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Lewis and Clark National Forest

Coordinates: 47°11′N 111°27′W / 47.183°N 111.450°W / 47.183; -111.450
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Lewis and Clark National Forest
Map showing the location of Lewis and Clark National Forest
Map showing the location of Lewis and Clark National Forest
LocationMontana, U.S.
Nearest cityGreat Falls, Montana
Coordinates47°11′N 111°27′W / 47.183°N 111.450°W / 47.183; -111.450
Area1,863,788 acres (7,542.48 km2)[1]
EstablishedFebruary 22, 1897[2]
Governing bodyU.S. Forest Service
WebsiteLewis and Clark National Forest

Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in west central Montana, United States. Spanning 2,912 square miles (7,500 km2). The region was inhabited by various cultures of Native Americans for a period of at least 8,000–10,000 years. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition came to this area, different areas of the large forest territory were used by members of the Blackfeet, Sioux, Cheyenne, Flathead and Crow nations for hunting and as an area for their seasonal winter camps. The forests provided shelter from the winter.

The forest lands were defined and established by the federal government in 1897, following its Treaty of 1896 with the Blackfeet forced to cede lands and move to a reservation adjacent to the national forest. The forest is one of the oldest forest preserves in the U.S. The forest is named in honor of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which passed through the forest between 1804 and 1806 while exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson.

The forest is managed as two separate zones. The eastern sections, under the Jefferson Division, is a mixture of grass and shrublands dotted with island pockets of forested areas. Cattle leases to local ranchers as well as timber harvesting are the norm. The western Rocky Mountain Division, which straddles the Continental divide, is managed chiefly for environmental preservation, as much of the land has been designated as wilderness. Forest headquarters are located in Great Falls, Montana. Local ranger district offices have been established in Choteau, Harlowton, Neihart, Stanford, and White Sulphur Springs.[3]

Description

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The sign for the western unit of Lewis and Clark National Forest on U.S. Route 2

Altitudes range from 4,500 feet (1,400 m) to the top of Rocky Mountain Peak at 9,362 feet (2,900 m). The forest is divided into seven separate sections and encompasses eight mountain ranges; the Judith, Big Snowy, Little Snowy, Crazy, Castle, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains. The westernmost section includes portions of the Scapegoat and the Bob Marshall wildernesses, and borders Glacier National Park to the north.

The western Rocky Mountain Division, informally called the Rocky Mountain Front, consists of a dense coniferous forest and has numerous species of spruce, fir, and pine. The Jefferson Division is dominated by ponderosa and lodgepole pine which prefer a drier climate. The grizzly bear and timber wolf are found in the western sections of the forest, and are especially dense in the designated wilderness areas.[4] In addition, the western section contains much of the wildlife present at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the region.[5] Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, Canadian lynxes, wolverines and black bears are most common nearest the Continental Divide. In other sections of the forest, black bears, mule deer and white-tailed deer are the largest mammals found. Coyotes, raccoons, beavers, minks, muskrats, river otters and Columbian white-tailed deer inhabit the up-stream inlands. Throughout the forest, bald eagles, grouse, peregrine falcon and red tailed hawks are increasing in numbers. Lakes and streams are more numerous in the western section due to a higher altitude and more precipitation, and are home to the native westslope cutthroat trout. In the 1,600 miles (2,600 km) of rivers and streams in the forest, rainbow trout, brook trout and northern pike are relatively common. Excellent fly fishing opportunities are plentiful, especially in the Smith River.

The National Forest has 29 vehicle-accessible campgrounds. Two ski areas also operate within the forest. Almost 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of hiking trails provide access to remote locations in the seven different mountain ranges within the Forest. Solitude is most common in the Crazy Mountains and in the wilderness areas near the Continental divide. Summertime average high temperatures are in the 70s °F (20s °C), but the winter can be very cold, especially in the more exposed eastern sections. Snow can linger for up to 10 months of the year along the Continental divide.

The forest lies in parts of thirteen counties. In descending order of land area, they are Lewis and Clark, Meagher, Judith Basin, Teton, Cascade, Pondera, Fergus, Wheatland, Chouteau, Glacier, Golden Valley, Sweet Grass, and Park counties.[6]

History

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In the late 19th century, after the end of the Indian Wars, the federal government worked to move Native American tribes on to Indian reservations, requiring them to cede land and extinguish their land claims to large areas of territory. The United States wanted to open the West to settlement and development by European Americans. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation, with members mostly of the Piegan Blackfeet branch, was established by Treaty of 1896 to the east of this forest area and Glacier National Park, bordering the province of Alberta, Canada, to the north.

The forest was established on February 22, 1897, as the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve under the management of the United States General Land Office. On June 9, 1903, the Flathead Forest Reserve was added, and on March 2, 1907, the spelling was changed to Lewis and Clark, and land was added. The forest territory had been transferred to the U.S. Forest Service in 1906, and was designated by the government as a National Forest.

On April 8, 1932 the entire Jefferson National Forest was added, which itself comprised the former Little Belt, Crazy Mountain, Snowy Mountains, Little Rockies and Highwood Mountains National Forests. Finally, on July 1, 1945, part of Absaroka National Forest was added as the last portion of this forest.[7] The Helena and Lewis and Clark National forests consolidated their administrations in 2014.

The Alice Creek Fire was started by a lightning strike in July 2017. The fire burned at least 29,252 acres (118 km2), crossed the Continental Divide, and impacted aquatic life.[8]

Badger-Two Medicine

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The Badger-Two Medicine area is a 200 square miles (520 km2) portion of the Lewis and Clark Forest that is adjacent to the Blackfeet Reservation and Glacier National Park. It is sacred ground for the Blackfeet tribe. The Treaty of 1896 gives Blackfeet tribal members the right to hunt and fish the area in accordance with state law and to cut wood for domestic use.[9] The Blackfeet have battled to protect Badger-Two Medicine by keeping the area roadless and by fighting proposed oil and gas drilling all along the Front, which is managed largely by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).[10] The Blackfeet have been assisted by conservation groups, preservationists (including the National Trust for Historic Preservation), outdoor sportsmen, ranchers and business owners.[11][12]

Approximately 93,000 acres (38,000 ha) are currently recognized as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a traditional cultural district (TCD), but proponents continue to lobby to have the entire Badger-Two Medicine area recognized as an eligible TCD.[11]

The U.S. Forest Service banned motorized travel on 186 miles (299 km) of trails in 2009.[13] In January 2011, a federal district judge cleared the roadblock on the U.S. Forest Service's Badger-Two Medicine travel plan. The plan allows motorized access on 8 miles (13 km) of established trails and bans all snowmobile travel.[14][11]

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  • A rider near the Chinese Wall in 1946
    A rider near the Chinese Wall in 1946
  • A rainbow on Ear Mountain near Choteau, Montana
    A rainbow on Ear Mountain near Choteau, Montana
  • Judith Station, c. 1920
    Judith Station, c. 1920
  • The Chinese Wall in the Rocky Mountain Ranger District
    The Chinese Wall in the Rocky Mountain Ranger District

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Land Areas of the National Forest System" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. January 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  2. ^ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). Forest History Society. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  3. ^ USFS Ranger Districts by State: Montana, US Forest Service
  4. ^ Juhlin, Ellis (August 4, 2023). "Judge rules Forest Service management of closed roads harms grizzly populations". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  5. ^ French, Brett (January 22, 2021). "Creation of a new herd". The Lewiston Tribune. Billings Gazette. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  6. ^ Table 6 - NFS Acreage by State, Congressional District and County - United States Forest Service - September 30, 2007
  7. ^ Davis, Richard C. (September 29, 2005). "National Forests of the United States" (PDF). Forest History Society. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Larson, Seaborn (September 5, 2017). "Continental Divide trail hikers displaced by wildfires outside Lincoln". Great Falls Tribune. Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  9. ^ Sweet; Mills, John Nicholas; Filpula Ankney, Dante; Thorp, Adison; Blackford, Hayden (2022). Managing "Culturally Significant" Land: The Badger-Two Medicine Area as a Case Study (Thesis). University of Montana.
  10. ^ "Oil and Gas Drilling: Badger-Two Medicine". The Wilderness Society. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c "Badger-Two Medicine Oral History Project, 2006". Orbis Cascade Alliance. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  12. ^ "The Fight to Protect a Sacred Wildland". Montana Wilderness Association. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  13. ^ "USFS Bans Motorized Travel in Badger-Two Medicine". Flathead Beacon. March 17, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  14. ^ "Badger-Two Medicine motorized travel ban upheld". NBC News. Associated Press. January 22, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
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