List of loanwords in Tagalog
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its Austronesian roots. According to lexographer Jose Villa Panganiban, "of the 30,000 root words in the Tagalog language, there are close to 4,000 from Spanish, 3,000 from Malay, 2,000 from English, 2,000 from both Hokkien (Min Nan) and Yue Chinese dialects, 300 from Tamil and Sanskrit, 200 from Arabic, 10 percent of Tagalog is from Nahuatl origins,[1] and a few hundred altogether from other languages". Linguists say that borrowings from Malay and Chamorro cannot be ascertained at this time, as words from the Old Austronesian language and those from Malay and Chamorro are still ambiguous and too similar to be distinguished.
Spanish
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their review of a Pilipino-English dictionary, Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) point out that 40% of word roots are of Spanish origin.[2] An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):
- Tagalog: "Puwede (Puede) ba akong umupo sa silya (silla) sa tabi ng bintana (ventana) habang nasa biyahe (viaje) tayo sa eroplano (aeroplano)?"
- Translation in English: ("May I sit on the chair near the window during our voyage in the aeroplane?")
The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940[3] changed the spelling of most of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The loanwords derived from the Spanish language have their original spellings indigenized according to the rules of the Abakada alphabet. Examples include agila (from Sp. águila), alkalde (from Sp. alcalde), bakuna (from Sp. vacuna), banyo (from Sp. baño), baso (from Sp. vaso), biktima (from Sp. víctima), bintana (from Sp. ventana), bisita (from Sp. visita), biyahe (from Sp. viaje), braso (from Sp. brazo), demokrasya (from Sp. democracia), diyaryo (from Sp. diario), estudyante (from Sp. estudiante), heneral (from Sp. general), hustisya (from Sp. justicia), kama (from Sp. cama), kambyo (from Sp. cambio de marcha), keso (from Sp. queso), kutsara (from Sp. cuchara), kwarto (from Sp. cuarto), kwento (from Sp. cuento), lababo (from Sp. lavabo), mensahe (from Sp. mensaje), meryenda (from Sp. merienda), mikrobyo (from Sp. microbio), niyebe (from Sp. nieve), panyo (from Sp. paño), pila (from Sp. fila), plema (from Sp. flema), presyo (from Sp. precio), prinsesa (from Sp. princesa), reseta (from Sp. receta médica), reyna (from Sp. reina), serbisyo (from Sp. servicio), sinturon (from Sp. cinturón), teklado (from Sp. teclado), telebisyon (from Sp. televisión), tinidor (from Sp. tenedor), trabaho (from Sp. trabajo), tuwalya (from Sp. toalla) and yelo (from Sp. hielo).[4][5][6]
Other loanwords derived from the Spanish language underwent spelling and pronunciation changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language. For example, an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift can be observed in the Filipino word paminta, which came from the Spanish word pimienta.[4] A rare vowel change from /e/ to /u/ can be observed in the words unano (from Sp. enano) and umpisa (from Sp. empezar). Other words derived from Spanish underwent vowel deletion upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as the words pusta (from Sp. apostar), tarantado (from Sp. atarantado), kursonada (from Sp. corazonada), Pasko (from Sp. Pascua) and labi (from Sp. labio).[4] Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words: albularyo (witch doctor or folk healer, from Sp. herbolario), alma (from Sp. armar), almusal (from Sp. almorzar), asukal (from Sp. azúcar), balbas (from Sp. barba), bandila (from. Sp. bandera), dasal (from Sp. rezar), hibla (thread or strand, from Sp. hebra), hilo (dizzy, from Sp. giro), hulmá (to mould, from Sp. ahormar), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), litratista (photographer, from Sp. retratista), litrato (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. retrato), multo (from Sp. muerto), nunal (from Sp. lunar), pastol (from Sp. pastor) and pasyal (from Sp. pasear). The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutson derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino[7] (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. talento) and tina[8] (dye, from Sp. tinta). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limos (from Sp. limosna), masyado (from Sp. demasiado), posas (from Sp. esposas), restawran (from Sp. restaurante), riles (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. carriles), sindi (from Sp. third-person singular present tense conjugation of the verb encender) and sintonado (from Sp. desentonado).[5]
The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog.[9] Such is the case of the words barya (from Sp. barilla), kabayo (from Sp. caballo), kutamaya (from. Sp. cota de malla), lauya (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. la olla), sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) and tabliya or tablea (from Sp. tablilla de chocolate). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog were probably introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century by educated Peninsulares.[9] Examples include apelyido (from Sp. apellido), balyena (from Sp. ballena), kalye (from Sp. calle), kutsilyo (from Sp. cuchillo), makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla de escribir), sepilyo (from Sp. cepillo de dientes), silya (from Sp. silla) and sigarilyo (from Sp. cigarrillo).[9] There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case of the following words: kulani (lymph node, from Sp. collarín[10]), kursilista (from Sp. cursillista) and uling (coal, soot or charcoal; from Sp. hollín[11]).
Others have morphed like 'ku(ha)nin' (Sp.: 'coja' + Tag.: '–nin'), which has inconspicuously developed into another pure Tagalog–sounding word. Another one is maamong kordero (from Sp. amo & cordero). Combined together, it conveys the description of a meek, tame, harmless human with Tagalog adjective prefix and suffix added. The compound word batya't palo–palo, a must word in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for "washing tub" and palo for "stick" or "beater", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all. Others are umpisa (empieza), pulubi (pobre), pader (pared).
Some have acquired an entirely new meaning, such as kursonada (corazonada, originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; sospechoso is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; insekto ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige (sigue), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is now widely understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".
Others use Spanish prefixes and/or suffixes, combined from Tagalog or other languages, without which the word can not be completed and convey its meaning. For example, pakialamero (from Tag. pakialam, "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix –ero, masculine subject); same as majongero ("mahjong", a Chinese word and the Sp. suffix –ero). Daisysiete is a corruption and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish diecisiete ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (below 18, hence the number) female. Bastusing katawán (Sp.: basto & Tag.: katawan) is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body
Even after the Spanish era, Tagalog is still being influenced by Spanish as new words are coined, albeit along its own terms, viz., alaskadór ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); barkada (from Sp.: barca,"boat" to "clique"); bérde ("verde"="green", nuanced to "toilet humour" or "blue joke"); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country. In a strange twist, even if Filipinos have a chance to Tagalized words using foreign words, currently English—their most accessible influence—they coin words in a uniquely Hispanizing way i.e. "boksingero" (from Eng. "boxing") instead of using the Spanish "boxeador". Or "basketbolista" (from Eng. "basketball"), instead of borrowing from Spanish "baloncesto" to make it say "baloncestista" or "baloncestador" (although basketball "básquetbol" in many Latin American countries).
Here are some examples of Spanish–derived Tagalog words in the following format: Word (Etymology – Original Definition/s if different from Nuanced Definition. = Derivative Definition if Compound Words) – Nuanced Definition. Shared Definition precedes Nuanced Definition if both exist.
| Tagalog | Spanish | Meaning | Native equivalent(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abante | Avante | Ahead; Forward | Pasulóng, Pausad |
| Abelyana[12] | Avellana | Common hazel (Corylus avellana) | |
| Abiso | Aviso | Warning | Babalâ |
| Ahedres | Ajedrez | Chess | |
| Ahente | Agente | Agent | Kinatawán |
| Alemanya | Alemania | Germany | |
| Algodon | Algodon | Cotton; False trevally (Lactarius lactarius)[13] | Bulak (cotton); Pagapa (Lactarius lactarius) |
| Amarilyo | Amarillo | Yellow | Dilaw |
| Antena | Antena | Antenna | |
| Aparadór | Aparador | Closet | |
| Asoge | Azogue | Mercury (Hg) | |
| Asul | Azul | Blue | Bughaw |
| Asupre | Azufre | Sulfur (S) | Sangyawa |
| Atenas | Atenas | Athens | |
| Baryo | Barrio | Village | Barangay, Bukid, Nayon |
| Baso | Vaso | Drinking glass | |
| Basura | Basura | Garbage, Trash, Waste | Kalat, Dumi |
| Bentilador | Ventilador | Electric fan | |
| Bisagra | Bisagra | Hinge (door) | |
| Bisikleta | Bicicleta | Bicycle | |
| Bruha | Bruja | Witch; Woman with unpleasant personality | Mangkukulam |
| Bulsá | Bolsa | ||
| Busina | Bocina | Car horn | |
| Britanya | Britania | Britain | |
| Datos | Datos | Datum/Data | |
| Departamento | Departamento | Department | Kagawarán |
| Dinero | Dinero | Money | Pera, salapi |
| Diskaril | Descarrilar | To derail | |
| Diyos | Dios | God | Panginoon |
| Duwende | Duende | Elf, goblin | |
| Dyaryo | Diario | Newspaper | Pahayagan |
| Ebanghelyo | Evangelio | Gospel | Mabuting Balita |
| Edad | Edad | Age | Gulang |
| Ekolohiya | Ecologia | Ecology | |
| Ekonomiya | Economia | Economy | Kabuhayan, Pagtitipid, Katipirán |
| Ekwador | Ecuador | Equator | |
| Elyo | Helio | Helium (He) | |
| Embahada | Embajada | Embassy | Pasuguan |
| Embahador | Embajador | Ambassador | |
| Ensalada | Ensalada | Salad | |
| Eroplano | Aeroplano | Airplane | |
| Espanyol/Español | Español | Spanish | |
| Espongha | Esponja | Sponge | |
| Estados Unidos | Estados Unidos | United States | |
| Estadístika | Estadística | Statistics | |
| Estúpido | Estúpido | Stupid | Tanga |
| Garahe | Garaje | Garage | Taguán (lit. "hiding place") |
| Gasolina | Gasolina | Gasoline | |
| Gastos | Gastos | Expenses | |
| Gitara | Guitarra | Guitar | |
| Gobyerno | Gobierno | Government | Pamahalaan |
| Gwapo/Guwapo | Guapo | Handsome | Makisig, Magandang lalaki |
| Giyera | Guerra | War | Digmaan |
| Hapón | Japón | Japan | |
| Haponés | Japonés | Japanese | |
| Hardin | Jardín | Garden | Halamanan |
| Hardinero | Jardinero | Gardener | |
| Hepe | Jefe | Chief of police | |
| Heringgilya | Jeringuilla | Syringe | |
| Idroheno | Hidrógeno | Hydrogen (H) | |
| Industriya | Industria | Industry | |
| Ingles | Inglés | English | |
| Inglatera | Inglaterra | England | |
| Intindí | Entiende | Understand | Unawà |
| Kalabasa | Calabaza | Squash (Cucurbita maxima) | |
| Kaloriya | Caloría | Calorie (unit of energy or heat) | |
| Kamelyo | Camello | Camel | |
| Kampeon | Campeón | Champion | |
| Kandidato | Candidato | Candidate | |
| Kapasidad | Capacidad | Capacity | Kakayahán |
| Kapilya | Capilla | Chapel | |
| Keso | Queso | Cheese | |
| Kerosina | Querosina | Kerosene | |
| Kloro | Cloro | Chlorine (Cl) | |
| Kobalto | Cobalto | Cobalt (Co) | |
| Koléhiyo | Colegio | College | Dalubhasaan |
| Kolesterol | Colesterol | Cholesterol | |
| Konstitusyón | Constitución | Constitution | Saligang Batás (lit. "basic/foundational law") |
| Kontrabando | Contrabando | Contraband, Smuggled Goods | |
| Konsepto | Concepto | Concept | Dalumat |
| Kordero | Cordero | Lamb | Batang tupa |
| Kotse/Awto | Coche/Auto | Car/Auto | Sasakyán (lit. the more general "vehicle") |
| Kulebra | Culebra | Shingles | |
| Kumusta | ¿Cómo está? | How is/are? (interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality)[14] | |
| Kuweba | Cueva | Cave | Yungib |
| Kuwenta | Cuenta | Bill | Bayarin |
| Lapis | Lápiz | Pencil | |
| Libra | Libra | Pound (unit of measurement) | |
| Linggwistika | Lingüística | Linguistics | |
| Loko | Loco | Crazy | Balíw, sira-ulo |
| Lugar | Lugar | Place | Poók |
| Luhò | Lujo | Luxury | Rangyâ, Karangyaan |
| Maleta | Maleta | Suitcase, luggage | |
| Mani | Maní | Peanut | |
| Mantikà | Manteca | Cooking oil | |
| Mantsa | Mancha | Stain | |
| Margarina | Margarina | Margarine | |
| Matemátika | Matemática | Mathematics | |
| Matemátiko | Matemático | Mathematician | |
| Memorya | Memoria | Memory | Alaala, Gunita |
| Militar | Militar | Military | Hukbo, Sandatahan |
| Minuto | Minuto | Minute (unit of time) | |
| Miyembro | Miembro | Member | Kasapi, Kagawad |
| Monarkiya | Monarquía | Monarchy | Kaharián (lit. "kingdom") |
| Motorsiklo | Motocicleta | Motorcycle | |
| Musika | Música | Music | Tugtugin |
| Mustasa | Mostaza | Mustard | |
| Nasyonalista | Nacionalista | Nationalist | Makabayan, Makabansâ |
| Obispo | Obispo | Bishop | |
| Oksiheno | Oxígeno | Oxygen (O) | |
| Olanda | Holanda | Netherlands | |
| Onsa | Onza | Ounce (unit of measurement) | |
| Opisyal | Oficial | Official | |
| Otél | Hotel | Hotel | |
| Pabrika | Fábrica | Factory | Pagawaan |
| Pamilya | Familia | Family | |
| Panderetas | Panderetas | Tambourine | |
| Pantalon | Pantalón | Pants, trousers | |
| Papél | Papel | Paper | |
| Paról | Farol | Star-shaped Christmas lantern | |
| Pasaporte | Pasaporte | Passport | |
| Pelikula/Penikula | Película | Movie | |
| Pilduras | Pildora | Medicinal pill | |
| Pilipinas | Filipinas | Philippines | |
| Piso | Peso | Philippine Peso | |
| Porke | Porque | Because | Kasi |
| Probinsiya/Probinsya | Provincia | Province | Lalawigan |
| Presidente | Presidente | President | Pangulo |
| Presko | Fresco | Fresh | Sariwa |
| Protina | Proteina | Protein | |
| Pulgada | Pulgada | Inch (unit of measurement) | |
| Pulisya | Policía | Police | |
| Pwede/Puwede | Puede | Can, Could, May, Might | Kaya, Maaarì (denotes permission. i.e., more like "may") |
| Pwera/Puwera[15] | Fuera | Except (preposition) | Maliban sa, Maliban kay |
| Radyo | Radio | Radio | |
| Realidad | Realidad | Reality | Katunayan, Katotohanan |
| Reló, Relos, Rilos | Reloj | Clock (or any instrument used to track time) | Orasán |
| Repúblika | República | Republic | |
| Sabadista | Sabadista | Member of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church | |
| Sapatos | Zapatos | Shoes | |
| Sardinas | Sardinas | Sardines (any fish belonging to the family Clupeidae) | |
| Sarado | Cerrado | Closed | Nakapinid |
| Selyo | Sello | Seal (the Tagalog "selyo" usually refers to postage stamp) | Tatak (also means "brand", "label" and "mark") |
| Sentimyento (or "senti") | Sentimiento | To be sentimental | |
| Senyales | Señales | Signs | Tanda |
| Sikolohiya | Psicologia | Psychology | |
| Sim | Zinc | Zinc (Zn) | |
| Simple | Simple | Simple | Payak |
| Siyudad | Ciudad | City | Lungsod |
| Sundalo | Soldado | Soldier | Kawal |
| Sustansya | Sustancia | Food nutrient | |
| Sustento | Sustento | Financial support | |
| Sweldo/Suweldo | Sueldo | Salary | Sahod |
| Tableta | Tableta | Tablet | |
| Tangke | Tanque | Tank | |
| Tarheta | Tarjeta | Card | |
| Tasa | Taza | Mug, Cup | |
| Teklado | Teclado | Keyboard | Tipaan (usu. for computers) |
| Tela | Tela | Cloth, Fabric | |
| Telebisyón | Televisión | Television | |
| Telepono | Teléfono | Telephone | |
| Tiya | Tía | Aunt | |
| Tiyo | Tío | Uncle | |
| Tsino | Chino | Chinese | Intsík (mildly derogatory), Tsekwa (Filipino slang) |
| Tsinelas | Chinelas | Slippers, flip-flops (contrast with bakya which refers to wooden clogs) | |
| Tsismis | Chismes | Gossip | Satsát (also "chatter") |
| Tumbaga | Tumbaga | Gold-copper alloy | |
| Unibersidad | Universidad | University | Pamantasan |
| Welga | Huelga | Industrial strike | |
| Yelo | Hielo | Ice | |
| Yeso | Yeso | Chalk | Tisa |
| Yodo | Yodo | Iodine (I) |
Note that the first syllable of loanwords from Spanish that start with /aw/ are also sometimes pronounced and spelled /o/ (e.g. 'otonomiya' rather than 'awtonomiya') due to the predominance of pronunciation of loanwords from English.
Latin/Spanish
| Tagalog | Spanish | Latin | Meaning | Native equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agila | Águila | Aquila | Eagle | Banoy |
| Ahensya | Agéncia | Agēns | Agency | Sangáy, Sukursal |
| Ambisyoso | Ambicioso | Ambitiose | Ambitious | Mapaghangád, Mapangarap |
| Andar | Andar | Ambiō | To turn on or to start an engine (usually of the car) | |
| Arina | Harina | Farīna | Flour | |
| Arko | Arco | Arcus | Arch | Balantók |
| Armás | Armas | Arma | Arms (Weapon) | Sandata |
| Asno | Asno | Asinus | Donkey | |
| Baka | Vaca | Vacca | Cow | |
| Bakasyón | Vacación | Vacatio | Vacation | Magliwaliw (meaning "to do a leisure trip") |
| Barko | Barco | Barca | Ship | Layag |
| Basura | Basura | Verrō | Garbage/Trash/Waste | Kalat, Dumi |
| Berde | Verde | Viridis | Green | Luntian |
| Bulkán | Volcán | Vulcānus | Volcano | |
| Diperensya | Diferencia | Differentia | Difference | Pagkakaibá |
| Direktor | Director | Directus | Director | Tagapangasiwa |
| Diyós | Dios | Deus | God | Bathalâ (via Sanskrit), Panginoón ("Lord") or Maykapal ("Creator") |
| Ebanghelyo | Evangelio | Ēvangelium | Gospel | |
| Edad | Edad | Aetate | Age | Gulang |
| Edukasyón | Educación | Ēducātiō | Education | Pag-aaral |
| Ehersisyo | Ejercicio | Exerceō | Exercise | Galaw, Kilos |
| Espanya | España | Hispānia | Spain | |
| Estudyante | Estudiante | Studēns | Student | Mag-aarál |
| Pwersa/Puwersa | Fuerza | Fortis | Force | Lakás (also translated as "strength", "energy", "vigor", etc.) |
| Hustisya | Justicia | Iūstitia | Justice | Katárungan [1] |
| Impluwensya/Impluwensiya | Influencia | Potentiam | Influence | Lakas, Kapangyarihan |
| Impyerno/Impiyerno | Infierno | Infernum | Hell | |
| Inutil | Inútil | Inūtilis | Useless, Worthless | |
| Kabalyero | Caballero | Caballārius | Knight | |
| Kabayo | Caballo | Caballus | Horse | |
| Kalbo | Calvo | Calvus | Bald | Upaw, Panot, Walang Buhok |
| Kampana | Campana | Campana | Bell | Batingáw (also refers to a gong or any instrument that makes a distinctive sound when stroke) |
| Kandila | Candela | Candēla | Candle | |
| Karne | Carne | Carō | Meat | Lamán ("flesh") |
| Kasál | Casar | Casa | Marry | Pag-iisang-dibdib |
| Keso | Queso | Cāseus | Cheese | |
| Kutis | Cutis | Cutis | Skin | Balat |
| Kwadrado/Kuwadrado | Cuadrado | Quadrātus | Square | Parisukat |
| Labi | Labio | Labium | Lip | |
| Lenggwahe/Lengguwahe | Lenguaje | Lingua | Language | Wika |
| Libro | Libro | Librum | Book | Aklat |
| Mansanas | Manzana | Māla | Apple (Malus domestica) | |
| Merkado | Mercado | Mercatus | Market/merchant | Pamilihan, palengke |
| Mundó | Múndo | Mundus | World | Daigdíg, Sanlibutan |
| Multa | Multa | Multa | Fine(monetary sum as a penalty) | |
| Museo | Museo | Museum | Museum | Tanghalan |
| Negosyo | Negocio | Negōtium | Business | Pangangalakal |
| Número | Número | Numerus | Number | Bilang |
| Oras | Horas | Hōra | Time, Hour | Panahón ("time") |
| Ordinaryo | Ordinario | Ordinarius | Ordinary | Karaniwan |
| Ospitál | Hospital | Hospitālis | Hospital | Pagamútan |
| Padre | Padre | Pater | Priest | Pari |
| Peligro | Peligro | Periculum | Danger | Panganib |
| Pistá/Piyesta | Fiesta | Fēstum | Feast | Kaarawán (lit. "anniversary"; colloquially used mostly for "birthday" from the longer "Kaarawán ng kapanganakan"), Pagdiriwang (Celebration) |
| Reyna | Reina | Rēgīna | Queen | |
| Sabón | Jabón | Sāpō | Soap | |
| Sebo | Sebo | Sēbum | Grease, Oil, Fat, Lard, Tallow | Taba |
| Selebrasyon | Celebracion | Celebratio | Celebration | Pagdiriwang, Pagdaraos, Diwang |
| Sementeryo | Cementerio | Caemeterium | Cemetery | Libingan |
| Serbesa | Cerveza | Cervisia | Beer | |
| Sereso | Cerezo | Cerasus | Cherry | |
| Saserdote | Sacerdote | Sacerdōs | Priest | Pari |
| Silya | Silla | Sella | Chair | Upuan (lit. more general "seat") |
| Simbolo | Simbolo | Symbolum | Symbol | Sagisag |
| Sinturón | Cinturón | Cingulum | Belt | |
| Siyensya/Siyensiya | Ciencia | Scientia | Science | Aghám (via Sanskrit "Agama") |
| Swerte/Suwerte | Suerte | Sors | Good fortune, good luck | Mapalad |
| Transportasyón | Transportación | Comportatio | Transportation | Sasakyan |
| Triánggulo | Triángulo | Triangulum | Triangle | Tilasitha; Tatsulok |
| Trigo | Trigo | Trīticum | Wheat | |
| Ubas | Uvas | Uva | Grapes | |
| Unibersidad | Universidad | Ūniversitās | University | Pamantasan |
| Yero | Hierro | Ferrum | Iron (the element or material) | Bakal |
Greek/Spanish
| Tagalog | Spanish | Greek symbol | Greek equivalent | Meaning | Native equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angklá | Ancla | ἄγκυρα | Ánkura | Anchor | Sinipete |
| Anghel | Ángel | Αγγελος | Ángelos | Angel/Messenger | Anghel/Sugo |
| Balyena | Ballena | φάλλαινα | Phállaina | Whale | Tandayag |
| Bibliya | Biblia | βίβλος | Bíblos | Bible | Banal na Kasulatan |
| Biblyioteka | Biblioteca | βιβλιοθήκη | bibilotheka | Library | Aklatan |
| Biyolohiya | Biología | βίος and λογία | bíos and logía | Biology | |
| Bodega | Bodega | ἀποθήκη | apothḗkē | Storehouse | Kamalig, Pintungan |
| Katoliko | Católico | καθολικός | Katholikós | Catholic ('Universal/General') | |
| Kristo | Cristo | Χριστός | Khristós | Christ ('The Anointed One'/ 'The Messiah') |
|
| Kristyano/Kristiyano | Cristiano | Χριστιανός | Khristianós | Christian | |
| Eksena | Escena | σκηνή | Skēnḗ | Scene | Tagpô |
| Eskuwela/Eskwela | Escuela | σχολεῖον | Skholeîon | School | Páaralán |
| Obispo | Obispo | επίσκοπος | Epískopos | Bishop | |
| Makina | Máquina | μηχανή | Makhina | Machine, Pulley | |
| Parokya | Parroquia | παροικία | Paroikía | Community | |
| Selos | Celos | Ζῆλος | Zêlos | Jealousy | Paninibugho |
| Teknolohiyá | Tecnología | τεχνολογία | tekhnología | Technology |
Hebrew/Spanish
| Tagalog | Spanish | Hebrew symbol | Hebrew equivalent | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hesus | Jesús | יֵשׁוּעַ | Yēšū́aʿ | Jesus |
| Paskó | Pascua | פסח | Pesakh | Christmas |
Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns
Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word [16]. For example, the word butones (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. botones) is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.
| Tagalog Word | Sapnish-Derived Word | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alahas | Alhaja (plural form: alhajas) | Jewel; Jewelry | Jewel; Jewelry |
| Aratiles | Dátil (plural form: dátiles) | Date (Phoenix dactilyfera) | Calabur or Panama cherry (Muntingia calabura) |
| Armas | Arma (plural form: armas) | Weapon; Arm | Weapon; Arm |
| Balbas | Barba (plural form: barbas) | Beard (facial hair) | Beard (facial hair) |
| Banyos | Baño (plural form: baños) | Bath; Bathroom | Sponge bath |
| Bayabas | Guayaba (plural form: guayabas) | Guava (Psidium guajava) | Guava (Psidium guajava) |
| Beses | Vez (plural form: veces) | Time (repetition) | Time (repetition) |
| Boses | Voz (plural form: voces) | Voice | Voice |
| Butones (var. bitones) | Botón (plural form: botones) | Button (clothing) | Button (clothing) |
| Datos | Dato (plural form: datos) | Fact; Detail; Piece of Information; Data | Datum/Data |
| Garbansos | Garbanzo (plural form: garbanzos | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) |
| Gastos | Gasto (plural form: gastos) | Cost; Expense; Spending | Cost; Expense; Spending |
| Gisantes | Guisante (plural form: guisantes) | Pea (Pisum sativum) | Pea (Pisum sativum) |
| Guwantes | Guante (plural form: guantes) | Glove | Glove |
| Kalatas[17] | Carta (plural form: cartas) | Letter; Chart; Charter | Paper; White Paper; Letter; Written Message |
| Kamatis | Tomate (plural form: tomates) | Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) | Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) |
| Kasilyas | Casilla (plural form: casillas) | Cubicle; Booth | Toilet |
| Kastanyas | Castaña (plural form: castañas) | Chestnut (Castanea spp.) | Chestnut (Castanea spp.) |
| Kustilyas (var. kostilyas) | Costilla (plural form: costillas) | Rib | Rib |
| Kuwitis | Cohete (plural form: cohetes) | Rocket | Fireworks |
| Labanos | Rabano (plural form: rabanos) | Radish (Raphanus sativus) | Radish (Raphanus sativus) |
| Lansones | Lanzón[18] (plural form: lanzones) | Phil. Sp. term for Lansium domesticum | Langsat or lanzones (Lansium domesticum) |
| Letsugas | Lechuga (plural form: lechugas) | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) |
| Manggas | Manga (plural form: mangas) | Sleeve (clothing) | Sleeve (clothing) |
| Mansanas | Manzana (plural form: manzanas) | Apple (Malus domestica) | Apple (Malus domestica) |
| Medyas | Media (plural form: medias) | Sock | Sock |
| Oras | Hora (plural form: horas) | Hour (unit of time) | Hour (unit of time); Time |
| Panderetas | Pandereta (plural form: panderetas) | Tambourine | Tambourine |
| Palanas[17] | Plana (plural form: planas) | Plain (geography) | Flat area along a river |
| Papeles | Papel (plural form: papeles) | Paper | Document |
| Patatas | Patata (plural form: patatas) | Potato (Solanum tuberosum) | Potato (Solanum tuberosum) |
| Pares (var. paris) | Par (plural form: pares) | Pair | Pair; Similar |
| Pasas | Pasa (plural form: pasas) | Raisin | Raisin |
| Pastilyas | Pastilla (plural form: pastillas) | Pill; Tablet; Candy | Sweet milk candy (see Pastillas) |
| Peras | Pera (plural form: peras) | Pear (Pyrus spp.) | Pear (Pyrus spp.) |
| Perlas | Perla (plural form: perlas) | Pearl | Pearl |
| Pilduras | Pildora (plural form: pildoras) | Pill; Tablet | Medicinal pill |
| Posas | Esposa (plural form: esposas) | Handcuffs | Handcuffs |
| Presas | Presa (plural form: presas) | Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) | Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) |
| Prutas | Fruta (plural form: frutas) | Fruit | Fruit |
| Pulbos | Polvo (plural form: polvos) | Dust; powder | Powder |
| Pulseras | Pulsera (plural form: pulseras) | Bracelet | Bracelet |
| Puntos | Punto (plural form: puntos) | Dot; Period; Point (sports) | Score; Point |
| Rehas | Reja (plural form: rejas) | Bar; Railing | Bar; Railing |
| Riles | Carril (plural form: carriles) | Lane; Track | Rail; Railroad; Railway |
| Rosas | Rosa (plural form: rosas) | Rose (Rosa spp.) | Rose (Rosa spp.); Pink (color) |
| Sapatos | Zapato (plural form: zapatos) | Shoe | Shoe |
| Sardinas | Sardina (plural form: sardinas) | Sardine (Clupeidae) | Sardine (Clupeidae) |
| Senyales | Señal (plural form: señales) | Sign; Signal | Sign |
| Senyas | Seña (plural form: señas) | Sign; Signal | Sign; Signal |
| Sibuyas | Cebolla (plural form: cebollas) | Onion (Allium cepa) | Onion (Allium cepa) |
| Sigarilyas | Seguidilla[19] (plural form: seguidillas) | Phil. Sp. term for Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) |
| Silahis | Celaje (plural form: celajes) | Cloudscape; Skylight (architecture) | Sunray; Bisexual person[20] (slang) |
| Singkamas | Jícama (plural form: jícamas) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) |
| Sintas | Cinta (plural form: cintas) | Ribbon; Tape; Lace | Shoelace |
| Sintomas | Síntoma (plural form: síntomas) | Symptom | Symptom |
| Sopas | Sopa (plural form: sopas) | Soup | Soup |
| Sorbetes | Sorbete (plural form: sorbetes) | Sorbet | Ice cream |
| Tsinelas | Chinela (plural form: chinelas) | Slipper; flip-flop | Slipper; Flip-flop |
| Tsismis | Chisme (plural form: chismes) | Gossip | Gossip |
| Ubas | Uva (plural form: uvas) | Grape (Vitis spp.) | Grape (Vitis spp.) |
| Uhales | Ojal (plural form: ojales) | Buttonhole | Buttonhole |
| Uhas | Hoja (plural form: hojas) | Leaf | Sheet metal |
Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs
Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb entender[21]. This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish (Chavacano or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words[22]. A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.
Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal (to have breakfast, from Sp. almorzar), dasal (from Sp. rezar), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), minindal (from Sp. merendar), pasyal (from Sp. pasear) and sugal (from Sp. jugar). In some cases, the Tagalog form is phonetically unassimilated like in the case of andar (to set in action or motion; from Sp. andar).
Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: kúha (from Sp. coger), pára (from Sp. parar), pása (from Sp. pasar), puwede (from Sp. poder), tíra (from Sp. tirar) and sige (from Sp. seguir). Imbiyerna (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb infernar (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes[23]. In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso (from the combination of Sp. hacer and Sp. caso), balewala or baliwala (from the combination of Sp. valer and Tag. wala), etsapwera (from the combination of Sp. echar and Sp. fuera) and kumusta (from the combination of Sp. cómo and Sp. estar).
| Tagalog Verb | Spanish Verb | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akusá | Acusar | To accuse | To accuse |
| Alsá | Alzar | To lift; to raise; to erect | To rise in rebellion |
| Analisá | Analizar | To analyze | To analyze |
| Apelá | Apelar | To appeal | To appeal |
| Aprobá | Aprobar | To approve | To approve |
| Apurá | Apurar | To finish; to rush (Lat. Am.) | To hurry |
| Arkilá (var. alkilá) | Alquilar | To rent; to rent out | To rent; to rent out |
| Asintá | Asentar | To set up; to secure; to lay down | To aim at |
| Aturgá | Otorgar | To grant; to bestow; to confer | To take on responsibility |
| Bará | Barrar | To cover in mud | To block; to clog |
| Batí | Batir | To beat; to whisk; to whip | To beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (vulgar) |
| Beripiká | Verificar | To verify | To verify |
| Bulkanisá | Vulcanizar | To vulcanize | To vulcanize |
| Burá | Borrar | To erase | To erase |
| Burdá | Bordar | To embroider | To embroider |
| Deklará | Declarar | To declare | To declare |
| Determiná | Determinar | To determine | To determine |
| Diktá | Dictar | To dictate | To dictate |
| Dimití | Dimitir | To resign | To resign |
| Dirihí | Dirigir | To manage; to be in charge of | To manage; to be in charge of |
| Disaprobá | Disaprobar | To disapprove | To disapprove |
| Disarmá | Desarmar | To disarm | To disarm |
| Disimpektá | Desinfectar | To disinfect | To disinfect |
| Disimulá | Disimular | To conceal; to cover up | To conceal; to cover up |
| Diskargá | Descargar | To unload; to discharge; to download | To unload |
| Diskitá | Desquitar | To make up for | To take it out on |
| Diskubré | Descubrir | To discover | To discover |
| Dismayá | Desmayar | To become disheartened; to become demoralized | To become disheartened; to become demoralized |
| Distrungká | Destroncar | To hack away | To forcefully open a door, a lock, etc. |
| Galbanisá | Galvanizar | To galvanize | To galvanize |
| Gisá | Guisar | To stew | To stir fry in oil, usually with garlic and onions |
| Hulmá | Ahormar | To shape; to mould | To shape; to mould |
| Husgá | Juzgar | To judge | To judge |
| Imbestigá | Investigar | To investigate | To investigate |
| Imbitá | Invitar | To invite | To invite |
| Intindí | Entender | To understand | To understand |
| Itsá | Echar | To throw | To throw |
| Kalkulá | Calcular | To calculate | To calculate |
| Kanselá | Cancelar | To cancel | To cancel |
| Kantá | Cantar | To sing | To sing |
| Kargá | Cargar | To load; to charge; to fill | To load; to charge; to fill |
| Kodipiká | Codificar | To codify; to encode | To codify; to encode |
| Kondená | Condenar | To condemn | To condemn |
| Konserbá | Conservar | To conserve | To conserve |
| Konsiderá | Considerar | To consider | To consider |
| Kublí | Cubrir | To cover; to cover up | To hide from sight |
| Kulá | Colar | To strain; to bleach | To bleach |
| Kultí | Curtir | To tan | To treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin) |
| Kumbidá | Convidar | To invite | To invite |
| Kumbinsí | Convencir | To convince | To convince |
| Kumpará | Comparar | To compare | To compare |
| Kumpirmá | Confirmar | To confirm | To confirm |
| Kumpiská | Confiscar | To confiscate; to seize | To confiscate; to seize |
| Kumpuní | Componer | To make up; to compose; to repair | To repair |
| Labá | Lavar | To wash | To wash |
| Legalisá | Legalizar | To legalize | To legalize |
| Liberalisá | Liberalizar | To liberalize | To liberalize |
| Manipulá | Manipular | To manipulate | To manipulate |
| Marká | Marcar | To mark | To mark |
| Nominá | Nominar | To nominate | To nominate |
| Obligá | Obligar | To force; to oblige | To force; to oblige |
| Obserbá | Observar | To observe | To observe |
| Operá | Operar | To operate | To surgically operate |
| Otorisá (var. awtorisá) | Autorizar | To authorize | To authorize |
| Palsipiká | Falsificar | To falsify | To falsify |
| Palyá | Fallar | To fail; to break down and stop working | To fail; to break down and stop working |
| Pasá | Pasar | To pass; to happen; to go through | To pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc. |
| Pintá | Pintar | To paint | To paint |
| Pirmá | Firmar | To sign | To sign |
| Pormalisá | Formalizar | To formalize | To formalize |
| Prepará | Preparar | To prepare | To prepare |
| Preserbá | Preservar | To preserve | To preserve |
| Proklamá | Proclamar | To proclaim | To proclaim |
| Pundí | Fundir | To melt; to merge | To burn out |
| Puntá | Apuntar | To aim; to point out; to write down | To go to |
| Purgá | Purgar | To purge | To cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative |
| Pursigí | Perseguir | To pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute | To persevere |
| Ratipiká | Ratificar | To ratify | To ratify |
| Reboká | Revocar | To revoke | To revoke |
| Rekomendá | Recomendar | To recommend | To recommend |
| Repiná | Refinar | To refine | To refine |
| Sangkutsá | Sancochar or Salcochar | To boil with water and salt | To pre-cook food with spices and aromatics |
| Salbá | Salvar | To save | To save |
| Sará | Cerrar | To close | To close |
| Silbí | Servir | To serve | To serve |
| Sindí | Encender | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on |
| Sulsí | Zurcir | To sew; to mend | To sew; to mend |
| Sumité | Someter | To subdue; to subjugate; to submit | To submit; to put forward |
| Suspindí | Suspendir | To suspend | To suspend |
| Tahí | Tejer | To sew; to mend | To sew; to mend |
| Tantsá (var. tantiyá) | Tantear | To feel; to weigh up; to estimate | To estimate |
| Tarantá | Atarantar | To stun; to daze; to stupify | To confuse; to baffle; to bewilder |
| Tasá | Tajar | To chop; to cut; to slice | To sharpen |
| Timplá | Templar | To cool down; to moderate | To blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc. |
| Tumbá | Tumbar | To knock down | To knock down |
| Tustá | Tostar | To toast | To toast |
| Umpisá | Empezar | To begin; to start | To begin; to start |
English
English has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. This kind of conversation is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:
| Tagalog | English | Traditional Word(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Adik | Drug addict | Durugista |
| Adyenda | Agenda | |
| Bag | Bag | Supot |
| Bakwit | Evacuate | Lumikas |
| Barbikyu | Barbecue | |
| Basketbol | Basketball | |
| Beysbol | Baseball | |
| Bilyar | Billiard | |
| Biskwit | Biscuit | |
| Bistek | Beef steak | |
| Bodabíl | Vaudeville | |
| Boksing | Boxing | |
| Bolpen | Ballpoint pen | |
| Drayber | Driver | Tsuper |
| Dyaket | Jacket | |
| Dyakpat | Jackpot | |
| Dyip/Dyipni | Jeep/Jeepney | |
| Dyus | Juice | Katas |
| Gadyet | Gadget | |
| Gradweyt | Graduate | Nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral |
| Hayskul | High school | Paaralang sekundarya |
| Helikopter | Helicopter | |
| Interbyu | Interview | Panayam, Entrebista |
| Internet | Internet | |
| Iskedyul | Schedule | Talaorasan |
| Iskolar | Scholar | |
| Iskor | Score | Puntos (Sp. Punto) |
| Iskul | School | Paaralan |
| Iskrip | Script | |
| Iskrin | Screen | Tábing |
| Iskuter | Scooter | |
| Iskuwater/Iskwater | Squatter | |
| Ispayral | Spiral | Balisungsong |
| Ispiker | Speaker (person) | Tagapagsalita, Tagatalumpati, Mananalumpati |
| Isponsor | Sponsor | Tagatangkilik |
| Isport | Sport | Palaro, Palakasan, Paligsahan (also translates as "contest" or "tournament") |
| Isprey | Spray | Wisik |
| Istandard | Standard | Pamantayan, Panukatan |
| Kabinet | Cabinet | Aparador (Sp.) |
| Kalkyuleytor | Calculator | Kalkulador (Sp.) |
| Kambas | Canvass | |
| Kapirayt | Copyright | Karapatang-ari |
| Karot | Carrot | Asinorya, Asanorya |
| Kemikál | Chemical | |
| Kendi | Candy | Minatamis (Eng. "sweets") |
| Ketsap | Ketchup | Sarsa |
| Keyk | Cake | |
| Kompyuter | Computer | |
| Korek | Correct | Ayos, Tama, Tumpak |
| Kyut | Cute | Lindo(m) & Linda(f) (Sp.) |
| Lider | Leader | Pinuno |
| Lobat[24] | Low battery | |
| Madyik | Magic | Salamangka |
| Magasin | Magazine | |
| Miskol[24] | Missed call | |
| Miting | Meeting | Pulong |
| Nars | Nurse | |
| Okey | OK, Okay | Sige |
| Plastik | Plastic | |
| Pulis | Police | |
| Rali | Rally | |
| Sanwits | Sandwich | |
| Tambay | Stand by | |
| Tenis | Tennis | |
| Titser | Teacher | Guro (Sansk. "guru"), Maestro(m) & Maestra(f)(Sp.) |
| Tisyu | Tissue | |
| Traysikel | Tricycle | Trisiklo |
| Trey | Tray | |
| Wais | Wise | Mautak, Maabilidad |
Malay
 | This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (October 2017) |
 |
Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later.
| Tagalog | Etymology | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|
| Balaklaot[25] | barat laut (Malay, meaning northwest) | Northwestern winds |
| Batubalani[26] | batu (Malay and Tagalog, meaning stone) + berani (Malay, meaning brave) | Magnetite; Magnet stone |
| Bibingka[27] | kuih bingka (Malay, referring to tapioca or cassava cake) | Rice cake with coconut milk |
| Binibini[28] | bini (Malay, meaning wife) | Miss; Young lady |
| Bunso[29] | bongsu (Malay, meaning youngest-born) | Youngest child |
| Dalamhati | dalam (Malay, meaning within) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Grief |
| Dalub-agham | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + agham (Tagalog, meaning science) | Science expert; Scientist |
| Dalubguro | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + guru (Malay, meaning teacher) | Professor emeritus |
| Dalubhasa | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + bahasa (Malay, meaning language) | Expert (in general) |
| Dalubsining | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + sining (Tagalog, meaning art) | Art critic; Art expert |
| Dalubturo | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + turo (Tagalog, meaning to teach) | Teaching expert |
| Dalubwika | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + wika (Tagalog, meaning language) | Linguist |
| Hatol[30] | atur (Malay, meaning order or arrangement | Sentence pronounced by a judge in court |
| Kanan[31] | kanan (Malay, meaning right) | Right |
| Kulambo[32] | kelambu (Malay, meaning mosquito net) | Mosquito net |
| Lunggati | lung (Tagalog root word meaning grief[33]) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Eagerness; Ambition |
| Luwalhati | luwal (Tagalog, meaning outside) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Inner peace |
| Uluhati | ulo (Tagalog, meaning head) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Remembrance; Reminiscence |
| Pighati | pedih (Malay, meaning pain) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Affliction; Anguish; Woe |
| Pirali[34] | pijar (Malay, meaning borax) | Calcium carbonate |
| Salaghati | salag or salak (Tagalog, meaning full and levelled) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Displeasure; Resentment |
| Tanghali | tengah (Malay, meaning half) + hari (Malay, meaning day) | Noon; Midday |
| Tiyanak[35] | puntianak (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood) | Vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child |
| Usap[36] | ucap (Malay, meaning utterance) | Conversation |
Sanskrit
As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog are mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese.[37] Examples include:
| Tagalog | Sanskrit | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|
| Agham | Āgama (आगम), meaning acquisition of knowledge, science | Science |
| Antala | Antara (अन्तर), meaning duration, gap | Delay |
| Asal | Ācāra (आचार), meaning manner of action, conduct, behavior | Behaviour; Character |
| Bagyo | Vāyu (वायु), meaning wind | Typhoon |
| Bahala | Bhara (भार), meaning burden, load, weight, heavy work | To manage; to take care of; to take charge |
| Balita | Vārtā (वार्ता), meaning account, report | News |
| Bansa | Vaṃśa (वंश), meaning bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race, | Country |
| Banyaga | Vaṇijaka (वणिजक), meaning merchant, trader | Foreigner |
| Basa | Vaca (वच), meaning voice, speech | To read |
| Bathalà | Batthara (भट्टार), meaning noble lord, venerable | Supreme Being; God |
| Bihasa | Abhyasa (अभ्यास), meaning habit | Accustomed |
| Budhi | Bodhi (बोधि), meaning understanding | Conscience |
| Dala | Dhara (धर), meaning bearing, supporting | To carry; to bring |
| Dawa[38] | Yava (यव), meaning Hordeum vulgare | Panicum miliaceum |
| Daya | Dvaya (द्वय), meaning twofold nature, falsehood | Cheating; Deception |
| Dila | Lidha (लीढ), meaning licked, tasted, eaten | Tongue |
| Diwa | Jīva (जीव), meaning the principle of life, vital breath | Spirit; Soul |
| Diwata | Devata (देवता), meaning divinity | Fairy, Goddess, Nymph |
| Dukha | Dukkha (दुःख),meaning sorrow, misery, hardship | Poverty |
| Dusa | Doṣa (दोष), meaning harm, damage, bad consequence | Suffering |
| Dusta | Dūṣita (दूषित), meaning defiled, violated, injured | Ignominiously insulted |
| Gadya | Gaja (गज), meaning elephant | Elephant |
| Guro | Guru (गुरु), meaning master, teacher | Mentor; Teacher |
| Halaga | Argha (अर्घ), meaning value | Price; Value |
| Halata | Arthaya (अर्थय), meaning perceive | Noticeable; Perceptible; Obvious |
| Kasubha | Kusumbha (कुसुम्भ), meaning Carthamus tinctorius | Carthamus tinctorius |
| Kastuli | Kastūrī (कस्तूरी), meaning Abelmoschus moschatus | Abelmoschus moschatus |
| Katha | Kathā (कथा), meaning a feigned story, fable | Literary composition; Fiction; Invention |
| Kalapati; Palapati | Pārāpataḥ (पारापत), meaning pigeon | Pigeon |
| Kuba | Kubja (कुब्ज), meaning hunchback | Hunchback |
| Kuta | Kota (कोट), meaning fort, stronghold | Fort |
| Ladya | Raja (राज), meaning king, chief, sovereign | Raja |
| Lagundi | Nirgundi (निर्गुण्डि), meaning Vitex negundo | Vitex negundo |
| Laho | Rāhu (राहु), meaning eclipse | Eclipse,; to vanish |
| Lasa | Rasa (रस), meaning taste, savour | Taste |
| Lathala | Yantrālaya (यन्त्रालय), meaning printing office, press | To print |
| Likha | Lekhā (लेखा), meaning drawing, figure | To create |
| Lisa | Likṣā (लिक्षा), meaning egg of a louse | Egg of a louse |
| Madla | Mandala (मण्डल), meaning circle, multitude | The general public |
| Maharlika | Maharddhika (महर्द्धिक), meaning prosperous | Nobility; Prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen |
| Mukha | Mukha (मुख), meaning face | Face |
| Mula | Mula (मूल), meaning basis, foundation, origin, beginning | From; since; origin |
| Mutya | Mutya (मुत्य), meaning pearl | Amulet; Charm; Jewel; Pearl |
| Palakol | Paraśu (परशु), meaning axe | Axe |
| Palibhasa | Paribhasa (परिभाषा), meaning speech, censure, reproof | Irony; Sarcasm; Criticism |
| Pana | Bana (बाण), meaning arrow | Arrow |
| Parusa | Pūruṣaghna (पूरुषघ्न), meaning slaying men | Punishment |
| Patola | Patola (पटोल), meaning Trichosanthes dioica | Luffa acutangula |
| Puti | Puti (पूति), meaning purity, purification | White |
| Saksí | Sākṣin (साक्षिन्), meaning eye-witness | Witness |
| Sakuna | Zakuna (शकुन), meaning a bird of omen | Disaster |
| Salamuha | Samuha (समूह), meaning gathering, crowd | To mingle with people |
| Salanta | Randa (रण्ड), meaning maimed, crippled | Infirm |
| Salita | Carita (चरित), meaning behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures | To speak; to talk; word |
| Samantala | Samantara (समान्तर), meaning parallel | Meanwhile |
| Sampalataya | Sampratyaya (सम्प्रत्यय), meaning trust, confidence | Faith |
| Sigla | Sīghra (शीघ्र), meaning swift, quick, speedy | Enthusiasm; Vitality |
| Suka | Cukra (चुक्र), meaning vinegar | Vinegar |
| Sutla | Sūtra (सूत्र), meaning thread, string, wire | Silk |
| Tala | Tāra (तार), meaning star | Star |
| Tama | Uttama (उत्तम), meaning uppermost, most elevated, best, excellent | Correct |
| Tanikala | Sṛṅkhala (शृङ्खल), meaning chain | Chain |
| Tingga | Tivra (तीव्र), meaning tin, iron, steel | Tin |
| Tsampaka | Campaka (चम्पक), meaning Magnolia champaca | Magnolia champaca |
| Upang | Upa (उप), meaning towards, near to | So as to, in order to |
Tamil
| This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (October 2017) |
|
Examples:
| Tagalog | Tamil | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Bagay[citation needed] | வகை (Vakai) | Thing |
| Kamay[citation needed] | கை (Kai) | Hand |
| Mangga[citation needed] | மாங்காய் (Māngāi) | Mango |
| Malunggay[citation needed] | முருங்கை (Murungai) | Moringa |
| Patungan[citation needed] | பெட்டகம் (Pettagham) | Place to store things |
| Pudya[citation needed] | பூஜை (Pūjai) | Pooja |
| Puto[citation needed] | பிட்டு (Puttu) | Rice cake |
| Sadya[citation needed] | சதி (Sathi) | Intentional |
Arabic and Persian
|
Examples:
| Tagalog | Arabic | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Alam | Alham | Knowledge, Understanding |
| Hiya | Hayaa | To feel shame, Blush |
| Hukom | Hukum | Judge |
| Salamat | Slamah | Thanks |
Chinese
Many of the Chinese loanwords in Tagalog are derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese variety spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog[39]. Many of the Hokkien-derived loanwords like pancit[40] entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in Southern China[41]) as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade[42][43]. Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery[44][45]. On the other hand, only few of the Chinese loanwords are derived from Mandarin and not from Hokkien, such as apyan (opium, from Chinese 鴉片/yāpiàn), betsin (monosodium glutamate, from Chinese 味精/wèi-jīng), ginto (gold, from Chinese 金條/jīn-tiáo), pisaw (small knife, from Chinese 匕首/bǐ-shǒu) and sampan (Chinese junk, from Chinese 舢板/shān-bǎn)[39].
| Tagalog | Hokkien (H) and Mandarin (M) | Meaning in Hokkien or Mandarin | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apyan | 鴉片/yāpiàn (M) | Opium | Opium |
| Ate | 阿姊/á–cì (H) | Appellation for elder sister | Appellation for elder sister |
| Bakya | 木屐/ba̍k-kia̍h (H) | Wooden clogs | Wooden clogs |
| Bataw | 扁豆/pà-taŭ (H) | Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) | Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) |
| Batsoy | 肉水/bà-cuì (H) | Dish with loin of pork as main ingredient | Batchoy |
| Bihon | 米粉/bî-hún (H) | Rice vermicelli | Rice vermicelli |
| Biko | 米糕/bí-kō (H) | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
| Bimpo[46] | 面布/bīn-pǒ (H) | Face towel | Face towel |
| Betsin | 味精/wèi-jīng (M) | Monosodium glutamate | Monosodium glutamate |
| Buwisit[47] | 無衣食/bō-uî-sít (H) | Without clothes or food | Nuisance |
| Diko | 二哥/dī-kô (H) | Appellation for second eldest brother | Appellation for second eldest brother |
| Ditse | 二姊/dī–cì (H) | Appellation for second eldest sister | Appellation for second eldest sister |
| Ginto[48] | 金條/jīn-tiáo (M) | Gold bar | Gold (Au) |
| Hikaw | 耳鉤/hī–kaû (H) | Earrings | Earrings |
| Hopya | 好餅/hō-pià (H) | Sweet mung bean cake | Sweet mung bean cake |
| Hukbo | 服務/hôk-bū (H) | Service | Army |
| Husi | 富絲/hù-si (H) | Quality cotton | Cloth made from pineapple fibre |
| Huwepe | 火把/huè-pĕ (H) | Torch | Torch |
| Huweteng | 花檔/huê-tĕng (H) | Jueteng | Jueteng |
| Ingkong | 阿公/án-kông (H) | Grandfather | Grandfather |
| Kintsay | 芹菜/khîn-chaĭ (H) | Celery (Apium graveolens) | Celery (Apium graveolens) |
| Kutsay | 韭菜/khû-chaĭ (H) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) |
| Kusot | 鋸屑/ (H) | Sawdust | Sawdust |
| Kuya | 哥亜/kò–ă (H) | Appellation for elder brother | Appellation for elder brother |
| Lawin | 老鷹/laū-yêng (H) | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae |
| Lithaw[49] | 犁頭/lé-thaú (H) | Plough | Ploughshare |
| Lumpia | 潤餅/lûn-pià (H) | Fried or fresh spring rolls | Fried or fresh spring rolls |
| Mami | 肉麵/mà-mĭ (H) | Meat and noodles in soup | Meat and noodles in soup |
| Pansit | 便食/piān-ê-sít (H) | Dish that is conveniently cooked i.e. noodle dish | Pancit |
| Pakyaw | 縛繳/pák-kiaù (H) | Wholesale buying | Wholesale buying |
| Petsay[50] | 白菜/pē-chaĭ (H) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) |
| Pesa | 白煠魚/pē-sà-hí (H) | Plain boiled fish | Plain boiled fish |
| Pinse | 硼砂/piên-sē (H) | Borax | Borax |
| Pisaw | 匕首/bǐ-shǒu (M) | Dagger | Small knife |
| Puntaw | 糞斗/pùn-taù (H) | Dustpan | Dustpan |
| Puthaw[51] | 斧頭/pú-thâu (H) | Axe | Hatchet; Small axe |
| Sampan | 舢板/shān-bǎn (M) | Chinese boat; Chinese junk | Chinese boat; Chinese junk |
| Sangko | 三哥/sâ-kô (H) | Appellation for third eldest brother | Appellation for third eldest brother |
| Sanse | 三姊/sâ–cì (H) | Appellation for third eldest sister | Appellation for third eldest sister |
| Sitaw | 青豆/chî-taŭ (H) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) |
| Siyansi | 煎匙/chian-sî (H) | Kitchen turner | Kitchen turner |
| Siyokoy | 水鬼/cuí-kuì (H) | Water spirit; Water devil | Merman |
| Siyomay | 燒賣/siō-maĭ (H) | Steamed dumpling | Steamed dumpling |
| Siyopaw | 燒包/siō-paŭ (H) | Meat-filled steamed bun | Meat-filled steamed bun |
| Sotanghon | 苏冬粉/suā-tâng-hùn (H) | Cellophane noodles | Cellophane noodles |
| Suki | 主客/chù–khè (H) | Important costumer | Regular customer; Patron |
| Sungki[46] | 伸牙/chûn-khì (H) | Protruding tooth | Buck tooth |
| Susi | 鎖匙/só–sî (H) | Key | Key |
| Suwahe | 沙蝦/suā-hé (H) | Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) | Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) |
| Taho | 豆花/taū-hû (H) | Tofu | Taho |
| Tahure (var. tahuri) | 豆花/taū-hû (H) | Tofu | Fermented tofu in soy sauce |
| Tanglaw | 燈籠/tiêng-laú (H) | Lamp; Lantern | Light |
| Tanso | 銅索/táng-sò (H) | Copper wire | Copper (Cu), Bronze |
| Tawsi | 豆豉/tāu-si (H) | Beans preserved in soy sauce | Beans preserved in soy sauce |
| Timsim | 灯心/tiêng-sîm (H) | Lampwick | Lampwick |
| Tinghoy | 燈火/tiêng-huè (H) | Wick lamp | Wick lamp in glass filled with oil |
| Tikoy | 甜粿/tî–kè (H) | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
| Tokwa | 豆干/taū-kuâ (H) | Tofu | Tofu |
| Totso | 豆油醋魚/taū-iū-chò-hí (H) | Fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar | Sautéed fish with tahure |
| Toyo | 豆油/tāu–iû (H) | Soy sauce | Soy sauce |
| Tsaa | 茶/chá (M) | Tea | Tea |
| Upo | 瓠瓜/ō-pú (H) | Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) | Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) |
| Utaw | 黑豆/ō-taŭ (H) | Soybean (Glycine max) | Soybean (Glycine max) |
| Wansoy (var. unsoy, yansoy) | 芫荽/iān-suî (H) | Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) | Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) |
Japanese
There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese[52]. Many of them are introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan[53] (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and karaoke (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means "empty orchestra") although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).
| Tagalog | Japanese | Meaning in Japanese | Meaning in Tagalog |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dorobo | 泥棒 (dorobo) | Thief; Burglar | Thief; Burglar |
| Jak-en-poy[54] | じゃん拳ぽん (jankenpon) | Rock-paper-scissors game | Rock-paper-scissors game |
| Kampay | 乾杯 (kanpai) | Toast; Drink (in celebration or in honor of something) | Cheers! |
| Karaoke | カラオケ (karaoke) | Karaoke | Karaoke |
| Karate | 空手 (karate) | Karate | Karate |
| Katana | かたな (katana) | Japanese sword | Japanese sword |
| Katol | 蚊取線香 (katorisenko) | Mosquito coil | Mosquito coil |
| Kimona | 着物 (kimono) | Traditional Japanese clothing | Traditional Philippine blouse made of piña jusi |
| Tansan | 炭酸 (tansan) | Carbonated water | Bottle cap |
| Tsunami | 津波 (tsunami) | Tidal wave | Tidal wave |
Nahuatl
Tagalog gained Nahuatl words through Spanish from the Galleon trade with Mexico during the Hispanic era.[55]
Here are some examples:
| Tagalog Word | Nahuatl Root Word | Spanish Word | Meaning and Further Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abokado | Ahuacatl | Aguacate | Persea americana |
| Akapulko, Kapurko | Acatl ("cane") + poloa ("large") + co ("place") | Acapulco | Senna alata |
| Alpasotis, Pasotis | Epatl + Tzotl | Epazote | Chenopodium ambrosioides |
| Atsuete, Atsuwete, Atswete | Achiotl | Achiote | Bixa orellana and the red-orange condiment and food coloring derived from its seeds. |
| Guwatsinanggo | Cuauchilnacatl | Guachinango | Astute |
| Kakaw | Cacáhuatl | Cacao | Theobroma cacao |
| Kakawati, Kakawate | Cacáhuatl | Cacahuete | Gliricidia sepium |
| Kalatsutsi | Cacálotl + Xóchitl ("flower) | Cacalosúchil | Plumeria rubra |
| Kamatis | Tomatl | Tomate | Solanum lycopersicum |
| Kamatsile | Cuamóchitl | Guamúchil | Pithecellobium dulce |
| Kamote | Camotli | Camote | Ipomoea batatas |
| Koyote | Coyotl | Coyote | Coyote |
| Kulitis | Quilitl | Quelite | Amaranthus viridis |
| Mekate | Mecatl | Mecate | Rope or cord made out of abaca |
| Mehiko | Mexitli | Mexico | Mexico |
| Nanay[56] | Nantli | Nana | Mother |
| Paruparo[57][55] | Papalotl | Papalote | Butterfly |
| Pitaka | Petlacalli | Petaca | Coin purse |
| Sakate | Zacatl | Zacate | Hay or grass for fodder |
| Sangkaka | Chiancaca | Chancaca | Taffy (candy) |
| Sapote | Tzapotl | Zapote | Pouteria sapota |
| Sayote | Chayotli | Chayote | Sechium edule |
| Sili | Chīlli | Chile | Chili pepper |
| Singkamas | Xicamatl | Jicama | Pachyrhizus erosus |
| Sisiwa | Chichiua | Chichigua | Wet nurse |
| Tamales | Tamalli | Tamal | Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks |
| Tatay[56] | Tahtli | Tata | Father |
| Tisa | Tizatl | Tiza | Chalk |
| Tiyangge | Tianquiztli | Tianguis | Seasonal markets |
| Tsiklet | Chictli | Chicle | Chewing gum |
| Tsiko | Tzicozapotl | Chicozapote | Manilkara zapota |
| Tsokolate | Xocolatl | Chocolate | Chocolate |
| Tukayo, Katukayo | Tocayotia | Tocayo | Namesake |
See also
References
- ^ "Mexico, our older sister". Manila Bulletin News. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
- ^ Thompson, Roger M. (2003). Filipino, English and Taglish - Language switching from multiple perspectives.
- ^ "Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino". Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ a b c Forastieri Braschi, Eduardo; Cardona, Julia; López Morales, Humberto. Estudios de lingüística hispánica : homenaje a María Vaquero.
- ^ a b Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia. La lengua española en Filipinas. Historia. Situación actual. El chabacano. Antología de textos.
- ^ Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita. Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Diliman, Quezon City : Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. ISBN 9718781773.
- ^ Lopez, Cecilio (1 January 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 481. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN 0024-3841.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - d". www.trussel2.com.
Apparently a phonologically modified borrowing of Spanish tinta 'dye'.
- ^ a b c Potet, Jean-Paul G. Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. lulu.com. ISBN 1326615793.
- ^ Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. pp. 318–319. ISBN 9781326615796.
- ^ Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita (1999). Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. p. 86. ISBN 9789718781777.
- ^ K, Lim T. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 472. ISBN 9789048186617.
- ^ "Common Names Summary - Lactarius lactarius". www.fishbase.de.
Remarks: Also spelled 'Algudon'. 'algodon' borrowed from Spanish 'algodón', i.e., cotton.
- ^ Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T. (1983). Tagalog Reference Grammar (in Tagalog). University of California Press. p. 514. ISBN 9780520049437.
- ^ Vos, Frederik and Fiona De. "Tagalog Pwera sa, Maliban sa". learningtagalog.com.
- ^ Bundang, Rebekah (1997). "Spanish Loanwords in Tagalog". p. 10.
- ^ a b Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 204. ISBN 9781291457261.
- ^ Blanco, Manuel (1837). Flora de Filipinas: según el sistema sexual de Linneo (in Spanish). en la imprenta de Sto. Thomas, por Candido Lopez. p. 326.
El fruto del lanzón cultivado, no deja ser sabroso: su corteza despide una leche pegajosa, y las semillas son verdes y amargas. Es conocido de todos en las Islas; pero ignoro si la palabra lanzones ó lansones es extranjera ó del país: ella tiene semejanza con lasona, que es cebolla
- ^ Penido, Miguel Colmeiro y (1871). Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo, con la correspondencia científica y la indicacion abreviada de los unos é igualmente de la familia á que pertenece cada planta (in Spanish). G. Alhambra. p. 173.
- ^ Garcia, J. Neil C (2008). Philippine gay culture: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. University of the Philippines Press. p. 134. ISBN 9789715425773.
It roughly translates to "bisexual", although as with bakla, the cultural marker of this particular variety of sexual being is mostly not sexuality per se, but predictably enough, gender: the silahis is a male who looks every bit like a "real man" - he may even be married and with a family - but who, in all this time, would rather swish and wear skirts and scream "like a woman".
- ^ Lopez, Cecilio (1 January 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 477. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN 0024-3841.
- ^ Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Salas Palomo, Rosa (2008). Hispanisation: the impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 209. ISBN 9783110207231.
- ^ Cariño, Linda Grace. "How Swardspeak was born, truly-ly! | Philstar.com". philstar.com.
- ^ a b Sawikaan 2007: Mga Salita ng Taon. 2008. ISBN 9789715425834.
- ^ Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 42. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN 1656-152X.
- ^ POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2018). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Lulu.com. p. 214. ISBN 9780244348731.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c". www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.
- ^ Hall, D. G. E; Cowan, C. D; Wolters, O. W (1976). Southeast Asian history and historiography: essays presented to D.G.E. Hall. Cornell University Press. p. 353. ISBN 0801408415.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c". www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - o". www.trussel2.com.
- ^ Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 37. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN 1656-152X.
Mal. /kanan/ (< *ka-wanan) [Wolff 1976]
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - m". www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kulambu 'curtain'.
- ^ POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. p. 88. ISBN 9781326615796.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - m". www.trussel2.com.
Also Balinese pijar 'borax, solder'. Borrowing from Malay.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - g". www.trussel2.com.
The forms cited here are conspicuous for their multiple phonological irregularities and apparent morphological reanalyses. This strongly suggests that the form has been borrowed, probably from Malay. According to Alton L. Becker (p.c.) a similar folk belief is found in Burma. If true it is tempting to hypothesize that the puntianak belief was ultimately borrowed by speakers of an early form of Malay from a mainland Southeast Asian source and subsequently disseminated through much of island Southeast Asia.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c". www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff's (1934-38) inclusion of Fijian vosa 'speak, talk' under a reconstruction *ucap 'speak, converse with' appears unjustified.
- ^ Haspelmath, Martin. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 724. ISBN 3110218437.
- ^ Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. pp. 73, 191. ISBN 9781326615796.
- ^ a b POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. p. 334. ISBN 9781326615796.
- ^ Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN 9780313376269.
Pancit (also spelled pansit), or noodles, is a main-stay ingredient that has undergone significant adaptations in the preparation process. Filipinos use different types of noodles, such as those made from rice, egg, wheat, and mung beans, to make various pancit dishes. Introduced by the Chinese during the Spanish period, the dish has been Filipinized, and various regions have come up with their own versions as well.
- ^ Pacho, Arturo (1986). "The Chinese Community in the Philippines: Status and Conditions". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 1 (1): 76.
- ^ Wickberg, Edgar (1962). "Early Chinese Economic Influence in the Philippines, 1850-1898" (PDF). Pacific Affairs. 35 (3): 275–285.
It is known that the arrival of the Spanish in the late sixteenth century provided attractive economic opportunities which stimulated Chinese immigration to the Philippines in much greater volume than ever before. By the beginning of the seventeenth century there were over 20,000 Chinese in the Manila area - a number many times that of the Spanish settler.
- ^ Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2016). Sabores que cruzaron los océanos = Flavors that sail across the seas. AECID Biblioteca Digital AECID. p. 64.
- ^ Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 5. ISBN 9780858832251.
The number of loanwords in the domain of cookery is rather large, and they are, by far, the most homogeneous of the loanwords.
- ^ Joaquin, Nick (2004). Culture and history. Pasig City. p. 42. ISBN 9712714268.
- ^ a b Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 130. ISBN 9780858832251.
- ^ Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 133. ISBN 9780858832251.
- ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 201. ISBN 9715501354.
- ^ Chee-Beng, Tan (2012). Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond. NUS Press. p. 129. ISBN 9789971695484.
- ^ Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 136. ISBN 9780858832251.
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - a". www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing of Hokkien pú-thâu 'axe'. This comparison was pointed out by Daniel Kaufman.
- ^ POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. p. 343. ISBN 9781326615796.
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Making useless information useful".
The trade and cultural exchange between the Philippines and Japan runs deep. In prewar Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water ("tansan" in Japanese refers to carbonated mineral water). It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been called tansan by Filipinos.
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Japan under our skin".
The childhood game "jak en poy," with a nonsense rhyme in Filipino that accompanies the hand gestures of rock, scissors, and paper, traces its origin to the Japanese "janken pon."
- ^ a b Albalá, Paloma (2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies. 51 (1): 125–146. JSTOR 42633639.
- ^ a b León-Portilla, Miguel (1960). "Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas". Estudios de cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish) (2): 135–138. ISSN 0071-1675.
- ^ Casado-Fresnillo, Antonio Quilis, Celia; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas : historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (1st ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 410. ISBN 840008635X.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)