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List of fatal and violent Canadian tornadoes

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This page lists all tornadoes that have occurred in Canada that have documented fatalities, or have a rating of F3/EF3 or higher in intensity.

Canada adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale on April 1, 2013, with the country using the Fujita scale before. Both scales measure how violent tornadoes are, measuring damage done by tornadoes to look at how fast the windspeeds would be inside of a tornado; however the Enhanced Fujita scale takes into consideration the condition of buildings prior to the tornado when assessing damage. Less than 5% of tornadoes that occur in Canada are rated as F3/EF3 or higher.

The only officially rated F5/EF5 tornado in Canada is the 2007 Elie Tornado, however Thomas P. Grazulis of The Tornado Project has unofficially rated the 1920 Alameda-Frobisher Tornado and the 1935 Benson Tornado as F5 (neither having any official intensity ratings due to their age).

The deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history were the 1912 Regina 'Cyclone' (at least 28), 1987 Edmonton 'Black Friday' Tornado (27), and the 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado (17).

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Severe tornadoes

[edit]
List of Severe Tornadoes in Canadian History[1][2][3]
Date Tornado Province F/EF Fatalities Damage ($2023 CAD) Localities Affected Notes
1829, June 2 1829 Guelph Tornado ON - (likely F4+) ? – Guelph, ON Very strong tornado, swept buildings away, likely F4 or F5[4]
1844, August 7 1844 Galt Tornado ON F1 1 Galt (now a part of Cambridge, ON) [5]
1847, September 5 1847 Cornwall Tornado ON - 1 Cornwall, ON [6]
1848, June 19 1848 Ingersoll Tornado ON F2 1 Ingersoll, ON [7]
1850, July 5 1850 Lake Scugog Tornado ON F3 3-4 Lake Scugog, Sanford-Manchester-Enniskillen, ON Up to 1 mile wide at peak.[8]
1856, June 29 1856 Oxford Tornado ON F3 4 Golspie to Eastwood, ON [9]
1859, August 5 1859 Charlottetown Tornado PEI - ≥2 Charlottetown, PEI At least 2 people drowned when their boat was overturned by the tornado.[10]
1859, September 11 1859 Renfrew Tornado ON F1 1 Renfrew, ON [11]
1866, June 25 1866 Oil Springs Tornado ON F2 1 Oil Springs, ON [12][13]
1868, March 16 1868 Toronto Tornado ON F3 ≥1 Toronto, ON Unusual early season tornado. One confirmed death, at the time reports were published two girls were missing and one man was severely injured. [14]
1870, July 16 1870 Montreal Tornado QC - 1-2 Montreal, QC Tornado not rated but likely at least F2 based on damage. One man confirmed killed, unconfirmed report of a boy killed.[15]
1870, July 20 1870 Wellington Tornado ON F1 2 Wellington, ON [16]
1875, June 24 1875 Lambton Tornado ON - 1 Lambton, ON [17]
1875, June 24 1875 Bradford Tornado ON F2 1 Bradford, ON [18]
1879, August 6 1879 Bouctouche Tornado NB F3 5–8 $4,200,000 Grand-Bouctouche, NB Easternmost fatal tornado in North American history
1880, May 31 1880 Lambton County Tornado ON F3 0 Lambton County, ON [19]
1881, June 28 1881 Millbrook Tornado ON F2 2 Millbrook, ON [20]
1884, May 15 1884 Elora-Mapleton Tornado ON F4 0 – Elora, ON – Mapleton, ON
1885, August 28 1885 Muskoka District Tornado ON - 2 – Skeleton Lake, ON [21]
1888, June 6 1888 Cornwall Tornado ON - 3~ – Cornwall, ON
1888, July 11 1888 Lancaster Tornado ON F2 1* – Lancaster, ON *Killed 1 in Ontario before crossing the border into New York where it killed 4.[22]
1888, August 16 1888 Salaberry-de-Valleyfield ON & QC - 9–11 – South Glengarry, ON – Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, QU Started in Ontario, and later crossed the border into Quebec
1891, August 9 1891 Waterloo Tornado ON F1 1 – Waterloo, ON [23]
1892, June 14 1892 Sainte-Rose Tornado QC - 6 Sainte-Rose, QC [24]
1892, July 10 1892 Douglas Tornado MB - 1 – Douglas, MB [25]
1892, July 27 1892 Wiarton Tornado ON F2 6 – Wiarton, ON Intense mile wide tornado. High end F2, possibly F3[26]
1892, August 8 1892 Belleville Tornado ON - 1 – 10 km south of Belleville, ON [27]
1892, August 17 1892 O'Leary Tornado PEI - 1 – O'Leary, PEI [28]
1893, May 23 1893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak ON F2 1 – Tillsonburg, ON to Brantford, ON Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [29]
1893, May 23 1893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak ON F2 4 – Ottawa, ON Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [30]
1893, May 23 1893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak QC - 1 – Montreal, QC Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [31]
1894, May 20 (or 27) 1894 Huron County Tornado ON - Multiple – Huron County, ON Described as a severe tornado that killed a considerable number of people [32]
1896, July 2 1896 Lac Deschênes Waterspout ON - 3 – Lac Deschênes Waterspout on Lac Deschênes near Ottawa, overturned numerous boats killing 3 [33]
1897, July 3 1897 Rapid City Tornado MB - 1 – Rapid City, MB [34]
1898, June 20 1898 Benson Tornado SK - 1 – Benson, SK [35]
1898, September 26 1898 Merritton Tornado ON - 5-11 – Merritton, ON Killed at least 5 in Merritton (now part of St. Catharines, ON) before crossing into the United States and dissipating near Tonawanda, NY. Five injured were not expected to survive and unconfirmed reports of a sixth death. [36][37]
1900, June 5 1900 Winnipeg Tornado MB - 1 – Winnipeg, MB [38]
1900, August 31 1900 Wapella Tornado SK - 3 – Wapella, SK [39][40]
1902, July 17 1902 Chesterville Tornado ON F4 4-5 – Chesterville, ON At peak was roughly 2km (about 1.2 miles) wide, likely among the widest known Canadian tornadoes [41][42][43][44]
1903, August 11 1903 Rockland Tornado ON F3 0 – Rockland, ON [45][46]
1905, July 15 1905 Winnipeg Tornado MB - 4 – Winnipeg, MB [47]
1906, June 8 1906 Sarnia Tornado ON F3 5 – Sarnia, ON [48]
1907, May 26 1907 Nixon Tornado ON F3 0 – Nixon, ON, Waterford, ON F3 tornado destroyed much of Nixon before moving through the countryside and striking Waterford. [49] 8 days later Nixon would be struck by another, unrated tornado which destroyed 2 houses and a grocery store. [50]
1907, August 8 1907 Last Mountain Lake Tornado SK - 1 – Last Mountain Lake, SK [51]
1907, August 8 1907 Zealandia Tornado SK - 1 – Zealandia, SK [52]
1907, August 14 1907 Battle River Tornado AB - 3 – 30 km south of Vermilion, AB [53]
1908, July 22 1908 Frobisher Tornado SK F3 3 – Frobisher, SK [54]
1908, July 28 1908 Fillmore Tornado SK - 1 – Fillmore, SK [55]
1909, July 1 1909 Carievale Tornado SK - 5 – Carievale, SK [56][57]
1909, July 16 1909 Golden Valley Tornado SK F3 0 – Golden Valley, SK [58]
1910, June 21 1910 Palmer Tornado SK - 3-6 – Palmer, SK [59][60][61]
1910, June 27 1910 Weyburn Tornado SK - 1 – Weyburn, SK [62]
1910, July 3 1910 Grandora Tornado SK - 1 – Grandora, SK [63]
1912, June 30 1912 Regina Cyclone SK F4 ≥28 $103,000,000 Regina, SK 28 has become the generally accepted death toll. A reporter accused city planners of downplaying the death toll in order to not effect a real estate boom and claimed to have interviewed over 40 survivors, some of whom recounted seeing more than 28 bodies laid out by a single undertaker. He gave a death toll of 45.[64] In other reports published in the years since, tolls of 31,32,36, and 41 have been reported.[65][66][67][68]
1913, August 14 1913 Ogema Tornado SK - 2 – Ogema, SK [69]
1914 June 6 1914 Woodstock Tornado ON - 2 – Woodstock, ON [70]
1915, June 25 1915 Redcliff Tornado AB F4 2-3 – Grassy Lake, AB to Redcliff, AB [71][72]
1916, June 2 1916 Perth Tornado ON F3 1 – Perth, ON High end F3[73]
1916, August 28 1916 Atwater Tornado SK - 1 – Atwater, SK [74]
1919, June 27 1919 Quill Lake Tornado SK - 2 – Quill Lake, SK [75]
1919, June 27 1919 Lanigan Tornado SK - 1 – Lanigan, SK [76]
1920, Jul 22 1920 Alameda-Frobisher Tornado SK F5 (estimated) ≥4 $1,400,000 Alameda, SK – Frobisher, SK No official ratings, but was unofficially rated as F5 by Thomas P. Grazulis[77]
1922, Jun 22 1922 Southern Manitoba Tornado(es) MB - 5 - Portage la Prairie, MB Officially recorded as just one tornado, but was thought to have been multiple
1922, August 15 1922 Eastend Tornado SK F3 2 – Eastend, SK [78]
1923, June 16 1923 Sceptre Tornado SK - 1 – Sceptre, SK [79]
1923, June 16 1923 Rosetown Tornado SK - 1 – Rosetown, SK [80]
1923, June 25 1923 Wellington & Peel Tornado ON F2 4 – Wellington, ON to Long Branch, ON Long track fast moving tornado, on the ground for 2 hours travelling over 100 km.[81]
1923, July 7 1923 McGee Tornado SK - 1 – McGee, SK [82]
1926, July 9 1926 Lambton-Middlesex Tornado ON F3 0 – Watford, ON to Strathroy, ON [83]
1926, July 14 1926 Waldron Tornado SK - 2 – Waldron, SK [84]
1927, June 18 1927 Elfros Tornado SK F3 1 – Elfros, SK [85]
1932, May 31 1932 Aberdeen Tornado SK - 1 – Aberdeen, SK [86]
1933, June 17 1933 Saskatoon Tornado SK - 1 – Saskatoon, SK [87]
1933, July 21 1933 Point Edward Tornado ON F1 2 – Point Edward, ON [88]
1935, July 1 1935 Benson Tornado SK F5 (estimated) 1 – Benson, SK No official ratings, but was unofficially rated as F5 by Thomas P. Grazulis[77]
1935, July 6 1935 Smiley Tornado SK F3 1 – Smiley, SK [89]
1935, July 28 1935 Île-à-la-Crosse Tornado SK - 1 – Île-à-la-Crosse, SK [90]
1935, August 1 1935 Newington Tornado ON F2 1 – Newington, ON [91]
1935, August 12 1935 Norwich Tornado ON F2 1 – Norwich, ON [92]
1936, October 29 1936 Trenton Tornado ON F2 2 – Trenton, ON Somewhat unusual late season tornado.[93]
1939, June 7 1939 Kettle Point Tornado ON F0 3 – Kettle Point, ON Three people drowned when their boat was overturned by the tornado[94]
1943, June 1 1943 Aldborough Tornado ON F2 1 – Aldborough, ON [95]
1944, June 23 1943 Lambton-Middlesex Tornado ON F3 1 – Lambton, ON to Middlesex, ON [96]
1944, July 7 (or July 1) 1944 Lebret Tornadoes SK - 4 – Lebret, SK Two tornadoes struck Lebret killing 4. Source indicates date of July 7, elsewhere a date of July 1 is given for the event.[97]
1944, Aug 9 1944 Kamsack Tornado SK F4 4 – Kamsack, SK
1946, Jun 17 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado ON F4 17 $163,000,000 River Rouge, USA – Windsor, ON – Tecumseh, ON High-end F4, borderline F5. One of 3 tornadoes to strike Windsor in June 1946.[98][99]
1946, Jun 24 1946 Fort Frances Tornado ON F2 1 – International Falls, USA – Fort Frances, ON – Rainy River, ON Crossed the border from Minnesota into Ontario.[100]
1947, July 3 1947 Red River Valley Tornadoes MB - 1* – Windygates, MB What was likely a tornado family began in southern Manitoba killing one at Windygates before moving into North Dakota and Minnesota killing 9, unclear how many tornadoes were involved.[101]
1947, August 30 1947 Haliburton-Hastings Tornado ON F3 1 – Gooderham, ON - Coe Hill, ON - Cloyne, ON Rating is conservative, may have been F4[102]
1948, July 30 1948 Kawartha Lakes Tornado ON F3 1 – Kawartha Lakes, ON [103]
1950, August 11 1950 Morley Tornado AB - 4 – Morley, AB [104][105]
1953, May 21 1953 Sarnia Tornado ON F4 7 – Port Huron, USA – Sarnia, ON Crossed the border from Michigan into Ontario
1956, May 12 1956 Essex Tornado ON F3 0 – Edgewater Beach - McGregor, ON [106]
1963, June 29 1963 Spy Hill Tornado SK F3 1 – Spy Hill, SK [107]
1963, July 2 1963 La Sarre Tornado QC - 1 La Sarre, QC [108]
1964, July 2 1964 Orchardville Tornado ON F0 1 – Orchardville, ON [109]
1965, July 9 1965 Bruce & Grey County Tornado ON F3 0 – Formosa, ON to Markdale, ON [110]
1967, April 17 1967 St.Jacobs Tornado ON F3 1 – St.Jacobs, ON [111]
1970, August 20 1970 Sudbury Tornado ON F3 5 $78,200,000+ Greater Sudbury, ON [112][113]
1970, August 20 1970 Field Tornado ON F3 1 Field, ON Originally thought to be the same tornado as the Sudbury event the same day, but now known to be two separate tornadoes.[114][115]
1972, June 24 1972 Maniwaki Tornado QC - 2 $700,000 Maniwaki, QC [116][117][118]
1972, August 9 1972 Ottawa Tornado ON F0 1 Ottawa, ON [119]
1973, August 27 1973 Greater Sudbury Tornado ON F3 0 Greater Sudbury, ON Occurred in rural parts of the Greater Sudbury area only 3 years after the deadly 1970 tornado. Damage survey indicated that this tornado was likely more violent than the 1970 event with potential F4 damage noted.[120]
1974, Apr 3 1974 Windsor-Flat Rock Tornado ON F1 9 $3,040,000 Flat Rock, MI – Windsor, ON Originally rated F3, was later downgraded as it was discovered that damage from the US was accidentally mixed into research for Windsor. As well the building which partially collapsed was discovered to have non-reinforced walls.[121]
1975, July 24 1975 Saint-Bonaventure Tornado QC - 3 Saint-Bonaventure, QC [122]
1976, June 3 1976 Davidson Tornado SK - 1 – Davidson, SK [123]
1977, July 18 1977 St. Malo Tornado MB F4 3 – St. Malo, MB
1978, Jun 19 1978 Morris-Ostenfeld Tornado MB - 1 $8,680,000 Morris, MB – Taché, MB – Aubigny, MB – Ste. Anne, MB
1978, June 27 1978 Quebec-Ontario Tornado QC & ON F3 0 $3-$4 million Cascades, QC to Pendleton, ON [124]
1979, July 10 1979 Glasnevin Tornado SK - 1 – Glasnevin, SK [125]
1979, August 7 1979 Woodstock-Stratford Tornado ON F4 0-3 $434,000,000 Stratford, ON Often confused with the Woodstock tornado the same day, although they were two separate events. 3 killed in total, unclear which deaths were caused by which of the two tornadoes.[126]
1979, August 7 1979 Woodstock-Stratford Tornado ON F4 0-3 $434,000,000 Woodstock, ON to Waterford, ON Often confused with the Stratford tornado the same day, although they were two separate events. 3 killed in total, unclear which deaths were caused by which of the two tornadoes.[127]
1982, Jun 30 1982 Rocky Mountain House Tornado AB F3 0 $1,450,000 Rocky Mountain House, AB
1983, May 2 1983 Reeces Corners Tornado ON F4 0 – Reeces Corners, ON [128]
1983, July 18 1983 Lloydminster Tornado AB F3 0 $1,000,000 Lloydminster, AB [129]
1983, July 20 1983 Pennant Tornado SK F3 0 Pennant, SK [130]
1983, November 10 1983 Millar Channel Waterspout BC - 2 – Between Flores Island, BC and Vancouver Island, BC Tornadic waterspout capsized a boat, two people drowned.[131]
1984, June 29 1984 Big Coulee Tornado AB F3 1 Big Coulee, AB [132][133]
1984, July 8 1984 St. Claude Tornado MB F3 0 St. Claude, MB [134]
1984, July 15 1984 Pembroke Tornado ON & QC F3 1 – Pembroke, ON to Blue Sea Lake, QC [135][136][137][138]
1985, May 31 1985 Hopeville Tornado ON F3 0 Hopeville, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak. F2 according to some sources.
1985, May 31 1985 Mansfield Tornado ON F3 0 Mansfield, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak
1985, May 31 1985 Barrie Tornado ON F4 8 $337,000,000 Barrie, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak
1985, May 31 1985 Grand Valley-Tottenham Tornado ON F4 4 – Grand Valley, ON – Orangeville, ON – Tottenham, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak. Longest track tornado in Canada at over 110 km.[139]
1985, May 31 1985 Rice Lake Tornado ON F3 0 – Rice Lake, ON – Erin, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak – twin tornado with Alma Tornado. F2 according to some sources.
1985, May 31 1985 Alma-Hillsburgh Tornado ON F3 0 – Alma, ON – Rice Lake, ON – Erin, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak – twin tornado with Rice Lake
1985, June 18 1985 Saint-Sylvère Tornado QC F3 0 – Saint-Sylvère, QC [140]
1985, September 9 1985 Big Rideau Lake Tornado ON F0 1 – Big Rideau Lake, ON One killed when a houseboat on the lake was struck[141]
1986, June 16 1986 Lac Gareau Tornado QC F3 0 – Lac Gareau, QC [142]
1986, June 16 1986 Haliburton-Hastings Tornado ON F3? 0 – Hindon Hill, ON to Maynooth, ON Long track tornado which travelled 80 km. Rating downgraded to F2 in 2005 due to some of the destroyed cottages being of questionable construction. However, a 5 bedroom house that was swept off its foundation and a stone cottage leveled to the ground call this downgrade into question. Was originally "confidently" rated F3[143]
1987, Jul 31 1987 Edmonton Tornado AB F4 27 $771,000,000 Edmonton, AB Very high-end F4, missed the F5 rating by 1 mph
1989, July 8 1989 Peebles Tornado SK F3 0 – Peebles, SK [144]
1990, August 12 1990 Norwich Township Tornado ON F2 1 Norwich, ON [145]
1990, August 28 1990 Southwold Tornado ON F3 0 – Southwold, ON Every building in the hamlet of Frome was damaged or destroyed.[146]
1991, August 27 1991 Maskinongé Tornado QC F3 0 – Maskinongé, QC [147]
1991, August 27 1991 Pierreville Tornado QC F3 0 – Pierreville, QC [148]
1993, Jul 29 1993 Holden Tornado AB F3 0 – Holden, AB
1994, July 9 1994 Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu Tornado QC F2 1 – Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu QC [149][150]
1994, Jul 10 1994 Turtle Mountain Tornado MB F4 0 $1,850,000 Killarney-Turtle Mountain, MB
1994, August 4 1994 Aylmer Tornado QC F3 0 – Aylmer QC F2 according to some sources.[151]
1995, August 29 1995 Spring Valley Tornado SK F3 0 Spring Valley, SK [152]
1996, April 20 1996 Williamsford Tornado ON F3 0 – Williamsford, ON High end F3, possibly low end F4[153]
1996, April 20 1996 Arthur - Violet Hill Tornado ON F3 0 – Arthur, ON [154]
1996, July 4 1996 Fielding Tornado SK F3 0 – Fielding, SK [155]
1996, July 4 1996 Hepburn - Aberdeen Tornado SK F3 0 – Hepburn, SK to Aberdeen, SK [156]
1999, July 6 1999 Drummondville Tornado QC F1 1 – Drummondville QC [157][158]
2000, July 14 2000 Pine Lake Tornado AB F3 12 $21,600,000 Pine Lake, AB
2000, July 23 2000 Marwayne Tornado AB F3 0 – Marwayne, AB
2006, August 5 2006 Gull Lake Tornado MB F2 1 – Gull Lake, MB [159]
2007, June 22 2007 Elie Tornado MB F5 0 $55,600,000 Elie, MB Canada's first and only officially rated F5/EF5
2007, June 22 2007 Oakville Tornado MB F3 0 – Oakville, MB Occurred at the same time as the Elie F5.[160]
2007, June 23 2007 Baldur Tornado MB F3 0 – Baldur, MB
2007, June 23 2007 Pipestone Tornado MB F3 0 – Baldur, MB – Oakville, MB – Pipestone, MB Very violent tornado that did not hit anything significant, could have been F5
2009, July 9 2009 Kincardine Tornado ON F2 3 – Fisherman's Cove Resort, ON Killed 3 tourists from Oklahoma[161]
2009, August 20 2009 Durham Tornado ON F2 1 – Durham, ON
2010, June 29 2010 Raymond Tornado SK F3 0 $18,000,000 Kawacatoose Reserve 88, SK
2011, August 21 2011 Goderich Tornado ON F3 1 – Goderich, ON Caused significant electrical outages to surrounding municipalities
2017, June 18 2017 Saint-Anne-du-Lac QC EF3 0 – Sainte-Anne-du-Lac, QC [162]
2018, August 3 2018 Alonsa Tornado MB EF4 1 $2,300,000 Alonsa, MB EF5 damage observed, but building was deemed poor condition[163]
2018, September 21 2018 Ottawa Tornado ON EF3 0 $388,000,000 Ottawa, ON High-end EF3, borderline EF4
2020, August 8 2020 Scarth Tornado MB EF3 2 – Scarth, MB High-end EF3, borderline EF4
2021, June 21 2021 Mascouche Tornado QC EF2 1 – Mascouche, QC [164]
2023, July 1 2023 Didsbury Tornado AB EF4 0 – Didsbury, AB

See also

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References

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  81. ^ "Lebanon to Long Branch". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 25 June 1923.
  82. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  83. ^ "Watford to Strathroy". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 July 1926.
  84. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  85. ^ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  86. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  87. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  88. ^ "Point Edward". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 21 July 1933.
  89. ^ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  90. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  91. ^ "Newington". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. August 1935.
  92. ^ "Norwich Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 12 August 1935.
  93. ^ "Trenton". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 29 October 1936.
  94. ^ "Kettle Point". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 June 1939.
  95. ^ "Rodney, Aldborough Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. June 1943.
  96. ^ "Birnam to Lambeth". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 23 June 1944.
  97. ^ https://iamc-line3.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Hazard-Identification-Risk-Vulnerability-Assessment-Case-Study.pdf
  98. ^ "Windsor Tornado – June 17, 1946". 2003-01-11. Archived from the original on 2003-01-11. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  99. ^ "Windsor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 27 June 1946.
  100. ^ "Fort Frances". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 24 June 1946.
  101. ^ "The Windsor Daily Star".
  102. ^ "Gooderham to Coe Hill & Cloyne". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 30 August 1947.
  103. ^ "Daytonia Beach". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 30 July 1948.
  104. ^ "The Vancouver Sun".
  105. ^ "The Calgary Herald".
  106. ^ "Edgewood Beach to McGregor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 12 May 1956.
  107. ^ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  108. ^ "The Age".
  109. ^ "Orchardville". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 2 July 1964.
  110. ^ "Formosa to Markdale". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 July 1965.
  111. ^ "St. Jacobs to Armstrong Mills". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 17 April 1967.
  112. ^ "Lively to Sudbury". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 August 1970.
  113. ^ "Le 20 août 1970, deux tornades emportaient six personnes dans le Nord".
  114. ^ "Field". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 August 1970.
  115. ^ "Le 20 août 1970, deux tornades emportaient six personnes dans le Nord".
  116. ^ "The Phoenix".
  117. ^ "Ottawa Citizen".
  118. ^ "The Windsor Star".
  119. ^ "Pine Grove". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 August 1972.
  120. ^ "Duke Lake to Friday Lake (Spanish River)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 27 August 1973.
  121. ^ "Windsor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 3 April 1974.
  122. ^ "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search".
  123. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  124. ^ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  125. ^ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  126. ^ "Stratford to Bright". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 August 1979.
  127. ^ "Woodstock to Waterford". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 August 1979.
  128. ^ "Reeces Corners". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 2 May 1983.
  129. ^ "Lloydminster, AB F3 Tornado of July 8, 1983".
  130. ^ "Pennant (1983)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 20 July 1983.
  131. ^ https://cmosarchives.ca/Chinook/ch0803.pdf
  132. ^ "Big Coulee, AB F3 Tornado of June 29, 1984".
  133. ^ "Big Coulee (1984)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 29 June 1984.
  134. ^ "St. Claude, MB F3 Tornado of July 8, 1984".
  135. ^ https://highwaysandhailstones.com/tornado/19840715-2020/
  136. ^ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  137. ^ "The Madison Courier".
  138. ^ "The Leader-Post".
  139. ^ "Arthur to Grand Valley to Mono to Tottenham to Holland Marsh to Ansnorveldt to Sharon to Mount Albert". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 31 May 1985.
  140. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  141. ^ "The Deadly Tornado at Big Rideau Lake (NOT IN ECCC RECORD)".
  142. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  143. ^ "Hindon Hill to Maynooth (Haliburton City)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 16 June 1986.
  144. ^ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  145. ^ "Norwich Township (1990)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 12 August 1990.
  146. ^ "Frome to Port Stanley (Southwold Township)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 28 August 1990.
  147. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  148. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  149. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  150. ^ "BAnQ numérique".
  151. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  152. ^ "Spring Valley (1995)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 29 August 1995.
  153. ^ "Williamsford to Blantyre". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 April 1996.
  154. ^ "Arthur to Violet Hill". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 April 1996.
  155. ^ "Fielding, SK F3 Tornado of July 4, 1996".
  156. ^ https://highwaysandhailstones.com/tornado/19960704-0130/
  157. ^ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  158. ^ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  159. ^ "Patricia Beach, MB F2 Tornado of August 5, 2006".
  160. ^ "Oakville, MB F3 Tornado of June 22, 2007".
  161. ^ "Deadly F2 Tornado at Lac Seul, Ontario, July 9, 2009".
  162. ^ "ArcGIS Dashboards". westernu.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  163. ^ Stevenson, Sarah A.; Miller, Connell S.; Sills, David M. L.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Rhee, Daniel M.; Lombardo, Franklin T. (2023-07-01). "Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018". Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 238: 105422. Bibcode:2023JWEIA.23805422S. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422. ISSN 0167-6105.
  164. ^ "Cleanup underway in Quebec town after EF2 tornado left one man dead". 22 June 2021.
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