Luna 1
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2009) |
 A museum replica | |
| Mission type | Lunar impactor |
|---|---|
| Operator | Soviet Union |
| Harvard designation | 1959 Mu 1 |
| COSPAR ID | 1959-012A |
| SATCAT no. | 112 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Launch mass | 361 kilograms (796 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | January 2, 1959 16:41:21 UTC |
| Rocket | Luna 8K72 |
| Launch site | Baikonur 1/5 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Heliocentric |
| Semi-major axis | 1.146 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.14767 |
| Perihelion altitude | 0.9766 AU |
| Aphelion altitude | 1.315 AU |
| Inclination | 0.01 degrees[citation needed] |
| Period | 450 days |
| Lunar flyby (failed impact) | |
| Closest approach | 4 January 1959 |
| Distance | 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) |
Luna 1, also known as Mechta (Template:Lang-ru, lit.: Dream),[1] E-1 No.4 and First Lunar Rover ,[2] was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, Luna 1 was launched as part of the Luna programme in 1959, however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon; in the process becoming the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit.
While traveling through the outer Van Allen radiation belt, the spacecraft's scintillator made observations indicating that a small number of high energy particles exist in the outer belt. The measurements obtained during this mission provided new data on the Earth's radiation belt and outer space. The Moon was found to have no detectable magnetic field. The first ever direct observations and measurements of the solar wind,[2][3][4] a strong flow of ionized plasma emanating from the Sun and streaming through interplanetary space, were performed. That ionized plasma concentration was measured to be some 700 particles per cm3 at altitudes 20–25 thousand km and 300 to 400 particles per cm3 at altitudes 100–150,000 km.[5] The spacecraft also marked the first instance of radio communication at the half-million-kilometer distance.
A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the rocket's burntime, and the spacecraft missed the target and flew by the Moon at a distance of 5,900 km at the closest point. Luna 1 then became the first man-made object to reach heliocentric orbit and was then dubbed a "new planet" and renamed Mechta (Dream).[6] Luna 1 was also referred to as the "First Cosmic Rocket", in reference to its achievement of escape velocity.
Spacecraft
Luna 1 contained radio equipment including a tracking transmitter and telemetry system, and five instruments to study the Moon and interplanetary space; including a magnetometer, geiger counter, scintillation counter, and micrometeorite detector.
Luna 1 was designed to impact the Moon, delivering two metallic pennants with the Soviet coat of arms that were included into its package. This mission was eventually accomplished by Luna 2.
Launch
Luna 1 was launched at 16:41 GMT (22:41 local time) on 2 January 1959 from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome by a Luna 8K72 rocket. Luna 1 became the first man-made object to reach the escape velocity of the Earth, along with its carrier rocket's 1,472-kilogram (3,245 lb)[citation needed] upper stage, which it separated from after achieving heliocentric orbit.
Due to a programming error, the duration of the upper stage's burn was incorrect, and consequently Luna 1 failed to impact the Moon. The spacecraft passed within 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) of the Moon's surface on 4 January after 34 hours of flight. It remains in orbit around the Sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars.[7]
Sodium release experiment
At 00:56:20 UTC on 3 January, at a distance of 119,500 kilometres (74,300 mi) from Earth,[5] 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of sodium gas was released by the spacecraft, forming a cloud behind it to serve as an artificial comet. This glowing orange trail of gas, visible over the Indian Ocean with the brightness of a sixth-magnitude star for a few minutes, was photographed by Mstislav Gnevyshev at the Mountain Station of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR near Kislovodsk.[5] It served as an experiment on the behavior of gas in outer space.
Miscalculation
Luna 1 was meant to crash on the moon. However, a malfunction on the ground control system led the probe into missing its target by 5,995 kilometres; Luna 1 still managed to collect vital information to assist in our understanding of the universe.[8]
See also
References
- ^ David Darling, The complete book of spaceflight: from Apollo 1 to zero gravity. John Wiley and Sons, 2003, p. 244. ISBN 0-471-05649-9
- ^ a b Brian Harvey, Russian planetary exploration: history, development, legacy, prospects. Springer, 2007, p.26. ISBN 0-387-46343-7
- ^ David Darling, Internet Encyclopedia of Science.
- ^ "Luna 1". NASA National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
- ^ a b c "Soviet Space Rocket". Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1959. ISSN 0523-9613.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)[dead link] - ^ Cormack, Lesley B. (15 March 2012). A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-4426-0446-9. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "Luna 1".
- ^ http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e1.htm
External links
- Boris Chertok, "Rakety i liudi: goriachie dni, kholodnoy voyny", Moscow, "Mashinostroenie", 2nd ed. (1999). Sect. 2–7.
- Luna (program) in Great Soviet Encyclopedia Template:Ru icon
- Zarya – Luna 1 chronology
- NASA NSSDC Luna 1 webpage
- Mstislav Gnevyshev's photograph of Luna 1 in flight
- FACTBOX – Reuters – Planned lunar missions
- Reuters: CHRONOLOGY – Five key dates in the race to the moon
