Isotopes of tellurium
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Te) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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There are 38 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (52Te), with atomic masses that range from 105 to 142. These are listed in the table below.
Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and 130Te undergo double beta decay with half-lives of, respectively, 2.2×1024 (2.2 septillion) years (the longest half-life of all nuclides proven to be radioactive)[5] and 8.2×1020 (820 quintillion) years. The longest-lived artificial radioisotope of tellerium is 121Te with a half-life of nearly 19 days. Several nuclear isomers have longer half-lives, the longest being 121mTe with a half-life of 154 days.
The very-long-lived radioisotopes 128Te and 130Te are the two most common isotopes of tellurium. Of elements with at least one stable isotope, only indium and rhenium likewise have a radioisotope in greater abundance than a stable one.
It has been claimed that electron capture of 123Te was observed, but the recent measurements of the same team have disproved this.[6] The half-life of 123Te is longer than 9.2 × 1016 years, and probably much longer.[6]
124Te can be used as a starting material in the production of radionuclides by a cyclotron or other particle accelerators. Some common radionuclides that can be produced from tellurium-124 are iodine-123 and iodine-124.
The short-lived isotope 135Te (half-life 19 seconds) is produced as a fission product in nuclear reactors. It decays, via two beta decays, to 135Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the cause of the iodine pit phenomenon.
With the exception of beryllium, tellurium is the lightest element observed to commonly undergo alpha decay, with isotopes 106Te to 110Te being seen to undergo this mode of decay. Some lighter elements[which?] have isotopes with alpha decay as a rare branch.
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life[n 1] | decay mode(s)[7][n 2] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 3] |
nuclear spin and parity |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
105Te | 52 | 53 | 104.94364(54)# | 1 µs# | 5/2+# | ||||
106Te | 52 | 54 | 105.93750(14) | 70(20) µs [70(+20−10) µs] |
α | 102Sn | 0+ | ||
107Te | 52 | 55 | 106.93501(32)# | 3.1(1) ms | α (70%) | 103Sn | 5/2+# | ||
β+ (30%) | 107Sb | ||||||||
108Te | 52 | 56 | 107.92944(11) | 2.1(1) s | α (49%) | 104Sn | 0+ | ||
β+ (48.5%) | 108Sb | ||||||||
β+, p (2.4%) | 107Sn | ||||||||
β+, α (.065%) | 104In | ||||||||
109Te | 52 | 57 | 108.92742(7) | 4.6(3) s | β+ (86.99%) | 109Sb | (5/2+) | ||
β+, p (9.4%) | 108Sn | ||||||||
α (7.9%) | 105Sn | ||||||||
β+, α (.005%) | 105In | ||||||||
110Te | 52 | 58 | 109.92241(6) | 18.6(8) s | β+ (99.99%) | 110Sb | 0+ | ||
β+, p (.003%) | 109Sn | ||||||||
111Te | 52 | 59 | 110.92111(8) | 19.3(4) s | β+ | 111Sb | (5/2)+# | ||
β+, p (rare) | 110Sn | ||||||||
112Te | 52 | 60 | 111.91701(18) | 2.0(2) min | β+ | 112Sb | 0+ | ||
113Te | 52 | 61 | 112.91589(3) | 1.7(2) min | β+ | 113Sb | (7/2+) | ||
114Te | 52 | 62 | 113.91209(3) | 15.2(7) min | β+ | 114Sb | 0+ | ||
115Te | 52 | 63 | 114.91190(3) | 5.8(2) min | β+ | 115Sb | 7/2+ | ||
115m1Te | 10(7) keV | 6.7(4) min | β+ | 115Sb | (1/2)+ | ||||
IT | 115Te | ||||||||
115m2Te | 280.05(20) keV | 7.5(2) µs | 11/2− | ||||||
116Te | 52 | 64 | 115.90846(3) | 2.49(4) h | β+ | 116Sb | 0+ | ||
117Te | 52 | 65 | 116.908645(14) | 62(2) min | β+ | 117Sb | 1/2+ | ||
117mTe | 296.1(5) keV | 103(3) ms | IT | 117Te | (11/2−) | ||||
118Te | 52 | 66 | 117.905828(16) | 6.00(2) d | EC | 118Sb | 0+ | ||
119Te | 52 | 67 | 118.906404(9) | 16.05(5) h | β+ | 119Sb | 1/2+ | ||
119mTe | 260.96(5) keV | 4.70(4) d | β+ (99.99%) | 119Sb | 11/2− | ||||
IT (.008%) | 119Te | ||||||||
120Te | 52 | 68 | 119.90402(1) | Observationally Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 9(1)×10−4 | |||
121Te | 52 | 69 | 120.904936(28) | 19.16(5) d | β+ | 121Sb | 1/2+ | ||
121mTe | 293.991(22) keV | 154(7) d | IT (88.6%) | 121Te | 11/2− | ||||
β+ (11.4%) | 121Sb | ||||||||
122Te | 52 | 70 | 121.9030439(16) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0255(12) | |||
123Te | 52 | 71 | 122.9042700(16) | Observationally Stable[n 5] | 1/2+ | 0.0089(3) | |||
123mTe | 247.47(4) keV | 119.2(1) d | IT | 123Te | 11/2− | ||||
124Te | 52 | 72 | 123.9028179(16) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0474(14) | |||
125Te[n 6] | 52 | 73 | 124.9044307(16) | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.0707(15) | |||
125mTe | 144.772(9) keV | 57.40(15) d | IT | 125Te | 11/2− | ||||
126Te | 52 | 74 | 125.9033117(16) | Stable | 0+ | 0.1884(25) | |||
127Te[n 6] | 52 | 75 | 126.9052263(16) | 9.35(7) h | β− | 127I | 3/2+ | ||
127mTe | 88.26(8) keV | 109(2) d | IT (97.6%) | 127Te | 11/2− | ||||
β− (2.4%) | 127I | ||||||||
128Te[n 6][n 7] | 52 | 76 | 127.9044631(19) | 2.2(3)×1024 y[n 8] | β−β− | 128Xe | 0+ | 0.3174(8) | |
128mTe | 2790.7(4) keV | 370(30) ns | 10+ | ||||||
129Te[n 6] | 52 | 77 | 128.9065982(19) | 69.6(3) min | β− | 129I | 3/2+ | ||
129mTe | 105.50(5) keV | 33.6(1) d | 11/2- | ||||||
130Te[n 6][n 7] | 52 | 78 | 129.9062244(21) | 8.2(0.2 (stat.), 0.6 (syst.))×1020 y | β−β− | 130Xe | 0+ | 0.3408(62) | |
130m1Te | 2146.41(4) keV | 115(8) ns | (7)− | ||||||
130m2Te | 2661(7) keV | 1.90(8) µs | (10+) | ||||||
130m3Te | 4375.4(18) keV | 261(33) ns | |||||||
131Te[n 6] | 52 | 79 | 130.9085239(21) | 25.0(1) min | β− | 131I | 3/2+ | ||
131mTe | 182.250(20) keV | 30(2) h | β− (77.8%) | 131I | 11/2− | ||||
IT (22.2%) | 131Te | ||||||||
132Te[n 6] | 52 | 80 | 131.908553(7) | 3.204(13) d | β− | 132I | 0+ | ||
133Te | 52 | 81 | 132.910955(26) | 12.5(3) min | β− | 133I | (3/2+) | ||
133mTe | 334.26(4) keV | 55.4(4) min | β− (82.5%) | 133I | (11/2−) | ||||
IT (17.5%) | 133Te | ||||||||
134Te | 52 | 82 | 133.911369(11) | 41.8(8) min | β− | 134I | 0+ | ||
134mTe | 1691.34(16) keV | 164.1(9) ns | 6+ | ||||||
135Te[n 9] | 52 | 83 | 134.91645(10) | 19.0(2) s | β− | 135I | (7/2-) | ||
135mTe | 1554.88(17) keV | 510(20) ns | (19/2−) | ||||||
136Te | 52 | 84 | 135.92010(5) | 17.63(8) s | β− (98.7%) | 136I | 0+ | ||
β−, n (1.3%) | 135I | ||||||||
137Te | 52 | 85 | 136.92532(13) | 2.49(5) s | β− (97.01%) | 137I | 3/2−# | ||
β−, n (2.99%) | 136I | ||||||||
138Te | 52 | 86 | 137.92922(22)# | 1.4(4) s | β− (93.7%) | 138I | 0+ | ||
β−, n (6.3%) | 137I | ||||||||
139Te | 52 | 87 | 138.93473(43)# | 500 ms [>300 ns]# |
β− | 139I | 5/2−# | ||
β−, n | 138I | ||||||||
140Te | 52 | 88 | 139.93885(32)# | 300 ms [>300 ns]# |
β− | 140I | 0+ | ||
β−, n | 139I | ||||||||
141Te | 52 | 89 | 140.94465(43)# | 100 ms [>300 ns]# |
β− | 141I | 5/2−# | ||
β−, n | 140I | ||||||||
142Te | 52 | 90 | 141.94908(64)# | 50 ms [>300 ns]# |
β− | 142I | 0+ |
- ^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes
- ^ Believed to undergo β+β+ decay to 120Sn with a half-life over 2.2×1016 years
- ^ Believed to undergo β+ decay to 123Sb with a half-life over 9.2×1016 years
- ^ a b c d e f g Fission product
- ^ a b Primordial radionuclide
- ^ Longest measured half-life of any nuclide
- ^ Very short-lived fission product, responsible for the iodine pit as precursor of 135Xe via 135I
Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Many isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives, but decay has not yet been observed in these, allowing only a lower limit to be placed on their half-lives
- ^ a b A. Alessandrello; et al. (January 2003). "New Limits on Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67 (1). arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.
- ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|registration=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help)
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
ignored (|no-pp=
suggested) (help) - Alduino, C.; Alfonso, K.; Artusa, D. R.; Avignone, F. T.; Azzolini, O.; Banks, T. I.; Bari, G.; Beeman, J. W.; Bellini, F. (2017-01-01). "Measurement of the two-neutrino double-beta decay half-life of 130Te with the CUORE-0 experiment". The European Physical Journal C. 77 (1): 13. arXiv:1609.01666. Bibcode:2017EPJC...77...13A. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4498-6. ISSN 1434-6044.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.