Oral and maxillofacial surgery
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Occupation | |
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Names | Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon |
Occupation type | Specialty |
Activity sectors | Dentistry Surgery |
Description | |
Education required |
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Oral & Maxillofacial surgery (OMS) specializes in treating many diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the Oral (mouth) and Maxillofacial (jaws and face) region. It is an internationally recognized surgical specialty. In some countries around the world, including the United States, Canada and Australia, it is a recognized specialty of dentistry; in others, such as the UK and most of Europe, it is recognized as both a specialty of medicine and dentistry and a dual degree in medicine and dentistry is compulsory.
Regulations
In several countries oral and maxillofacial surgery is a speciality recognized by a professional association, as is the case with the Dental Council of India, American Dental Association, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons and the Brazilian Federal Council of Odontology (CFO).
In other countries oral and maxillofacial surgery as a specialty exists but under different forms as the work is sometimes performed by a single or dual qualified specialist depending on each country's regulations and training opportunities available.
Summary
An oral and maxillofacial surgeon is a regional specialist surgeon treating the entire craniomaxillofacial complex: anatomical area of the mouth, jaws, face, skull, as well as associated structures.
Depending upon the jurisdiction, maxillofacial surgeons may require training in dentistry, surgery, and general medicine; training and qualification in medicine may be undertaken optionally even if not required.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is widely recognized as one of the specialties of dentistry. In many countries however, maxillofacial surgery is a medical specialty requiring both medical and dental degrees, culminating in an appropriate qualification (e.g. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, FRCS, in the UK). All oral and maxillofacial surgeons however must obtain a university degree in dentistry before beginning residency training in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
They also may choose to undergo further training in a 1 or 2 year subspecialty Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Fellowship Training in the following areas:
- Head and neck cancer – microvascular reconstruction
- Cosmetic facial surgery
- Craniofacial surgery/Pediatric Maxillofacial surgery/Cleft Surgery
- Cranio-maxillofacial trauma
- Head and neck reconstruction (plastic surgery of the head and neck region)
- Maxillofacial regeneration (reformation of the facial region by advanced stem cell technique)
The popularity of oral and maxillofacial surgery as a career for persons whose first degree was medicine, not dentistry, seems to be increasing in a few EU countries[clarification needed]. However, the public funds spent for 14 years of training are of a major concern for governments. Integrated programs are becoming more available to medical graduates allowing them to complete the dental degree requirement in about 3 years in order for them to advance to subsequently complete Oral and Maxillofacial surgical training.[1]
Surgical procedures
Treatments may be performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex: mouth, jaws, face, neck, skull, and include:
- Dentoalveolar surgery (surgery to remove impacted teeth, difficult tooth extractions, extractions on medically compromised patients, bone grafting or preprosthetic surgery to provide better anatomy for the placement of implants, dentures, or other dental prostheses)
- Surgery to insert osseointegrated (bone fused) dental implants and maxillofacial implants for attaching craniofacial prostheses and bone anchored hearing aids.
- Cosmetic surgery of the head and neck: (rhytidectomy/facelift, browlift, blepharoplasty/Asian blepharoplasty, otoplasty, rhinoplasty, septoplasty, cheek augmentation, chin augmentation, genioplasty, oculoplastics, neck liposuction, lip enhancement, injectable cosmetic treatments, botox, chemical peel etc.)
- Corrective jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery), surgical treatment and/or splinting of sleep apnea, maxillomandibular advancement, genioplasty
- Diagnosis and treatment of:
- benign pathology (cysts, tumors etc.)
- malignant pathology (oral & head and neck cancer) with (ablative and reconstructive surgery, microsurgery)
- cutaneous malignancy (skin cancer), lip reconstruction
- congenital craniofacial malformations such as cleft lip and palate and cranial vault malformations such as craniosynostosis, (craniofacial surgery)
- chronic facial pain disorders
- temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
- Dysgnathia (incorrect bite), and orthognathic (literally "straight bite") reconstructive surgery, orthognathic surgery, maxillomandibular advancement, surgical correction of facial asymmetry.
- soft and hard tissue trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region (jaw fractures, cheek bone fractures, nasal fractures, LeFort fracture, skull fractures and eye socket fractures).
Laser applications in OMS
Lasers were first introduced to OMS in the mid 1980's starting with the CO2 laser.[2] The CO2 (carbon dioxide) laser remains the gold standard for the soft tissue surgery because of the ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation (and small blood capillary hemostasis).[3] The CO2 laser is used in oral and dental surgery for virtually all soft-tissue procedures, such as gingivecomies, vestibuloplasties, frenectomies and operculectomies.[2][4] The CO2 laser's 10,600 nm wavelength is also safe around implants as it is reflected by titanium, and thus has been gaining popularity in the field of periodontology. It may be effective in treating peri-implantitis.[5]
In the UK and most of Europe
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2016) |
Oral & Maxillofacial (OMF) Surgeons specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the mouth, jaws, face and neck.
OMF surgery is unique in requiring a dual qualification in medicine and dentistry, and is often seen as the bridge between medicine and dentistry, treating conditions that require expertise from both backgrounds such as head and neck cancers, salivary gland diseases, facial disproportion, facial pain, temporomandibular joint disorders, impacted teeth, cysts and tumours of the jaws as well as numerous problems affecting the oral mucosa such as mouth ulcers and infections.
Many OMF surgeons focus on one of these areas to develop a sub-specialist interest within the scope of the wider specialty.
In Australia, New Zealand, North America
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. Oral and maxillofacial surgery requires 4–6 years of further formal university training after dental school (DDS, BDent, DMD or BDS). In the United States, four-year residency programs grant a certificate of specialty training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Six-year residency programs grant the specialty certificate in addition to a degree such as a medical degree (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB etc.), or research degree (MS, MSc, MPhil, MDS, MSD, MDSc, DClinDent, DSc, DMSc, or PhD). Both 4 and 6 year graduates are designated US "Board Eligible," those that earn "Certification" are Diplomats'. Approximately 50% of the training programs in the US and 66%[6] of Canadian training programs, are "dual-degree".
The typical training program for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is:
- 2 – 4 years undergraduate study (BS, BA, or equivalent degrees)
- 4 years dental study (DMD, BDent, DDS or BDS)
- 4 – 6 years residency training – Some programs integrate an additional degree such as: a master's degree (MS, MDS, MSc, MClinDent, MScDent, MDent), doctoral degree (PhD, DMSc, DClinDent, DSc), or medical degree (MBBS, MD, DO, MBChB, MDCM)
- After completion of surgical training most undertake final specialty examinations: (US "Board Certified (ABOMS)"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCDC")
- Some Colleges offer Membership or Fellowships in oral/maxillofacial surgery: MOralSurg RCS, M(OMS) RCPS, FFD RCSI, FEBOS, FACOMS, FFD RCS, FAMS, FCDSHK, FCMFOS(SA)
- Many dually qualified oral and maxillofacial surgeons are now also obtaining fellowships with the American College of Surgeons (FACS)
- Average total length after secondary school: 12 – 14 years
In addition, graduates of oral and maxillofacial surgery training programs can pursue fellowships, typically 1 – 2 years in length, in the following areas:
- Head and neck cancer – microvascular reconstruction
- Cosmetic facial surgery (facelift, rhinoplasty, etc.)
- Craniofacial surgery and pediatric maxillofacial surgery (cleft lip and palate repair, surgery for craniosynostosis, etc.)
- Cranio-maxillofacial trauma (soft tissue and skeletal injuries to the face, head and neck)
In Hong Kong
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In Hong Kong a master's programme and an advanced diploma programme is offered by the Faculty of Dentistry of The University of Hong Kong.[7][8] Oral and maxillofacial surgery department are available at public hospitals managed by the Hospital Authority.[9][10]
Notable oral and maxillofacial surgeons
- Luc Chikhani reconstructed Trevor Rees-Jones's face, which was flattened by the impact of the car crash that killed Diana, Princess of Wales.
- Bernard Devauchelle a French oral and maxillofacial surgeon at Amiens University Hospital who in November 2005 successfully completed the first face transplant on Isabelle Dinoire.[11][12]
- Varaztad Kazanjian Pioneer in plastic and reconstructive surgery, Harvard's first professor of plastic surgery
- Paul Tessier (August 1, 1917 – June 6, 2008) This French plastic surgeon was considered the father of modern craniofacial surgery. In response to questions about his approach to problem-solving, Tessier would say, "Pourquoi pas?" ("Why not?"). This phrase became the motto of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery, founded in 1983, of which Tessier was invited to be Honorary President.
See also
- Craniofacial surgery
- Craniofacial team
- Dental implant
- Distraction osteogenesis
- Forensic facial reconstruction
- Hilotherapy, a therapy to improve healing post surgery
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Léon Dufourmentel
- Operation Smile
- Orthognathic surgery
- Osseointegration
- Project Harar
- Scalp surgery
- The Smile Train
References
- ^ "Baylor College of Dentistry: OMS Residency Admission Requirements". Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Oral and Maxillofacial Laser Surgery – CO2 Laser – LightScalpel". LightScalpel. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
- ^ Strauss, RA; Coleman, M (2011). "Lasers in Major Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery". In Convissar, RA (ed.). Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. Mosby. pp. 234–250. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-06206-0.00014-X.
- ^ "Laser-Assisted Operculectomy". cced.cdeworld.com. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
- ^ Linden, Eric; Vitruk, Peter (2015). "SuperPulse 10.6 µm CO2 laser-assisted, closed flap treatment of peri-implantitis". Implant Practice US. 8 (4): 30–34.
- ^ J. Gigliotti, N. Makhoul: Demographics, training satisfaction, and career plans of Canadian oral and maxillofacial surgery residents. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2015; 44: 1574–1580.
- ^ "Master of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery". Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong.
- ^ "Advanced Diploma in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery". Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong.
- ^ "The Hong Kong Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Limited".
- ^ "Hospital Authority".
- ^ Lengelé B; Testelin S; Cremades S; Devauchelle B (September 2007). "Facing up is an act of dignity: lessons in elegance addressed to the polemicists of the first human face transplant". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 120 (3): 803–6. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000271097.22789.79. PMID 17700135. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ Naomi Austin (17 October 2006). "My face transplant saved me". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
External links
- British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
- American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
- International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
- Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
- Italian Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
- American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
- American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Indonesian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
- Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
- Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India
- Canadian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons