | β- | 107Rh | (5/2)+ | ||
108Ru | 44 | 64 | 107.91017(12) | 4.55(5) min | β- | 108Rh | 0+ | ||
109Ru | 44 | 65 | 108.91320(7) | 34.5(10) s | β- | 109Rh | (5/2+)# | ||
110Ru | 44 | 66 | 109.91414(6) | 11.6(6) s | β- | 110Rh | 0+ | ||
111Ru | 44 | 67 | 110.91770(8) | 2.12(7) s | β- | 111Rh | (5/2+) | ||
112Ru | 44 | 68 | 111.91897(8) | 1.75(7) s | β- | 112Rh | 0+ | ||
113Ru | 44 | 69 | 112.92249(8) | 0.80(5) s | β- | 113Rh | (5/2+) | ||
113mRu | 130(18) keV | 510(30) ms | (11/2-) | ||||||
114Ru | 44 | 70 | 113.92428(25)# | 0.53(6) s | β- (>99.9%) | 114Rh | 0+ | ||
β-, n (<.1%) | 113Rh | ||||||||
115Ru | 44 | 71 | 114.92869(14) | 740(80) ms | β- (>99.9%) | 115Rh | |||
β-, n (<..1%) | 114Rh | ||||||||
116Ru | 44 | 72 | 115.93081(75)# | 400# ms [>300 ns] | β- | 116Rh | 0+ | ||
117Ru | 44 | 73 | 116.93558(75)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β- | 117Rh | |||
118Ru | 44 | 74 | 117.93782(86)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] | β- | 118Rh | 0+ | ||
119Ru | 44 | 75 | 118.94284(75)# | 170# ms [>300 ns] | |||||
120Ru | 44 | 76 | 119.94531(86)# | 80# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ |
Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
ignored (|no-pp=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.