Abkhazian Armed Forces
| Military of Abkhazia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founded | 12 October 1992 |
| Service branches | Abkhazian Air Force Abkhazian Army Abkhazian Navy |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | Alexander Ankvab |
| Minister of Defence | Mirab Kishmaria |
| Chief of Staff | Vladimir Vasilchenko |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers |  Russia |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Abkhazia |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Abkhazia |
The Abkhazian Armed Forces is illegal armed formation of Abkhazian separatists.[notes 1]
The Ministry of Defence and the General Staff of the Abkhazian "armed forces" were created on 12 October 1992, after the outbreak of the 1992-1993 war with Georgia.[1] The basis of the "armed forces" was formed by the ethnic Abkhaz National Guard created early in 1992 prior to the outbreak of the war. During the war, the Abkhazian forces with the critical support from the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, Cossack volunteers and the Russian regular military units stationed in or near Abkhazia. After the war, about 80% of the ethnic Georgian population were displaced from the territory controlled by Abkhazian separatists. Most of the weapons come from the Russian airborne division base in Gudauta.
Current situation
Georgia regards the Abkhaz armed forces as "unlawful military formations" and accuses Russia of supplying and training the Abkhaz separatists, partly in exchange for Abkhaz land or hotels. The Abkhaz deny this, saying they bought what they have on the free market except for five sea cutters received from Russia and speedboats from the Abkhaz diaspora in Greece.[2] In March 2005, then Abkhazian defense minister Sultan Sosnaliev admitted that the senior and middle-ranking officers in the Abkhaz army are regularly sent to Russia for 2-3 month training courses within the framework of the Russia's "Vystrel" (Shot) program.[3]
Sosnaliev himself is a Russian officer from the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (Russian Federation) and held the same post during the Abkhazian war, when Chechen field commander and militant Shamil Basayev was his deputy. Similarly, former chief of staff, Major General Anatoly Zaitsev had previously served as deputy commander of the Transbaikal Military District (now part of the Siberian Military District) in Russia. Another top official, Deputy Defence Minister Aleksandr Pavlushko is a Russian colonel and the former chief of staff of the Russian peacekeeping forces in Abkhazia.[4] Georgia also regularly accuses Abkhazia of forcibly recruiting Georgian returnees from the Gali district into the armed forces.[2]
The Abkhaz military is primarily a ground force but includes small sea and air units. In 2006, an "anti-terrorist centre" of some 200 personnel was created under the de facto ministry of interior. The de facto minister of finance estimated, in 2006, that 35 per cent of Abkhazia’s budget was spent on the military and police.[2]
On 8 May 2007, Minister of Defence and Vice Premier Sultan Sosnaliyev resigned.[5] He was succeeded as Defence Minister (but not as Vice Premier) by First Deputy Defence Minister Mirab Kishmaria, in an acting fashion from 10 May and permanently from 26 July onwards.[6]
On 14 April 2010, five Deputy Ministers of Defence were retired, including Chief of the Armed Forces Anatoli Zaitsev.[7] Aslan Ankvab was appointed acting First Deputy Minister of Defence and Chief of Staff. On 21 May 2010, Beslan Tsvishba was also appointed First Deputy Minister of Defence.[8] On 29 March 2011, Vladimir Vasilchenko succeeded Aslan Ankvab to become the new, permanent, Chief of Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence.[9]
List of Chiefs of General Staff
| # | Name | From | Until | President | Comments | ||
| Sultan Sosnaliyev | 11 October 1992 | 1993 | |||||
| Sergei Dbar | 21 May 1993 | [10] | June 1996 | [10] | |||
| Vladimir Arshba | June 1997 | 2004 | Vladislav Ardzinba | ||||
| Anatoli Zaitsev | 14 April 2010 | [7] | Sergei Bagapsh | ||||
| Aslan Ankvab | 2010 | 29 March 2011 | |||||
| Vladimir Vasilchenko | 29 March 2011 | [9] | 29 May 2011 | ||||
| 29 May 2011 | Present | Alexander Ankvab |
Organization
According to the authorities of the Republic of Abkhazia, the Abkhazian Land Forces are organised along the Swiss model - in time of peace they have personnel of 3,000 to 5,000 and in case of war further 40-50,000[11] reservists are called out. They are authorised to keep registered weapons at home.
Navy
The Abkhazian Navy consists of three divisions that are based in Sukhumi, Ochamchira and Pitsunda. Four ships Project 1204 Shmel class PBR, 657 (ex-AK-599), 658 (ex-AK-582), and 328 (ex-AK-248) were transferred from the Russian Navy in the late 1990s.[citation needed] An additional ship ex-AK-527 was also transferred and cannibalized for spares.[citation needed] The three Abkhaz ships did not take part in the 2008 South Ossetia conflict, but there state was unclear. As of 2005 the first two of them had one PSKA Project 1400M Grif ("Zhuk") class PC speed-boats each. The navy also includes several civil vessels that were equipped with guns and unguided rocket artillery systems. NOVOSTI (Russian News & Information Agency) gives the following naval figures: over 20 motor boats armed with machine-guns and small-caliber cannons.
Air force
The Abkhaz air force uses Russian and Soviet-built aircraft. It is a small force, which numbers only 7 aircraft, 3-4 helicopters, and 250 personnel.
Equipment
The exact numbers and types of equipment remain unverifiable as no thorough international monitoring has ever been carried out in Abkhazia. NOVOSTI (Russian News & Information Agency) gives the following army figures: 10,000-strong Abkhazian Self Defense Force wielding 60 tanks, including 40 T-72s, 85 artillery pieces and mortars, including several dozen with a 122-152-mm caliber and 116 armored vehicles of different types, also has numerous anti-tank weapons ranging from RPG-7 rocket launchers to Konkurs-M anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). Given the status of Abkhazia and recent armed conflict with Georgia a variety of equipment has been utilized by formations of the Abkhazian military, including inherited Soviet equipment, donated Russian weapons, impressed civilian gear, and items captured from the Georgians.
- For aircraft, see Abkhazian Air Force
Combat vehicles
| Vehicle | Image | Origin | Quantity | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-72 | 
|
 /
|
40 | Main battle tank | |
| T-55 | 
|
/
|
20 | Main battle tank | |
| BMP-2 | 
|
/
|
Infantry fighting vehicle | ||
| BMP-1 | 
|
/
|
Infantry fighting vehicle | Approximately 70-85 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers are in service | |
| BTR-70 | 
|
/
|
Armored personnel carrier | ||
| BTR-60 | 
|
/
|
Armored personnel carrier | ||
| BM-21 "Grad" | 
|
/
|
7 | Multiple rocket launcher | |
| 9K37 Buk | 
|
/
|
Surface-to-air missile system | ||
| ZSU-23-4 | 
|
/
|
6 | Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon |
Artillery
| Weapon | Image | Origin | Quantity | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 122 mm 2A18 | 
|
/
|
Field artillery | About 80 towed field artillery pieces are in service | |
| 85 mm D-44 | 
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/
|
Field artillery | ||
| 120 mm mortar | 
|
/
|
Mortar | About 42 mortars are in service; exact types are unspecified | |
| 82 mm mortar | /
|
Mortar | |||
| 100 mm coastal defense gun KSM-65 |
|
Coastal artillery | 2008 reactivate from storage; exact types and number are unspecified;[12] |
Infantry weapons
| Weapon | Image | Origin | Quantity | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RPG-18 | 
|
/
|
Rocket launcher | ||
| RPG-7 | 
|
/
|
Rocket launcher | ||
| PK | 
|
/
|
Machine gun | ||
| RPK | 
|
/
|
Light machine gun | ||
| AS Val | File:Val2.jpg | /
|
Suppressed Assault rifle | ||
| AK-74 | 
|
/
|
Assault rifle | ||
| AK-47, AKM | 
|
/
|
Assault rifle | Reserves only | |
| Dragunov | File:Svd 1 russian.jpg | /
|
Sniper rifle | ||
| Makarov | 
|
/
|
Pistol | ||
| F1 | 
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/
|
Hand grenade | ||
| RGD-5 | 
|
/
|
Hand grenade |
Russians Troops
Russia maintains a 3,500-strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters in Gudauta, a former Soviet military base on the Black Sea coast north of the capital, Sukhumi, under a September 2009 agreement on military cooperation. The Gudauta base hosts Russia’s 131st separate motorized rifle brigade, equipped with at least 41 T-90 main battle tanks and 130 BTR-80 APCs.[13]
Notes
- ^ The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as de jure Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as Russian-occupied territory.
References
- ^ "В Абхазии отметили 17 годовщину образования Вооруженных Сил республики" (in Russian). Администрация Президента Республики Абхазия. 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
- ^ a b c Abkhazia Today. The International Crisis Group Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006. Retrieved on May 27, 2007. Free registration needed to view full report
- ^ Abkhaz Defense Minister: Our Officers are Trained in Russia. Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. March 25, 2005. Retrieved on May 27, 2007.
- ^ Vladimir Socor Russia doubling its troops in Georgia's Abkhazia region, Eurasia Daily Monitor. Volume 5, Number 85. May 5, 2008.
- ^ Regnum.ru, Министр обороны Абхазии ушел в отставку, (Abkhazian minister of defence resigns), 08.05.2007
- ^ "Министр обороны". Кабинет Министров Республики Абхазия. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Министр обороны: "Увольнение ряда заместителей министра обороны произведено в связи с достижением ими предельного возраста пребывания на военной службе и на основании положения о порядке прохождения военной службы"". Apsnypress. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ "Полковник Беслан Цвижба назначен первым заместителем министра обороны". Apsnypress. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Владимир Васильченко назначен первым заместителем министра обороны, начальником Генерального штаба Вооруженных сил Абхазии". Apsnypress. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Сегодня Сергею Дбару исполнилось бы 67 лет". Apsnypress. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ^ 45,000 according to the Problems of the unrecognised states in the former USSR: South Caucasus by David Petrosyan; 40,000-50,000 according to the Caucasian-style militarism article of the Nezavisimaya Gazeta
- ^ http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/Entry2644.aspx
- ^ http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130419/180735302.html
Bibliography
- Давид Петросян (David Petrosyan). Проблемы непризнанных государств на постсоветском пространстве: Южный Кавказ (Problems of the unrecognised states in the former USSR: South Caucasus) Template:Ru icon
- Милитаризм по-кавказски (Caucasian-style militarism), Независимая Газета (Nezavisimaya Gazeta), 13.10.2001 Template:Ru icon
- Абхазский де-факто министр рассказывает о приоритетах, "Civil.Ge", Tbilisi 2005-01-04 Template:Ru icon
- Багапш приказал топить грузинские суда, Независимая Газета, 25.07.2005 Template:Ru icon