List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".[1]
The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.
The UNFCCC was opened for signature on 9 May 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of December 2015, UNFCCC has 197 parties.
List of parties
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/UNFCCC_parties.svg/350px-UNFCCC_parties.svg.png)
As of 2015, the UNFCCC has 197 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands and the supranational union European Union.[2][3] In addition, the Holy See is an observer state.[2]
Classification of Parties and their commitments
Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
- Annex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the Convention, including the European Union.[4] These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and "economies in transition" (EITs).[5] The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.[6]
- Annex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the Convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the Convention, including the European Union.[7] These Parties are made up of members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).[5]
- Non-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the Convention are mostly low-income[8][9] developing countries.[5] Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.
- Least-developed countries (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.[5]
List of parties
State[3][10] | Classification[4][11] | Signature | Ratification | Notes |
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June 12, 1992 | September 19, 2002 | ||
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October 3, 1994 | |||
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June 13, 1992 | June 9, 1993 | ||
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March 2, 2011 | |||
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June 14, 1992 | May 17, 2000 | ||
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June 4, 1992 | February 2, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | March 11, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | May 14, 1993 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 30, 1992 | |
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Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | |
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June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1994 | ||
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June 8, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
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June 9, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | March 23, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 11, 2000 | |
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | January 16, 1996 | |
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June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | June 30, 1994 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | ||
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June 10, 1992 | October 3, 1994 | ||
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September 7, 2000 | |||
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June 12, 1992 | January 27, 1994 | ||
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June 4, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | ||
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August 7, 2007 | |||
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Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | May 12, 1995 | |
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June 12, 1992 | September 2, 1993 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | January 6, 1997 | ||
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December 18, 1995 | |||
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June 14, 1992 | October 19, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 4, 1992 | |
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June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | March 10, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | December 22, 1994 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | January 5, 1993 | Applies to Macao, extended by Portugal on 28 June 1999. Application remained in force after transfer of sovereignty to China. Applies to Hong Kong from 8 April 2003. | |
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June 13, 1992 | March 22, 1995 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | January 9, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | October 14, 1996 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | April 20, 1993 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | August 26, 1994 | ||
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June 10, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | April 8, 1996 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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June 13, 1992 | January 5, 1994 | ||
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Annex I | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1997 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2013.[11][14][15] |
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Annex I, EIT[a] | June 18, 1993 | October 7, 1993 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Including Faroe Islands and Greenland |
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June 12, 1992 | August 27, 1995 | ||
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June 21, 1993 | |||
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June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1998 | ||
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June 9, 1992 | February 23, 1993 | ||
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June 9, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | December 4, 1995 | ||
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August 16, 2000 | |||
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April 24, 1995 | |||
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Annex I, EIT | June 12, 1992 | July 27, 1994 | |
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June 10, 1992 | April 5, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Ratified as the European Economic Community. |
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October 9, 1992 | February 25, 1993 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | May 3, 1994 | |
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | March 25, 1994 | |
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June 12, 1992 | January 21, 1998 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | June 10, 1994 | ||
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July 29, 1994 | |||
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 9, 1993 | |
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June 12, 1992 | September 6, 1995 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | August 4, 1994 | |
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December 3, 1992 | August 11, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | December 15, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | May 7, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | October 27, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | September 25, 1996 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | October 19, 1995 | ||
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Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | |
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | June 16, 1993 | |
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June 10, 1992 | November 1, 1993 | ||
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June 5, 1992 | August 23, 1994 | ||
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June 14, 1992 | July 18, 1996 | ||
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July 28, 2009 | |||
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | April 20, 1994 | |
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June 4, 1992 | June 4, 1996 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 5, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | |
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June 12, 1992 | January 6, 1995 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | |
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June 11, 1992 | November 12, 1993 | ||
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[a][c] | June 8, 1992 | May 17, 1995 | |
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June 12, 1992 | August 30, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | December 14, 1993 | ||
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December 28, 1994 | |||
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May 25, 2000 | |||
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January 4, 1995 | |||
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Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 23, 1995 | |
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June 12, 1992 | December 15, 1994 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | November 5, 2002 | ||
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June 29, 1992 | June 14, 1999 | ||
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Annex I | June 4, 1992 | June 22, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 24, 1995 | |
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Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | May 9, 1994 | |
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January 28, 1998 | |||
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June 10, 1992 | June 2, 1999 | ||
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June 10, 1992 | April 21, 1994 | ||
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June 9, 1993 | July 13, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | November 9, 1992 | ||
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September 30, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
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Annex I | June 12, 1992 | March 17, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2010.[11][20] |
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June 12, 1992 | October 8, 1992 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | January 20, 1994 | ||
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June 10, 1992 | September 4, 1992 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | March 11, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | November 18, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | June 9, 1995 | ||
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Annex I[a] | June 11, 1992 | November 20, 1992 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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June 12, 1992 | September 30, 1993 | ||
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October 23, 2006 | |||
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June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1995 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | November 25, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | ||
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June 8, 1992 | November 11, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | May 2, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 20, 1993 | Excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands and Sint Maarten |
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | September 16, 1993 | |
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June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1995 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | July 25, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | ||
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February 28, 1996 | |||
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Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | July 9, 1993 | |
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June 11, 1992 | February 8, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | June 1, 1994 | ||
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December 10, 1999 | |||
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December 18, 2015 | |||
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March 18, 1993 | May 23, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | March 16, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | August 2, 1994 | ||
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Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | July 28, 1994 | |
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
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April 18, 1996 | |||
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Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | June 8, 1994 | |
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Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
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June 10, 1992 | August 18, 1998 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | January 7, 1993 | ||
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June 14, 1993 | June 14, 1993 | ||
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December 2, 1996 | |||
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June 12, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | ||
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June 10, 1992 | October 28, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | September 29, 1999 | ||
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December 28, 1994 | |||
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June 13, 1992 | October 17, 1994 | ||
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March 12, 2001 | |||
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June 10, 1992 | September 22, 1992 | ||
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February 11, 1993 | June 22, 1995 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | May 29, 1997 | ||
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Annex I, EIT[a] | May 19, 1993 | August 25, 1994 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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Annex I, EIT[a] | June 13, 1992 | December 1, 1995 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] |
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June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
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September 11, 2009 | |||
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June 15, 1993 | August 29, 1997 | ||
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February 17, 2014 | |||
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Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
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June 10, 1992 | November 23, 1993 | ||
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June 9, 1992 | November 19, 1993 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | October 14, 1997 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1996 | ||
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Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | June 23, 1993 | |
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 10, 1993 | |
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January 4, 1996 | |||
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January 7, 1998 | |||
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June 12, 1992 | April 17, 1996 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
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October 10, 2006 | |||
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June 12, 1992 | March 8, 1995 | ||
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July 20, 1998 | |||
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June 11, 1992 | June 24, 1994 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | July 15, 1993 | ||
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Annex I | February 24, 2004 | Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[21][22] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[17][23][24] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[11][18][19][25][26][27] | |
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June 5, 1995 | |||
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June 8, 1992 | October 26, 1993 | ||
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June 13, 1992 | September 8, 1993 | ||
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Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 13, 1997 | |
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December 29, 1995 | |||
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 8, 1993 | Including Jersey, Isle of Man, Guernsey (8 December 1993), Gibraltar (2 January 2007), Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Falkland Islands (7 March 2007). Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied |
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Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1992 | |
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June 4, 1992 | August 18, 1994 | ||
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June 20, 1993 | |||
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June 9, 1992 | March 25, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | November 16, 1994 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | February 21, 1996 | ||
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June 11, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | ||
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June 12, 1992 | November 3, 1992 |
List of observers
State[2] |
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Observer Holy See announced it was considering the possibility of ratifying the Convention in December 2015.[29]
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)[19] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC.[10] All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.
- ^ All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
- ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,[16] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.[17][18][19]
References
- ^ "Article 2". The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Parties to the Convention and Observer States". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
- ^ a b "Status of Ratification of the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
- ^ a b "List of Annex I Parties to the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ a b c d Parties & Observers, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15
- ^ Full text of the convention - Annex I (PDF), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15
- ^ Full text of the convention - Annex II (PDF), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15
- ^ "List of Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ UNFCCC (25 October 2005), Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. Note by the secretariat. Executive summary. Document code FCCC/SBI/2005/18, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office, p. 4
- ^ a b "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
- ^ a b c d e f "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 - Annex Table: Total carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties in 1990, for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). FCCC/CP/1997/7Add.1. United Nations. 1998-03-25. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f "ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2 (f) OF THE CONVENTION" (PDF). United Nations. 1998-02-13. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
- ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Entry into force of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ "AMENDMENT TO ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION - Proposal from the Republic of Kazakhstan to amend Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-05-28. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
- ^ a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIFTH SESSION, HELD AT BONN FROM 25 OCTOBER TO 5 NOVEMBER 1999" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-12-21. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
- ^ a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations. 2002-01-21. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
- ^ a b c "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2002-01-21. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
- ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention in accordance with Article 16(3) of the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ "ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERGOVERNMENTAL MEETINGS - Amendments to the Convention or its Annexes - Letters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Netherlands (on behalf of the European Community and its Member States) and Kuwait proposing amendments to the Convention or its Annexes" (PDF). United Nations. 1997-06-20. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4.2(f)" (PDF). United Nations. 1997-12-02. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997" (PDF). United Nations. 1998-02-24. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FOURTH SESSION, HELD AT BUENOS AIRES FROM 2 TO 14 NOVEMBER 1998" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-01-25. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON THE FIRST PART OF ITS SIXTH SESSION, HELD AT THE HAGUE FROM 13 TO 25 NOVEMBER 2000" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-04-04. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION - PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION BY REMOVING THE NAME OF TURKEY: REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4, PARAGRAPH 2 (F)" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-10-05. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendment to the list in Annex II to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-12-28. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ Delegates from Parties and Observer States ( A..Z by Country ) – Holy See
- ^ "Vatican intent on signing Paris climate agreement". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2015-12-14.