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Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, since Portuguese is a Romance language. However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian, Celtic, Germanic and Arabic origin.[1]

Pre-Roman (Basque, Celtic and Iberian) languages of Portugal

Some traces of the languages of the native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in the language, as shown below. Many places in Portugal for instance have pre-Roman, Celtic or Celtiberian names, such as the cities of Abrantes, Braga, Briteiros, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Évora, Lapa, Leiria, Setúbal, Sintra and several rivers like Ardila, Douro, Minho or Tâmega.

Basque:

A claim of Basque influence in Portuguese is the voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant [s̺], a sound transitional between laminodental [s] and palatal [ʃ]; this sound also influenced other Ibero-Romance languages and Catalan. The apico-alveolar retracted sibilant is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin. Basque influence is prominent in Portuguese language and entered through Spanish, because aside from it is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin, many Castilians (native speakers of Spanish) who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns were of Basque lineage.

  • carrasco "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque karraska "thunder, crash of falling tree"[2]
  • chamorro "close-cropped" (cf. Basque txamorro "grub, subterranean bug or worm" or samur, xamur "tender, delicate")
  • chaparro "dwarf oak" (cf. Basque txapar)
  • esquerdo "left" (from Basque ezker 'left')
  • sarça (archaic), "bramble", fr early Basque (Oihenart; 17th century) çarzi (modern sasi "bramble", sarri "bush, thicket") (Trask 1997, 421)
  • sarna "scabbies" from Medieval Latin (7th century, Isidore of Seville, Origines, 4.8.68), but as serna attested in Theodorus Priscianus (Constantinople, 4th century). Trumper (2004) however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf. Middle Welsh sarn "mess" and sarnaf "to wreck".[3]
  • veiga "meadow, grassland", from Basque (i)bai "river" + relational suffix -ko

Names of Basque origin:

Forenames:

  • Inácio variant of Ignatius. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
    Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish)
  • Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'[4]
  • Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from etxe berri, meaning 'new house' or 'new home'[5]
  • Ximeno,[6] a variant of the medieval Basque gifven name Semen, root seme < senbe 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name Sembetten, attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni (cf. Koldo Mitxelena and modern form "senide" = 'brother or sister', 'relative')

Surnames:

Celtic:

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic or Celtiberian survived in Portuguese (and Galician), it is fair to say that after Latin, this ancient language or fragments of several languages; left an important mark in the Portuguese language as we know it.

Placenames: There are numerous Celtic-derived towns and placenames in Portugal like Braganza (Bragança), Menir de Forjães, Menir do Castelo, Cabanas de Viriato, Dólmen da Pedreira, Borba, Bouçã, Britelo, Carvalhos, Carvalhosa, Carvalhal, Carvalhais, Carvalheira, Carvalhoa, Amieira, Amieiro, Vale do Amieiro, Gouveia, Lousã, Tojeira, Vargem, Vidoeira, Monte das Vargens and many others.

Forenames:

  • Artur, (cognate of English Arthur) derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Used in Catalan, Czech, Estonian, Galician, German, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, with the same spelling. Variants= : Arthur, Tuur (Dutch) Artturi, Arto, Arttu (Finnish), Artúr (Hungarian), Arturo (Italian), Artūrs (Latvian), Tuur (Limburgish), Artūras (Lithuanian), Artair (Scottish), Arturo (Spanish)
  • Breno, (cognate of English Brennus) Latinised form of an ancient Celtic name (or title) that possibly meant either "king, prince" or "raven".
  • Brígida, (cognate of Irish Brighid) which means 'exalted one'. Variants: Breda, Bríd, Bride, Brighid, Brigid (Irish), Bridgette (English), Brighid, Brigid, Brigit (Irish Mythology). Also: Brigita (Croatian), Birgit, Birgitta, Birgitte, Berit, Birte, Birthe, Brita, Britt, Britta, Gitte (Danish), Brigitta (Dutch), Birita (Faroese), Birgitta, Piritta, Brita, Pirjo, Pirkko, Priita, Riitta (Finnish), Brigitte (French), Brigitta, Brigitte, Gitta (German), Brigitta (Hungarian), Brigida (Italian), Brigita (Latvian), Breeshey (Manx), Birgit, Birgitta, Birgitte, Berit, Brit, Brita, Britt, Britta (Norwegian), Brygida (Polish), Brigita (Slovene), Brigida (Spanish), Birgit, Birgitta, Berit, Brita, Britt, Britta, Gittan (Swedish), Ffraid (Welsh)
  • Genoveva, (cognate of English Genevieve) from Genovefa, a Gaulish name possibly meaning "tribe woman". Rare, variants: Geneviève (French), Genevieve (English), Genoveffa (Italian), Genowefa (Polish), Genoveva (Spanish)
  • Lusitânia or Lusitana probably of Celtic origin: 'Lus and Tanus', "tribe of Lusus", connecting the name with the personal Celtic name Luso and with the god Lugh.
  • Nelson also Nélson from the Gaelic name Niall, which is of disputed origin, possibly meaning "champion" or "cloud". This was the name of a semi-legendary 4th-century Irish king, Niall of the Nine Hostages. In the early Middle Ages the name was adopted by Viking raiders and settlers in Ireland in the form Njal.
  • Óscar (cognate of English Oscar) derived from Gaelic "deer" and cara "friend", possibly means "deer friend". Variants: Òscar (Catalan), Oskari, Osku (Finnish), Oskar (German), Oszkár (Hungarian), Oscar (Irish), Óskar (Icelandic), Oskars (Latvian), Oskar (Polish), Oskar (Slovene), Óscar (Spanish)
  • Tristão (cognate of Tristan) from Pictish "Drustan", derived from Celtic drest meaning "riot" or "tumult". This name was borne by several kings of the Picts, including their last king Drust X, who ruled in the 9th century. Variants: Drest, Tristan (Celtic Mythology), Tristan, Tristen, Tristin, Triston (English), Tristram (English (British)), Tristan (French), Tristán (Spanish), Drystan, Tristan, Trystan (Welsh)
  • Viriato, from Ancient Celtic 'viriae' "bracelets". Viriathus was a leader of the Lusitani (a tribe of Portugal) who rebelled against Roman rule in the 2nd century BC. This name is historically unique to Portugal.

Surnames:

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

  • Abranches Gaulish from 'Abrincate' cognate of Breton *ambrouga 'to lead' or Welsh *hebryngydd, hebryngiad 'leader, guide' + suffix "ate"
  • Abrantes from Proto-Celtic 'Arantis' or Latin 'Aurantes'
  • Abrunhosa, Abrunheiro Latinised prūnum, from Celtic *agrīnio
  • Bacelar (also Bacellar), from Celtic *baccos 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach
  • Barreto also Barrete from Proto-Celtic *birros 'short coat with a hood'
  • Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from Proto-Celtic *bekko 'beak, kiss',[7][8][9] cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
  • Borba, from Proto-Celtic *borwâ 'mud, slime, mucus'
  • Bouça, Boiça, probably from Proto-Celtic *baudea-, *baud- smear
  • Braga, from Celtic *braco 'hoop iron, small fortification'
  • Bragança toponymic, also synonymous with the House of Braganza, from Bregança or Bragancia, from 'Brigantia' Proto-Celtic *bhr̥g'hntī, berg'h high, lofty, elevated
  • Brites from Celtic *brig- / brigo- / briga 'great, high, eminent' also relating to Brigantia the celtic deity
  • Brito from Celtic 'brìgh' < Proto-Celtic *brīgos 'strength'
  • Cabanelas from Celtic *cab 'hut'
  • Calhau, from proto-Celtic *ca-la cognate of French caillou 'pebble'
  • Caminha from Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman 'step'
  • Canastra, from Old French 'banaste', from Celtic *benna- 'straw-basket'
  • Canto, Canteiro from Proto-Celtic *kanto 'rim'
  • Cangas, Cangueiro from Celtic *kambika 'collar, yoke'
  • Carpinteiro from Proto-Celtic *carbanto '(wooden) chariot, wooden box'
  • Carvalho, Carvalhal, Carvalheira, Carvalhosa, Carvalheda from cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted'
  • Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from Gaulish[10] Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
  • Charrua, Charruadas also Charraz, from Celtic *carros-
  • Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Welsh cwningen, alternatively from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog'[11]
  • Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw',[12] from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
  • Correia, Corrêa from Gallo-Latin corrigia 'strap'; akin to Old Irish cuimrech "fetter", Irish 'creasa' (belt, girdle), Scottish cuibhreach "bond, chain", 'crios' (belt), Welsh cyfrwy "saddle", Middle Welsh kyfreieu "leashes", Cornish kevrenn "fastening, link", Breton kevre "link, bond"
  • Curral, from Celtic *korro 'corral, pen, corner'
  • Faia, Faial, from Latin loanword 'fagea', from proto-Celtic *bagos 'beech tree'
  • Galante, Galhardo also Galharde, from Celtic *gal- force, via Gaulish *galia-
  • Garça, Garção, Garcês also Garcez, from Celtic *cárcia akin to Breton kerc'heiz, Cornish kerghydh 'egret'
  • Gouveia toponymic, via Gaulish *guvia <from Proto-Celtic *gulb-
  • Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,[13] cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
  • Lança also Lanças, from Gaulish *lancea- 'to launch, to throw (a spear)'
  • Lanes also Lande, Landes, Delannes and Delanes originally a French toponymic (southwest) from Proto-Celtic *landā
  • Lapa, from Proto-Celtic *lappa, akin to Irish Gaelic lapa 'paw, flipper' and Polish łapa 'paw, flipper, mutton fist'
  • Leira, Leirão also Leirião, Leirio, Leiro, Leiria, Leirosa from Proto-Celtic *ɸlāryo 'floor'
  • Lousa, Lousão, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *laws[14]
  • Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-,[7][15] akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'
  • Raia also Raiano, from Celtic *rica- 'furrow, line'
  • Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch',[16][17][18] akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
  • Rocha, also Rochas, Rochel from old Breton *roc'h, with Latin loanword rocca 'rock, stone'
  • Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'.[19][20] (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
  • Saboga, from celtic *sabauca' or *sabŏlos, see also "sável"
  • Seabra, Celtiberian toponymic of sena-briga, of which *briga means 'castro/fortress'
  • Tojal, Tojeira, Tojo from Celtic *togi 'furze'
  • Tristão from Celtic *drest 'riot'
  • Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family.[21] Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota'.
  • Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-,[7][22] cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz
  • alauda [f] 'lark', Latin borrowing 'alauda' from Gaulish *alaio 'swan', cognate of French alouette, Walloon alôye, Provençal alauza, alauseta, Catalan alosa, alova, Spanish alondra, Italian allodola, lodola, Old Irish elu 'swan', Irish/Scottish eala 'swan'; with suffix, Welsh alarch 'lark', Breton alarc'h 'lark'.
  • álamo [m] 'elm tree', from Celtic *lēmos 'elm', cognate of Asturian llamera, Irish leamhán, Welsh llwyfen, Spanish álamo.
    derivatives: alameda lane, avenue, alamedar to plant trees in a lane, avenue
  • amieiro [m] 'common alder', a derivative in -arium of *abona 'river', related to Breton avon, Welsh afon, Irish abha/abhainn 'river'.
    derivatives: amieiral alder woods, amieira young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots
  • arpente also arpento 'arpent acre' Latin borrowing (old measurement) from Gaulish *arpen, cognate of French arpent, akin to Old Irish airchenn 'short mete, bound (abuttal); end, extremity', Welsh arbenn 'chief'
  • abater [v] 'to knock down, to lower' from Vulgar Latin abbattuere to demolish, knock down, overthrow: from ad- + Latin battuere, see bater below. The d is assimilated to the b in battuere from older Celtic.
  • abrolho 'sprout, thorn, thicket, rocky surfaces just under water, keys', from Celtic *brogilos 'copse',.[23][24]
    derivatives: abrolhar [v] 'to cover with thorns, to sprout (botanics), to get covered in spots, blisters, to sprout', abrolhamento 'to fence smthg with thorns, cover with sprouts, to cause hardship', desabrolhar [v] 'to sprout, to bloom, to blossom'.
  • abrunho/abrunheiro [m] 'sloe', from Vulgar Latin *aprūneu, from Latin prūnum, under the influence of Celtic *agrīnio;[7][25][26] akin to Irish áirne, Welsh eirin 'plum'; cognate of Occitan agranhon, Provençal agreno, Catalan aranyó, Aragonese arañon.
  • albóio [m] 'window-pane (nautical), skylight, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare-bow-yo- akin to Old-Irish airbe 'covered, enclosed'.
  • ardósia [f] 'slate', from Proto-Celtic, probably via Gaulish *aritisia- originally wall, mural interior, construction material
  • atol a muddy place, bog: from atolar "to dirty to soil," from a- + tol "mire, muddy place" (possibly from a Celtic word represented in Old Irish toll "hole, pit, grave") + the verbal infinitive suffix -ar.
    derivatives: atoleiro[m], atoladoiro, atoladouro 'bog', atolado 'to get swamped, to get bogged down', atoladiço 'place or person with the quality to get swamp/get bogged down'
  • bacelo [m] 'young vine', from Celtic *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach[27]
    derivatives: baceleiro[m] 'young vine nursery, man who specialises in planting new vines', bacelar [v], abacelar [v] 'to plant and tender to new vines', abacelamento 'the act of sorting out young vines (by variety)', bacharelato 'baccalaureat, university degree', Latinised from *baccalaris- person of lower (military) rank or young cadet,[27] bacharel 'same as baccalaureat, chatter-box, chatty or witty person', bacharelar [v] 'to talk too much', bacharelice, bacharelismo 'habbit of chatting too much or for too long', barcelo 'white grape variety from Northern Portugal'
  • bacia [f] 'basin', Latinised borrowing 'baccinum< baccia ('wine or water jug'), from Gaulish *bacca- 'burden, load to bear' cognate of French bassin, Provençal bachè, bacha 'large vat', Amognard bassie 'sink', akin to Irish/Scots Gaelic bac 'hindrance, heed', Welsh baich 'load, burden', Cornish begh 'load, burden', Breton bec'h 'burden, toil'.
    derivatives: bacia-hidrográfica, bacia-fluvial (geology) 'catchment basin, watershed, catchment area', sub-bacia 'sub-catchment basin', bacio 'chamber-pot', baciada 'contents of a basin, pot'
  • balaia [f] also balaio 'small straw-basket' via Old French balain 'broom (plant)', from Gaul *balatno, metathesis of *banatlo, cognate of Breton balannen, Scots-Gaelic bealaidh, Irish beallaidh, Welsh banadl, Cornish banadhel, Asturian baléu
  • bálano [m] 'barnacle, gland' from Gaulish *barenica 'limpet', akin to French balane and barnache, Irish báirneach, Scots-Gaelic bàirneach, Welsh brennig, Cornish brennik, Breton bernig, brennig
  • banzo [m] 'crossbar, beam, parapet, balustrade, nostalgia' from Proto-Celtic *wankio-'beam'.
    derivatives: banzeiro 'moving gently, wind gusts', banzear [v] 'to move gently'
  • barco [m] 'boat, ship' from Proto-Celtic *barga-, loanward into Latin bargo, 'boat'.
  • barca [f] 'small seagoing vessel', from proto-Celtic *barga- 'boat', from Old French 'barge', Old Provençal 'barca'.
    derivatives: barcaça, barça, barcagem, barcada, 'barge, shallow boat with a sail', 'freight', 'boatload'; from Gaulish *barge-, cognate old Provençal 'barca', Medieval Latin loanword from Celtic 'barga'. Maybe from Greek 'baris' "Egyptian boat," from Coptic 'bari' "small boat." Meaning "flat-bottomed freight boat" dates from late 15c.
  • bardo [m] 'bard, poet' from Proto-Celtic *bardos- 'bard, poet' cognate of French 'barde', Scottish Gaelic 'bard', Irish 'bard', Catalan 'bard'.
  • barra [f] 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-,[7][25] cognate of Irish, Breton barr 'summit, peak, top', Welsh bar.
    derivatives: barrote [m] 'wooden beam'
  • barrete [m] 'hood', from Proto-Celtic *birros- 'short coat with a hood'.
    derivatives: barretada 'greeting someone with your hat', barrete-de-clérigo 'fortification or building work composed of three protruding angles and two sinking ones', enfiar o barrete (popular expression) 'to mislead or deceive someone'.
  • barulho 'noise, confusion, turmoil' from Gaulish *bruge- 'to troat', akin to French bruit, barouf, Welsh broch 'din, tumult', Breton bruchell 'roar, bellow', Scots-Gaelic broiglich 'noise', broighleadh 'turmoil'; Irish brúcht 'belch'.
    derivatives: barulhento 'noisy', barulhar [v] 'to confuse, to deceive', barulheira, barulhada 'disruptive noise, tumult, turmoil'
  • beiço [m] 'snout, animal's mouth', from Proto-Celtic *beiccion- or *baykkyon- "animal's mouth/snort", from *baicciō "to yell"; akin to Old Irish béccim, Irish béic ‘yell, roar’, Scottish beuc, Welsh beichio ‘to low, sob’, Cornish begi ‘to bray’, Breton begiad ‘to bleat’, Spanish bezo 'big lip'.
    derivatives: gaita-de-beiços 'harmonica, panpipe', beiçola, beiça, beiçorra all to do with 'mouth', there are several popular expressions like: fazer beicinho 'pout', 'pucker', or andar pelo beiço 'to have a crush on someone', beiçudo 'thick-lipped, big-mouth person or animal'.
  • berço [m] 'craddle', from Gaulish *bertu 'I rock', Old French *berta 'load', cognate of French berceau, Provençal bressà 'to rock', brès 'cradle', Irish beartaim 'I rock', beárt 'load, action'; further to Old Irish brith, breth 'carrying, judgment', Middle Welsh bryd 'thought, mind, intent', Cornish brys 'thought'.
    derivatives: berçário (hospital), new-born ward (hospital), 'nursey', berceiro (colloquial) 'lazy man'.
  • bater [v] 'to hit, strike, win': from Latin battere, battuere, "to beat, strike," probably of older, Celtic origin.
  • batuta [f] 'an orchestra conductor's baton': from Italian battuta, from battere, from Latin battere, battuerre, see bater above.
  • betume [m] 'putty', from Celtic *betu- derived from Indo-European *gwetu- with the labialisation of 'gw' into 'b' typical of Celtic, which meant resin. The Latin 'bitumen' (tar) is very likely borrowed from the older Celtic 'betu-'.
  • bezerro [m] 'year old veal', Uncertain: from Proto-Celtic *bicurru- or Iberian *ibicurri- or Latin *Ibex- "wild goat"
  • bétula [f]'birch', from Gaulish *betuo-, derivation from *betu- 'woods, forest', cognate of Gaelic 'beith', Cornish 'betho', Breton 'bezo, bedwen', Welsh 'bedw, bedwen'.
  • bico [m] 'beak, kiss', from Proto-Celtic *bekko-,[7][8][9] cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
    derivatives: bicar 'to kiss', debicar [v] '(bird)pecking'.
  • bilha,[28] [f] 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk',[29] akin to Old Irish bille 'large tree, tree trunk', Manx billey 'tree', Welsh pill 'stump', Breton pil; cognate of French bille 'log, chunk of wood'.
  • bode [m] 'billy-goat, male goat' from Proto-Celtic *bukko- akin to French bouc, loanword into Dutch bok
  • bodalho also godalho 'male goat, messy or careless person, loose woman', from Celtic *ghaidos 'happiness, folly'
  • borba[28] [f] 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-,[30] cognate of French bourbe 'mud'; akin to Irish borb 'mud, slime', bearbh 'boiling', Welsh berw 'boiling', Breton berv 'broth, bubbling'.
  • borne [m] 'terminal, metal part of an electrical circuit that connects to an external electrical circuit, inner bark of a tree, lukewarm' from Proto-Celtic *botina 'troop'.,[31] akin to Old Irish buiden and Welsh byddin 'army' (*budīnā).
    derivatives: bornear [v] 'to align an object with the view, generally closing one eye, to put a gun/weapon to aim, ie.: to aim a cannon'.
  • bosta [f], 'excrement from cows and any animal feces, dung, muck, colloquial-derogatory: someone who is a coward, nonsense, shit'.
    derivatives: bostal [m] 'corral for cattle', bostar [v] 'to expel dung, to say very unpleasant or sickening things', bostear [v], embostear [v], embostar [v] 'to cover with dung or manure, to dirty something', bosteiro 'dung-beetle, lamellicorn beetle'.
  • bouça [f], touça [f], boiça [f], toiça [f] 'land with overgrown vegetation ie. gorse, broom, heather', possibly from Proto-Celtic *baudea-, *baud- 'smear'
  • braço [m] 'arm'(anatomy), from proto-Celtic *brac- 'arm', loanword into Latin 'brachium' and Greek βραχίων 'brakhíôn'; cognate of French 'bras', Welsh 'braich', Breton 'brec'h'.
    derivatives: braça, braçada, abraço, abraçar [v]; 'tree-branch', 'breaststroke', 'hug,embrace', 'to embrace, to hug'. See further list of derived words:
    • antebraço [m] 'forearm'
    • antebraquial 'forearm'
    • avambraço 'forearm'
    • braço-curto
    • braço-de-armas
    • braço-de-ferro
    • braço-de-mono
    • braço-de-preguiça
    • braço-forte
    • braquio
    • cana-de-braço
    • guarda-braço
    • quebra-de-braço
    • queda-de-braço
    • rebraço
    • violão-sem-braço
      There are numerous other Portuguese expressions and colloquialisms deriving from the word braço (arm)
  • braça 'treelimb, branch' Latin borrowing branca 'paw', from Gaulish *vranca- cognate of French branche, Breton brank, branc'h 'bough, antlers', Scots-Gaelic bràc 'branch, antler; reindeer'
  • braga [f] '[Old] Hoop iron that held the fetter, male type of trouser, wall that served as a fortification junk, type of naval crane to lift and move weights (ships), small four-string type of guitar'. From [Proto-Celtic] *braco-,[32] cognate of Galician, Spanish, Occitan braga, French braie, Italian brache.
    derivatives: braguilha[28] [f] 'trouser-flier, braguinha [f] 'small guitar', bragal [m] 'coarse fabric whose plot is cord, underclothes, old measurement for land demarcation: Portion of a farm (7 or 8 poles) which served as the unit price in certain contracts, set of bucks and fetter', desbragar [v] 'to make dissolute, profligate, to drop your buckles', desbragado [m] 'riotous, foul-mouthed, indecorous, libertine, dissolute, immoral', desbragadamente 'indecorously', desbragamento [m] 'riotous quality, ribaldry, impropriety (behaviour), Bracarense 'relating to Braga, native of that city', brácaro 'a person native of Braga', bracamarte 'old claymore sword which was swung with both hands'.
  • bravo [m] 'brave, daring, wild' from Gaulish *bragos 'show-off', akin to French brave, Italian bravo 'bold', Occitan/Catalan brau 'wild', Irish breá, Scots gaelic brèagh, Cornish bray, Breton braga 'to strut around'.
    derivatives: bravura [v], braveza [v] bravery, courage, desbravar [v] 'to pave, to clear, to trace out', bravio 'untamed, ferocious, undomesticated, rude', braviamente '(to behave) in a daring, brave, courageous way or manner'
  • brejo [m] 'marsh, marshland, moor' from Celtic *vroikos- akin to French 'bruyère' (often used as Botanical name for Heather but also meaning marsh=marais), old Gaulish 'brucus' (heather blossom), Breton 'brug' Welsh 'grug', Irish and Scottish Gaelic 'fraoch', Galician 'breixo', Occitan 'bruga'.
    derivatives: bregiais, bregieira, bregieiros, bregio, breja, brejão, brejeira, brejenjas, brejinho, brejioso, brejoeira, brejões, brejos all relating to 'marsh, marshlands, moors', and also brejeiro, brejeirice, brejeirar [v], 'meaning naughty person, slightly saucy or cocky talk or behaviour'.
  • brenha [f] 'thick bush' from Celtic *brigna- hill.
    derivatives: embrenhar [v] 'to go deep into a bush or forest, figurative: to go deep in thought', embrenhado 'someone who is lost in a deep forest or in thought, concentrating on smthg'.
  • brio[28] [m] 'pride, courage, might, power', from Italian brio, from Catalan/Old Occitan briu 'wild', from Celtic *brigos,[7] cognate of Occitan briu, Old French brif 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irish bríg 'power', Welsh bri 'prestige, authority', Breton bri 'respect'.
    derivatives: brioso 'proud, brave, exuberant', briosamente 'proudly, with dignity', desbrio 'lacking pride or courage, a cowardly act', desbrioso 'someone who acts without pride, a coward, a wimp'
  • brita [f] 'grit, stone, gravel' from Proto-Celtic *brīgos 'strength', akin to Old Irish bríg 'force, power, value, Scots-Gaelic brìgh 'strength', Welsh bri 'honour, esteem'.
    derivatives: britar [v] 'to grit, to crush', britadeira 'stone-breaker, trimmer, crusher (machinery)', britamento 'act of crushing, grinding', britador 'person who crushes stone, crusher, trimmer, stamp'
  • Britânico [m], from Latin loanword britannicus, from Britannia; akin to Welsh pryd "form", Irish cruth'
  • broche [m], 'brooch', clasp, clip, fastener: from Old French broche "a spit," from Vulgar Latin (*)brocca "a nail, spike," from Latin broccus, brocchus "a nail, projecting (adj.), buck-toothed (adj.)" loanword from Celtic (*)brokko- "a pin, badger."
  • broca 'drill, skewer, skew-diver, sharp pointed object' from Gaulish *brocca, akin to French broche 'drill, skewer' Scots-Gaelic brog 'awl; to prod', Welsh procio 'to poke, thrust', Irish broc, Welsh broch, Breton broc'h, Asturian bruecu.
    derivatives: brocar [v] also broquear [v] 'to drill, to sever', brocante 'with a drilling quality'
  • brócolos or brócolis [m] 'broccoli'
  • bruxa [f] 'witch, sorcerer'.
    Derivatives:bruxaria, bruxedo 'witchcraft, sorcery', bruxulear[v] ,'flicker, shimmer'(of light)'a luz bruxuleia= the light shimmers', bruxo 'clairvoyant'
  • bunda [f] 'bottom, bum (colloquial)' from Gaulish. bunda 'base, bottom', cognate of French bonde, Old Irish bunud, Scots-Gaelic bonn 'foundation', Welsh bonedd 'base, foundation'
  • cabana [f] 'hut' Proto-Celtic *cab-
    derivatives: cabine, cabina cabin, gabinete office, telecabine cable-car, pessoal de cabine cabin-crew.
  • cadeira [f] 'chair' often claimed as Latin cathedra loanword from Greek καθέδρα 'cathedral'; is however very likely from Proto-Celtic *cathair- 'chair, seat', akin to Welsh cadair Cornish kador, Breton kador, Irish cathaoir, Scottish Gaelic cathair, Manx caair.
    derivatives: cadeira-de-braços 'armchair', cadeira-de-rodas 'wheelchair', cadeira de escritório 'office-chair', cadeirão 'sofa'
  • cais [m] 'quay, jetty', maybe from French (itself from Norman) quai, from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-,[7][33][34] akin to Welsh cae, Cornish ke, Breton kae 'hedge'; French chai 'cellar'.
  • calhau[m] 'pebble, stone', from Celtic *caliavo- cognate of French caillou, Piccardie caillau, Poitou chail, Provençal calado, Asturian cayuela, Welsh caill, Cornish kell, Breton kell, kall, Irish caull 'testicle'.
    derivatives: calhoada 'cairn'
  • camba[28] [f] 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-,[7][15][35] cognate of Old Irish camm 'crooked, bent, curved'. Cognate of Occitan cambeta 'part of plough', Limousin Occitan chambija (< *cambica) 'part of plough'.
    derivatives: cambada, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam', encambar [v] 'to string, to entangle', cambo 'pole, bent'
  • câmbio 'foreign exchange, Forex' Latin borrowing from Gaulish *cambion 'exchange', cognate of French (bureau de) change, Breton kemm 'exchange', Old Irish cimb 'ransom' Spanish/Italian cambio, Asturian cambéu 'exchange'.
    derivatives: cambiar [v] 'to exchange currencies', cambista 'Foreign Exchange agent or trader', cambiante 'changing, or (chameleons and other animals) with the ability to change colours'
  • caminho[28] [m] 'pathway', from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-,[7][36] cognate of Italian cammino, French chemin, Spanish camino, Catalan camí, Occitan camin ; akin to Old Irish céimm, Breton cam 'step'.
    derivatives: caminhar 'to walk', caminhada 'walk, journey', caminhante, caminheiro 'hiker, walker, someone who loves to walk, pilgrim', caminheira 'sort of locomotive used in road transportation', caminhável 'area or place adept/safe to walk'
  • camisa[28] [f] 'shirt' from Latin, from Gaulish camisia.[37] cognate of Spanish/Occitan camisa, Italian camicia, French chainse.
    derivatives: camisola 'jersey', camiseta 'undershirt, singlet', camisa-de-dormir 'nightgown', camisa-de-Venus or camisinha 'condom' (colloquial)
  • camurça 'chamois, suede, fawn' Latinised 'camox' from Celtic *kamoke, akin to French 'chamois'

derivatives: acamurçado, camurçado 'made of suede, suede-like', acamurçar [v], encamurçar [v] 'to cover with leather, to die or treat leather making it look like suede', camurcina 'suedette' (fabric)

  • canapé 'Canapé' from Latin 'canāpēum' mosquito net, from Old French *conopé- 'small-size open sandwich'
  • canastra [f] 'basket, large basket' from Old French 'banaste', from Celtic *benna- 'straw-basket'.
    derivatives: canastrada 'basket load, contents in a basket', canastrão 'big basket, pejorative for bad acting or public performance', canastreiro 'someone who makes straw baskets as a trade, canastrel 'small basket with a handle and cover', canastrice 'poor performance or show'.
  • canga[28] [f] 'collar, yoke', from Celtic *kambika.[38]
  • cangalha [f] 'shoulder yoke', from Celtic *kambika.[38]
  • canto [m] 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-,[25] akin to Old Irish cét 'round stone pillar, Welsh cant 'tire rim', Breton kant 'disk'; cognate of Old French chant, Occitan cant.
    derivatives: cantoneiro 'road worker', cantonar[v] 'railway traffic control', recanto 'corner', cantinho 'small corner', Cantão, Cantonal 'Swiss Canton, relating to Canton's legal affairs or government, acantoar[v] or acantonar 'to hide, to isolate', canteiro 'vegetable plot, flowerbed, border', acanteirar[v], encanteirar 'to place/arrange in pods'(gardening, bottles, etc.), encanteirado 'in a pod', cantonado 'engraved corner (heraldry)'.
  • carro [m] 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latin carrum, from proto-Celtic *karro-,[7][15][39] cognate of Rumanian car, Italian carro, French char, Provençal car, Spanish carro; akin to Irish carr, Welsh car, Breton karr.
    derivatives: carroça 'cart', carregar 'to load', carroçaria 'bodywork' (vehicle), carruagem 'carriage', carreto 'load', carrinha 'van', carro-de-mão 'wheelbarrow', carrossel 'carousel'.
  • carvalho [m] 'common oak' from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted',[19] akin to Irish cas 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welsh cascord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturian caxigu, Aragonese caixico, Gascon casse, French chêne 'oak' (< *cassanos).
    derivatives: carvalhal 'oak woods', carvalha, carvalheira, carvalheiro, carvalhiça, carvalhinha all related to different oak-tree sizes
  • caixigo [m] 'oak; Portuguese oak', from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted',[40][41] akin to Irish cas 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welsh cascord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturian caxigu, Aragonese caixico, Gascon casse, French chêne 'oak' (< *cassanos).
  • carpinteiro [m] 'carpenter', from Proto-Celtic *carbanto- '(wooden) chariot, wooden box'.
    derivatives: carpintaria 'carpentry', carpintar[v] and carpintejar[v] 'to do wood-works', carpinteiragem 'carpentry works'.
  • cerveja[28] [f] 'beer', from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia, from Gaulish[42] Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
    derivatives: cervejaria[f] 'brewery, brasserie, beer hall', cervejeiro 'brewer'
  • charrua [f] 'plow', from Celtic *carros- car, with Latin borrowing carruca.
    derivatives: charruar[v] 'to plow', charrueco 'a rough plowing machine'
  • cheda[f] 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', via Medieval Latin cleta, from proto-Celtic *klētā-,[7][25][28][43] cognate of Irish cloí (cloidhe) 'fence', clíath 'palisade, hurdle', Welsh clwyd 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', Cornish kloos 'fence', Breton kloued 'barrier, fence'; cognate of French claie 'rack, wattle fencing', Occitan cleda, Catalan cleda 'livestock pen', Basque gereta.
  • choco [m] 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-,[7][25][44] akin to Old Irish clocc, Welsh cloch, Breton kloc'h; cognate of Asturian llueca and llócara 'cowbell', French cloche 'bell', German Glock.
    derivatives: chocar 'to bang, to shock', chocalho 'cowbell'.
  • clã [m] 'clan', from Gaelic *clann- from Old Irish 'cland' meaning children or family.
  • coelho [m] 'rabbit', likely from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog'[11] akin to Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Galician coello, Welsh cwningen, Catalan conill, Danish/Swedish/Norwegian kanin, Dutch konijn, Finnish kani, Frisian knyn, German Kanninchen, Icelandic kanína, Italian coniglio, Romansh cunigl, Spanish conejo, Veneto conéjo.
    derivatives: coelheira 'rabbit hutch', coelheiro '(dog) good at hunting rabbits', rabicoelha(ornithology) also rabiscoelha 'corncrake, spotted crake', coelhinha 'bunny'
  • colmeia[28] [m] 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw',[45] from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
    derivatives: colmeeiro 'hiver', colmeal 'beekeeping space, area'
  • comba [f] 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā,[7][25][46] cognate of North Italian comba, French combe, Occitan comba; akin to Irish com, Welsh cwm 'hollow (land form)', Cornish komm 'small valley, dingle', Breton komm 'small valley, deep water'.
  • combo [m] (adj.) 'curved, bent', from Celtic *kumbo-,[7][25][47] cognate of Provençal comb, Spanish combo.
    derivatives: combar 'to bend'.
  • cômoro [m] also combro 'mound, hillock, limit of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare-(yo)-,[7] cognate of Old Irish comair 'in front of', Welsh cyfair 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.[48]
    derivatives: acomarar 'to mark out a field (literally to dote with cômoros)'.
  • correia 'belt, girdle', Latinised Gaulish *corrigia- "strap"; akin to Old Irish cuimrech "fetter", Irish creasa 'belt' , Scottish Gaelic crios, cuibhreach "bond, chain", Welsh cyfrwy "saddle", Middle Welsh kyfreieu "leashes", Cornish kevrenn "fastening, link", Breton kevre "link, bond".
    derivatives: desencorrear [v] 'to unstrap, to unbridle (a horse)', encorreadura 'old leather armour', correada 'strike from a belt'
  • creme [m] 'cream' from French 'crème', in itself a combination of Latin 'chrisma' and Gaulish *kram- 'crust'.
    derivatives: cremoso 'creamy', leite-créme 'one of several popular Portuguese desserts, similar to custard', creme de barbear 'shaving cream', creme de leite 'milk fat, cream', creme de pasteleiro 'cream pastry', cremosidade 'creaminess', cremosamente[adv] 'rich in cream'.
  • crica [f] 'colloquial for vulva, female genitalia' from Proto-Celtic *krīkʷā- akin to Old Irish crích 'juice', Welsh crib 'chrest', Breton krib 'bent, folded'.
  • croca [f] 'plough-shaft' from Proto-Celtic *krowkā- akin to Provençal crauc 'heap, pile', Occitan cruca 'cape'; Irish cruach 'pile, haystack', Welsh crug 'heap, tomb' and Breton krug 'heap, tomb'
  • curral [m] 'corral, pen; corner', from Celtic *korro-,[7] akin to Middle Irish cor 'circle, turn', corrán 'sickle', Welsh cor 'enclosure', Cornish kor 'turn, veering'.
  • dólmen [m] ', from Gaulish/Breton *taol maen- 'table-shapped stone'
  • dorna [f] 'a type of boat; trough, measurement (volume)',[49] from proto-Celtic *durno- 'fist',[50] Irish dorn fish, Breton dorn 'hand'; Akin to Old French, Occitan dorn, 'a handful'.[51] Nevertheless, the Asturian duerna 'bowl' demand a form **dorno-.
  • duna [f] 'dune', from Gaulish *duno or *dunum
  • embaixada [f] 'embassy', from Provençal ambaissada, from ambaissa 'service, duty', from proto-Celtic *ambactos 'servant',[52] akin to Welsh amaeth 'farm', Cornish ammeth 'farming', Old Breton ambaith.
    derivatives: embaixador [m] 'ambassador', embaixatriz 'madam-ambassador'
  • embaraço [m] 'embarrassment, shame'; likely a combination of Celtic *- a noose, or rope combined with the prefix em- (from Latin im- for "in-") with.
    derivatives: [v] embaraçar, embaraçado 'to embarrass or cause shame to someone', 'embarrassed'. desembaraçado 'someone who is expedite, diligent', desembaraçar [v] 'to get rid of, to untangle', desembaraço 'resourcefulness', embaraçante, embaraçoso 'embarrassing, shameful, vexing', embaraçosamente 'in a pickle'.
  • engo [m] 'dwarf elder, loniceraceous plant similar to the elder'
  • enga [f] 'grassland, pasture'
  • escombros 'rubble, ruins, debris' via Latinised combrus 'barricade of felled trees' from Gaulish combero 'river fork, dam', cognate of Spanish escombro, French décombres akin to Breton kember, Welsh cymmer, Irish comar, cumar
  • estanho[m] 'tin, pewter' Latinised stagnum, var. stannum, from Gaulish *stannon (according to Pliny), cognate of French étain, Spanish estaño, Mantuan stajgn 'hard', Irish stán, Old Scots-Gaelic stàn, Welsh ystaen, Cornish sten, Breton stean.
    derivatives: estanhar [v] (chemistry Sn), 'to tin (a surface/material)', estânico 'made of tin, pewter, relating to tin, acid or salts resulted from tin and some salts high on metal contents', estanato (chemistry) 'salt from tin acid'
  • faia [f] 'beech tree' from proto-Celtic *bagos- from Latin loanword 'fagea', cognate of Irish 'feá', Welsh 'ffawydd', Italian 'faggio', Spanish 'haya'.
    derivatives: faial, faiado, faiar [v], desfaiar [v]; 'beechwood', 'loft', 'to insert, intercalate', 'to fall (down a rocky cliff)'
  • flanela [f] 'flannel' from Brittonic or proto-Celtic *u̯lan-ello-s, meaning "little woollen thing", via Gaulish vlana 'wool', cognate of French flanelle, Jersian flianné 'flannel', Mantuan flanèla 'flannel' Welsh gwlân 'wool', gwlanen 'flannel', Cornish gwlan, Breton gloan, Irish olann .
    derivatives: flanelógrafo [m] 'coated frame or table normally done with velcro', flanelinha [f] (colloquial) 'parking attendant'.
  • fronha [f] '(ugly) face, pillow-case', from Celtic *srogna- 'nose, nostril'.
    derivatives: porta-fronha 'main front-door of a house', enfronhar [v] 'to cover a pillow with a case, to disguise or mislead, to educate or inform', desenfronhar [v] 'to remove a pillow-case, to undress, to speak up', afronhado 'in the shape of a pillowcase'
  • gabela [f] 'handful, faggot', from Proto-Celtic *gabalā or *gabaglā-,[53][54][55] cognate of French javelle, Provençal gavela, Spanish gavilla; akin to Old Cornish gavael 'catch, capture', Irish gabháil 'get, take, grab, capture', gabhal 'fork'.
  • gafa [f] 'hook, grip' from Proto-Celtic *gabalā 'hold, grab' akin to Cornish gavel, Old Breton gabael, Old Irish gabál, verbal noun of *gabi- (“to take, hold”) (compare Old Irish gaibid), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₁bʰ-
    derivatives: gafanhoto [m] 'grasshopper'
  • gancho [m] 'hook, hairpin' from Celtic *ganskio or *gansco 'branch', akin to Old Irish gesca, French jachère, Spanish gancho.
    derivatives: ganchar, enganchar [v] 'to hook smthg, to grab/hang/hold with a hook', desenganchar 'to unhook, to free (from hook)', gancheado 'hook shaped'
  • galão [m] 'galon (liquid measure), braid, stripe, galloon, Portuguese traditional caffe-latte drink from Gaulish *glāvo 'rain', akin to Welsh glaw 'rain', Breton glao, Cornish glaw, Catalan galleda 'bucket'
  • galga [f] 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone',[25] akin to Irish gall, French galet 'gravel' gallete 'plain cake'.
    derivatives: galgar [v] 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.
  • galgo [m] 'greyhound dog' from Latin loanword 'gallîcus'(Gaulish, from Gaul); from Old French *Gaule- or *Waulle- (“Gaul”), from Frankish *Walholant- 'Gaul, Land of the Romans, foreigners', from Frankish *Walha- 'foreigners, Romans, Celts'.
  • galhardo [m] 'gallant, distinguished man', from Celtic *gal- force, via Gaulish *galia- combined with Latin suffix 'art' or 'ard'.
    derivatives: galhardete, galardão 'award' galardoar [v] 'to award, to recognise someone officially'; galã, galanteio, galante, galanteador 'gallant, charming, flattery, innuendo, flirtatious, seducer'; galhardear 'to show off, to be ostentatious', galhardia 'elegance, grandeur, generosity', Gala 'Gala, ceremony'.
  • galocha [f] 'Wellington boots', from French 'galoche', from Gaulish *gallos + -oche 'hard-sole shoes' also known by the Romans as gallica 'Gaulish shoes'.
  • garça [f] 'egret', (often mistaken with Latin ardĕa-) from Celtiberian *cárcia- akin to Breton kerc'heiz, Cornish kerghydh, Spanish garza.
    derivatives: garço 'colour: greenish-blue, greenish', garção 'large heron', also (rare) from French garçon 'waiter', garça-real 'Heron', garça-ribeirinha 'grey-heron', garça-boieira 'white-egret'.
  • garrote [m] 'quadruped animal shoulders, torture instrument which causes bleeding' from Proto-Celtic *garra- 'leg' and diminutive *garrito- 'small leg'.
  • garra [f] '(animal)claw, grip' also meaning 'bravery,courage,strength' from proto-Celtic *garra- 'leg' same as above.
    derivatives: agarrar [v] 'to grab, to hold, to catch', garrar [v] 'to drift, to float (nautical), to split, to cut a suture (medical)', desgarrar [v] 'to take off course (nautic), to escape, to go off course, to be erratic', desgarre 'cockiness, audacity', desgarrado 'daring, erratic, audacious, extrovert, perverse', Desgarrada 'Portuguese popular song involving several singers who dare one another by improvising the verses. Probably a Provençal-Occitan influence originally, Garrano 'Garrano wild horse-breed'
  • gato [m] 'cat' from Latin loanword 'cattus' from Gaulish 'cattos' from Proto-Celtic *cath- cognate of French 'chat', English 'cat', Italian 'gatto', German 'Katze', Welsh 'cath', Irish 'cat', Catalan 'gat', Spanish 'gato', Greek 'γάτα'.
    derivatives: gatinhar [v],gatinha, to crawl (baby-crawl), 'pussycat, attractive female', several expressions/idioms like: aqui há gato, trocar gato por lebre 'English equivalent to 'I smell a rat', 'to rip someone off'.
  • gilbardeira also gilbarbeira[f] 'myrtle, bog myrtle' *possibly from Proto-Celtic *raddi- see Middle-Irish 'raidleog', Irish Gaelic 'raideog' Manx 'roddagagh'
  • goiva [f] 'gouge, chisel, grooving plane, also a deep, narrow stream' from Proto-Celtic 'gulbia' or 'guvia' from *gulb- 'beak', akin to French gouge, Italian gubba, Spanish guba, Old Irish 'gulba' Irish gealbhán (bird) and Welsh gylyf 'sickle' and gylf 'hilltop'.
    derivatives: goivar[v] 'to groove (with a plane), to hurt someone', goivadura 'cut, cavity made with a grooving plane', goiveira 'Dame's violet plant', goivo 'dame's violet (flower)'
  • gorar [v] 'sickness, rotting of an egg (hatching), to get confused (thought)', from Proto-Celtic *gʷor-,[56][57] akin to Old Irish guirid, Welsh and Cornish gori 'to hatch (eggs)' and Breton goriñ.
    derivatives: goro 'unfertilized egg, failure, misfortune', gorado 'an egg which didn't hatch, a failed situation or unfortunate person'.
  • gravilha [f] 'gravel, grit' Celtic *graua- akin to Old French 'gravier'.
    derivatives: greve (via French 'grève') 'strike (workers' union)', greve-geral 'general strike', grevista 'someone who strikes or leads a strike movement', greve de fome 'hunger strike'.
  • jante [f] 'wheel rim', Latinised borrowing 'canthus' < Gaulish *cantos, cognate of French jante, Breton kant 'ring', Welsh cant 'felloe, rim', Irish cétal, Scots-Gaelic canó, Piccardie gante, Occitan cant
  • lançar [v] 'to launch, to throw' Latinised borrowing 'lancea' from Gaulish *lankia, akin to Mantuan lansa 'lance' and lansér 'lancer', Mid-Irish do-léicim 'I toss, fling, launch', Italian 'lancia', Spanish 'lanza'. Probably initially loanword into Latin 'plāga' from Indo-european or Old Germanic *plāk-. The loss of the original /pl into /l is common in the old Celtic languages.
    derivatives: lança 'spear', lanço 'small trap', lanceolado 'lanceolate', lançamento 'launch', lançada 'a spear-strike'
  • landa [f], lande [f] 'uncultivated or sandy plot' from Proto-Celtic *landā,[15][29][58] akin to Old Irish lann 'land, church', Welsh lann 'church lands', French lande 'sandy plot', Provençal and Catalan landa.
  • lapa [f] 'grotto, den, limpet, lighting, slap, bee' from Proto-Celtic *lappa, akin to Irish Gaelic lapa 'paw, flipper', Polish łapa 'paw, flipper, mutton fist'
    derivatives: lapinha 'small grotto, rock shelter', lapeira 'rectangular knife for collecting limpets and other sea molluscs', lapão 'person with no manners, peasant, rude, gluton'
  • lage[28][59] [f] 'stone slab', from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,[13] cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
  • lavego [m], lavega [f], labego [m] 'plough', from Proto-Celtic *ɸlāw-aiko/ɸlāwo-, akin to Lombard plovum', German 'Pflug' and English 'plough'.
  • légua[60] [f] 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of French lieue, Spanish legua; akin to Old Irish líe (genitive líag) 'stone', Irish lia
  • leira [f] 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from the medieval form laria, from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-,[7][61] akin to Old Irish làr 'ground, floor', Breton leur 'ground', Welsh llawr 'floor'.
    derivatives: leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiria 'place of small plots, allotments'.
  • limo [m] 'silt, mudwort', from Celtic *leim- 'mud', cognate of French limon
  • lisonja [f] 'flattery', from Gaulish *lausinga- cognate of old French losenge, Provençal lauzenja 'lie'.
    derivatives: lisonjear 'to flatter, lisongeio alternative spelling of 'flattery' , lisonjeado 'flattered
  • lousa also loisa[28] [f] 'flagstone', 'trap', from Proto-Celtic *laws-,[29] cognate of Provençal lausa, Spanish losa, French losenge 'diamond'.
    derivatives: enlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof', lousão 'large flagstone', louseiro or loiseiro' 'stone-mason', enlousar [v]'to cover with stones, to make a stone wall, to trap, to trick or fool someone'
  • lota 'fish auction', Latinised borrowing 'lota' < Gaulish *lotta 'flat fish'[62] akin to French lotte, Old Irish lethaid 'he extends, expands', Welsh lledu, llydan 'flounders' Cornish leyth 'flounder, flat-fish'
  • manto 'cloack, cover, veil, cape' Latinised borrowing 'mantum, mantellum' from Gaulish *mantlon- 'covering, akin to French manteau, Basque mantar 'shirt, barque tarpaulin', Mantuan mantèl 'coat', Spanish mantilla, Breton malan, manal, Cornish manal 'sheaf'.
    derivatives: manta 'mantle, coverlet, blanket', manta-de-retalhos 'patchwork blanket or quilt', manta-morta (ecology) 'biomass', Manta [f] 'sparrow-hawk endemic to Madeira' (ornithology), mantear 'to toss a cape, to hoe the soil (a small garden or plot) in lines
  • marga 'marl' Latinised borrowing 'margila' ("argilla" white clay) from Gaulish *marga- akin to French marne, Spanish/Asturian marga, Lyonese margagni 'deep mud, muck', Breton marg, German Mergel
  • menir [m] or menhir [m], 'menhir', megalithic stone structures prolific in Atlantic Europe. From Breton men 'stone' and hir 'long' cognate of Gaelic 'maen hir'
  • menino [m], menina [f] 'kid, child, baby', from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-,[7] akin to Old Irish menn 'kid (goat)', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
    derivatives: meninice or meninez 'childhood, infancy, childishness', meninote 'nipper', [m].
  • minhoca [f] 'earthworm', from medieval *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-,[7][15] akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'.
    Derivative: minhoquice 'unfounded suspicions, brooding on smthg unimportant'
  • olga [f], 'small farming land, plain between hills', from Proto-Celtic *ɸolkā,[63][64][65] cognate of French ouche and Provençal olca.
  • peça [f] 'piece', from Vulgar Latin *pettia, from Gaulish petsi, from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi,[7][66][67] cognate of Italian pezza, French pièce, Spanish pieza; akin to Old Irish cuit (Irish cuid) 'piece, share, part', Welsh peth 'thing', Breton pez.
  • penêdo [m] 'cliff, boulder'
  • pisco [m] 'robin, twinkle, blink' from Celtic, likely Gaulish *pincio- cognate of Welsh pinc, Breton pint, French pinson, Tuscan pincióne.
    derivatives: piscar[v] 'to twinkle, to blink', colloquial expression 'num piscar de olhos= in the blink of an eye', pisca 'small grain, cigaret but, spark', pisca-pisca 'warning-light, parking-light (vehicles)', piscadela (de olho) '(eye) twinkle' (often implying naughtiness)
  • raia [f] 'ray, line, streak, trail, groove, ray-fish' from Celtic *rica- 'furrow', line on a field (agriculture) created by a plow.
    derivatives: raiar[v] 'to shine (in rays of light), to rise', raio 'ray, thunderbolt, radius, thin and long metal piece', raiado 'with (shiny)lines, streaks'.
  • rego [m], 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā,[16][17][18] akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
    derivatives: regueira 'small water canal', regato 'stream, gully, glen', regatear [v] 'to haggle, to bargain', regateio 'quibble', regateável 'arguable (price)', regateiro 'person who haggles, presumptuous'
  • rocha [f] 'rock' from old Breton *roc'h- 'rock, stone' with Latin borrowing rocca.
    derivatives: rochedo 'big rock', rochoso 'rocky area', barronco, barranco, barroca 'cliff, ravine, pit, hole on the ground', barrocal '(geology) area with pits ie. clay pits or holes', barrocão 'large pit'
  • rodovalho [m], 'hefty, short man (with a beard), 'pleuronectidae type of fish (round and flat in shape)' from Celtic *roto-ball-jo- [28] [m], da forma composta celta *roto-ball-jo-,[68] meaning 'round edges', akin to Irish roth 'wheel', Welsh rhod, and Breton rod combined with Irish ball 'member, organ'.
  • saiote[69] [m] 'peticoat, under-skirt' and saia [f] 'skirt', from the medieval form sagia, from an ancient Celtic form from which also Latin sagum 'robe'.[70]
  • sável [m] 'shad (fish)', from proto-Celtic *sabalos-, akin to Old Irish sam 'summer'.
    derivatives: savelha [fm] and alternative saboga 'Yellowtail', smaller fish of the same 'Alosa' family
  • seara [f] also senra(archaic), sown field recently broken up, but which is left fallow', from a medieval form senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'.[71] (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
    derivatives: seareiro 'cereals farmer, small farmer'
  • seira 'traditional long and narrow esparto-grass or straw-basket used to transport or keep food (picnics), fruit or nuts *uncertain, probably from the same root as Gaelic seid 'truss of straw, grass, bedspread on the floor'.
    derivatives: seirão 'large "seira" basket', enseirar [v] 'to pack in a straw basket (usually fruit ie. figs, olives), enseiramento 'act of packing or keeping into straw baskets.
  • tanoeiro [m] cooper from Celtic *tonn- loanword into Latin tunna, cognate of French tonnelier, Spanish tonelero.
    derivatives: tanoaria, tanoar [v], tonel tannery, cooperage, to do cooperage work, wine or beer barrel
  • tasca [f] and tasquinha [m], 'swingle', related to Galatian taskós 'peg, stake'.[72]
  • tona [f] 'skin, bark, scum of milk, surface of any liquid', from proto-Celtic *tondā,[7][73][74] cognate of Old Irish tonn, Welsh tonn.
    derivatives: toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk', tonel 'wine barrel'.
  • tojo [m], 'gorse, furze (Ulex europaeus)', from Celtic *togi-,[75] akin to Spanish/Gascon toja, French dialectal tuie.
    derivatives: fura-tojos 'marten'; tojal, tojeira 'place with tojos'.
  • toucinho [m], also toicinho 'bacon, lard, pork rash' via Latin 'tuccinum (lardum)', from Celtic tucca 'buttery juice'.[76]
    derivatives: toucinheiro, toicinheiro 'lard seller, butcher', toucinho-do-céu 'Portuguese regional sweet made with almonds and egg yolk'
  • trado [m] 'auger', from Proto-Celtic *taratro-,[7][25][77] cognate of Irish tarathar, Welsh taradr, Breton tarar, Occitan taraire, Catalan taradre, Spanish taladro, French tarière, Romansch tarader.
    derivatives: tradar, tradear 'to drill'.
  • tranca [f], tranco [m] 'beam, pole', from proto-Celtic *tarankā,[78][79] cognate of Spanish tranca 'club, cudgel', French taranche 'screw bar, ratchet (wine press)', Provençal tarenco; akin to OIr tairinge 'iron nail, tine', Ir tairne 'metal nail, Sc tairnge 'nail'.
    derivatives: trancar[v] 'to close, lock or block', destrancar [v] 'to open, unlock or unblock smthg. or someone', trancada 'to hit someone or smthg. with a bat', trancaria 'pile of wood logs', destrancador 'opener'
  • trapo ' Latinised borrowing from Gaulish *drappo 'shred, torn-off piece', cognate of French drap, Spanish/Italian trapo, Welsh drab 'piece, shred', drabio 'to tear into pieces'.
    derivatives: trapeira 'trap, shabby woman, dorner window, skipper's post (nautical)', entrapar [v] 'to wrap, cover or bandage (ie. an injury) poorly'
  • trevo [m] 'clover', from Proto-Celtic *trebno- farm house, homestead, akin to Irish treb, Cornish tre, Welsh tref, Asturian truébanu, French trèfle, Spanish trébol and Catalan trèvol.
  • trincar [v] 'to bite, to snap', uncertain from Gaulish *trincare- to cut (the head), also possible Latin loanword *trinicāre- (cut into three pieces) cognate of old Provençal trencar, Catalan trencar, French trancher.
    derivatives: tranche 'slice', retrincar, retrinco 'to chew, to cut into smaller pieces', 'patch of a bigger piece', trinco [m] 'latch' (door, window, gate), from Gaulish, possibly from Proto-Celtic *trenco- 'small piece',
  • truta [f] 'trout', from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family.[21] Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota'.
  • truão 'tramp, fool, beggar, impostor' from Celtic *trugo 'miserable' akin to French truand, Scots-Gaelic truaghan, Spanish truhan, Breton truc, Irish trogha.
    derivatives: truanice, truania 'scam, trickery', truanear [v] 'to trick, to fool someone'
  • varanda [f] 'balcony, veranda' from *varandā, from *rannā "part, portion"; Welsh rhan, Cornish/Breton rann, Irish roinn.
    derivatives: varandim, varandinha 'small verandah', varandado 'Brazilian type of porch in colonial country houses'
  • varga [f] 'hut; wall made of hurdles; hurdle, fence', from Celtic *wraga,[80][81] French barge, akin to Old Irish fraig, Irish fraigh 'braided wall, roof, pen', Br gwrac'hell 'haybale, rick of hay'.
  • várgea, vargem, vargedo, vargeiro 'agricultural land or open meadow' (usually referring to cereal or vegetables cultivation) from Gaulish *bargā-, akin to Catalan, Occitan, Ligurian barga "wattle hut", Middle-Irish barc 'fort; woodshed'.
  • vasculho [m] 'bundle of straw; broom', from proto-Celtic *baski- 'bundle',[7] cognate of Gascon bascojo 'basket', Asturian bascayu 'broom', Breton bec'h 'bundle, load'.
  • vassalo [m] from Vulgar Latin vassalus, from proto-Celtic *wasto-,[7][22] cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz.
  • vassoura [f] or vassoira [f] 'broom' from Proto-Celtic *basca- or *baski- 'bind, tangle',[7] via Gaulish bascauda, akin to French bâche 'canvas sheet, tarpaulin' Gascon bascojo 'hanging basket', Asturian bascayu, Béarn bascoyes, Welsh basg 'plaiting', Middle Irish basc 'neckband'.
    derivatives: vassoirar [v] or vassourar [v] 'to sweep with a broom', vassourada or vassoirada 'broom sweep, broomstick strike/hit'
  • velenho 'henbane', via Celtiberian belenion < bhel* 'shiny, burning' cognate of Old Irish béal 'sun', Spanish beleño, Welsh bela. Same etymology as Belenus the Celtic sun-God
  • vereda [f] 'main road', from the medieval form vereda, from Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-,[82][83] 'pathway'; akin to Welsh gorwydd 'steed', Vulgar Latin veredus 'horse', French palefroi 'steed' (< *para-veredus).
    derivatives: enveredar[v] 'to take or chose a path or direction in life or profession'
  • vidoeiro [m] (alternative, archaic spellings bidoeiro [m] or bidoeira [f] 'birch',[84] from Celtic *betu- or *betū-,[7][25] cognate of Catalan beç, Occitan bèç (< bettiu), French bouleau, Italian betulla (< betula); akin to Irish beith, Welsh bedw, Breton bezv.
    derivatives: vidoeiral 'place with birch-trees'.

Projections on Celtic vocabulary (excluding more modern French and other loanwords), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 1,000 words.

Iberian:

  • abóbora "pumpkin"
  • arroio "brook, stream"
  • baía "bay" (cf. Basque ibai 'river')
  • balsa "ferry"
  • barranco "ravine"
  • barranceira "steep climb or cliff" (normally above water)
  • barro "mud; clay"
  • bizarro "quaint, bizarre"
  • boina "Basque berret"
  • cabaça "kalabash, gourd"
  • cachorro "puppy"
  • carapaça "shell, armour"
  • cama "bed" (Vulgar Latin: cama)
  • cavaco "small woods"
  • charco "puddle"
  • gordo "fat individual or liquid"
  • gordura "lard, fat content"
  • manteiga "butter"
  • mata, mato "woods"
  • medronheiro "strawberry-tree"
  • mochila "rucksack, backpack"
  • morro "hill"
  • mouta, moita "bush"
  • sapato "shoe"
  • sapo "toad"
  • silo "silo" (cf. Basque zilo 'hole')

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.

Germanic languages

Main article: List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

The Germanic influence (Suebi, Visigoths, Buri, Vandals) in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, but also exists in other vocabulary like animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like brigar (to quarrel), town and placenames such as Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi[85] derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,[86] Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Esmoriz, Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar, Gondarém, Gudim, Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower'[87]), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho and Douro regions. Many of these words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. Other words were incorporated to Portuguese during the Middle Ages, mostly proceeding from French and Occitan languages, as both cultures had a massive impact in Portuguese during the 12th and 13th centuries. More recently, other words with Germanic origin have been incorporated, either directly from English or other Germanic languages, or indirectly through French. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic loan words dating back to the Germanic, Post-Roman invasions and settlements. The number of subsequent Germanic loanwords incorporated into Portuguese in more recent centuries is uncertain, but likely to make a few hundred words more.

  • Aringa (military camp) from Gothic hrings[88]
  • Aleive (treason, traitor) from Gothic lavjan[88]
  • Aleivosia (treason, deception) from Gothic lavjan[88]
  • Aleivoso (person/act of a treacherous nature, traitor) from Gothic lavjan[88]
  • Albergue (hostel, youth hostel) from Gothic haribergo[88]
  • Albergaria (same as above)
  • Albergar[v] (to host or shelter someone) from Gothic haribergo[88]
  • Banco (bank, bench) from Gothic banka[88]
  • Banca (banks, banking system, bench) from Gothic banka[88]
  • Banqueiro (banker, financier) from Gothic banka[88]
  • Bancário (bank, banker)from Gothic banka[88]
  • Intrabancário (interbanking (system), interbank) from Gothic banka[88]
  • Multibanco (Cash dispenser, ATM machine) from Gothic banka[88]
  • Barão, Baronesa (baron, baroness) from Germanic baro[88]
  • Branco (white, pale) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branco (common Portuguese surname) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branca (female name, white female) from Germanic blanka[88]
  • Brancura (whiteness) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branquicento (of faded, pale appearance) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branquela (pejorative for White person) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branqueio (to bleach, to whiten or launder smthg ie. money laundering) from Germanic blank[88]
  • Branqueamento (same as above)
  • Branquear[v], Esbranquear[v], Embranquecer[v] (to make, turn white, to whiten up)
  • Brasa from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Braseiro from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Brasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Brasido from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Brasil (Brazil) from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Brasão from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Brasonado from Gothic *bras, brasa[89]
  • Broa "loaf" from Germanic brauþam
  • Broeiro (peasant, rude person) from Germanic brauþam
  • Bucho (stomach, belly, tummy) from Germanic uuasbucho
  • Camisa "shirt" (Fr.: chemise Latin: camisia < Celt < PGmc *khamiþjō, cf OHG hemidi, Germ Hemd "shirt")
  • Destacar[v] (to assign troops, to stand out, to surpass) from Gothic stakka[88]
  • Destaque (surpass, highlight) from Gothic stakka[88]
  • Elmo from Gothic hilms[88]
  • Espanca (spanking) from Ancient Germanic (maybe Nordic, see Danish 'spanke "to strut")
  • Espancar[v] (to spank, to give someone a spanking)
  • Espancamento (a spanking, a beating)
  • Espora (spur) from Gothic spaúra[88]
  • Esporão (spur) from Gothic spaúra[88]
  • Estaca (stake) from Gothic stakka[88]
  • Estacada (stockade) from Gothic stakka[88]
  • Estacar[v] (to stake) from Gothic stakka[88]
  • Escanção (sommelier) from Gothic skankja[88]
  • Escançar[v], Escancear[v], Escanchar[v] (to measure and serve wine) from Gothic skankja[88]
  • Fona from Gothic fon[88]
  • Fornir[v] from Gothic frumjan[88]
  • Ganhar[v] (to gain) from Germanic waidanjan[88]
  • Ganho (gain, profit) from Germanic waidanjan[88]
  • Godo/Gótico from Gothic guthans[88]
  • Guarda (guard, warden, police) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer[88]
  • Guardião (guard, legal guardian) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer[88]
  • Guardar[v] (to guard, to safekeep, to protect) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer[88]
  • Aguardar[v] (to wait ie. at a queue) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer[88]
  • Resguardar[v] (to shelter, to cover, to protect smthg or someone ie. from the elements) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer[88]
  • Guarida (shelter, protection) from Germanic warjan
  • Garagem (garage) also Germanic warjan "to protect"
  • Guarnecer[v] (to supply, to replenish) also from Germanic warjan
  • Guelra (gill) from Proto-Germanic gelunaz
  • Guelrita (regional Portuguese fishing basket) from Proto-Germanic gelunaz
  • Guelricho, Galrracho (fishing net or trap) from Proto-Germanic gelunaz
  • Guerra, Guerreio (war, conflict) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Guerrear[v] (to fight) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Guerreiro (warrior, fighter) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Guerreão (troublemaker, ruffian) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Guerrilha (guerrilla) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Aguerrido (fierce, courageous, fighter) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Aguerrir [v], Aguerreirar [v] (to fight, to combat, to challenge without fear) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Aguerridamente (fiercely, bravely) from Gothic wirro[88]
  • Guia (guide) from Gothic wida[88]
  • Guiar[v] (to guide, to lead, to drive a vehicle) from Gothic wida[88]
  • Lasca (chip, splinter) from Gothic laska[88]
  • Lascar[v] (to cleave, to flake smthg off, to chip smthg) from Gothic laska[88]
  • Lascarino or Lascarinho (joker, troublemaker, petty thief) from Gothic laska[88]
  • Orgulho (pride) from Germanic urgōli
  • Orgulhoso (proud) from Germanic urgōli
  • Orgulhosamente (proudly) from Germanic urgōli
  • Orvalho (dew) from Germanic ur (water) + vallen (to fall)< Proto-Germanic ūrą + fallaną
  • Marta from Gothic marthus[88]
  • Roubo (robbery) from Germanic raubon[88]
  • Roubador (robber, thief) from Germanic raubon[88]
  • Roubar[v] (to rob) from Germanic raubon[88]
  • Roubalheira (robbery, theft) from Germanic raubon[88]
  • Roca from Gothic ruka[88]
  • Sala [f] (room, living-room) from Germanic sal
  • Salão [m] (living or ballroom, hairdressers, manicure, beauty salon) from Germanic sal
  • Sala de Jantar [f] (dining-room) from Germanic sal
  • Sala de espera [f] (waiting-room) from Germanic sal
  • Saleta, Salinha, Antessala or Ante-Sala [f] (antechamber) from Germanic sal
  • Tampa from Gothic tappa[88]
  • Texugo or Teixugo (badger) from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus-[90]
  • Triscar[v] from Gothic thriskan[88]
  • Tascar[v] from Gothic taskon[88]
  • Trégua (truce) from Gothic trigivo[88]
  • Atreguar[v] (to discuss/negotiate conditions of a truce) from Gothic trigivo[88]
  • Ufa from Gothic ufjo'[88]
  • Ufano (glorious, vain) from Gothic ufjo'[88]
  • Ufanear[v] or Ufanar[v] (to glorify, to praise) from Gothic ufjo'[88]

Arabic

Main article: List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Projections indicate between 400 to 800 Arabic loan words. Today, this proportion has decreased as the language became richer, some words fell into disuse and newer borrowings from Greek, Latin and other languages entered the vocabulary.

  • Alcova (alcove) from alkubba ( الكبة )
  • Aldeia (village) from aldaya ( الدية )
  • Alface (lettuce) from alkhass ( الخس )
  • Algarismo (number, figure) from alkarizmi ( الكرزم )
  • Algema (handcuff) from alzhaimar (bracelet) (سوار)
  • Almirante (admiral) from amir + ar-rahl ( امير الرّال )
  • Almofada (cushion) from almukhadda ( المخدّة )
  • Âmbar (amber) from anbar ( انبر )
  • Armazém (warehouse; a cognate of English "magazine") from almahazan ( المحزا )
  • Arroz (rice) from arruz (loan from Greek óryza) ( الروز )
  • Açúcar (sugar) from "as-sukkar" ( السكّر )
  • Azeite (olive oil) from azzait ( الزّيت )
  • Bairro (barri)
  • Fátima (woman's name, and name of a town in Portugal) from Fāṭimah ( فاطمة )
  • Garrafa (bottle) from garrafā (cognate of English "caraffe") ( الغرّافة )
  • Girafa (giraffe) from zurafa ( الزرفة )
  • Jasmim (jasmine) from yasmin (loan from Persian jasamin) ( يسمن )
  • Jarra (vase) from jarra ( الجارة )

The Mozambican currency Metical was derived from the word mitqāl ( مطقال ), an Arabic unit of weight. The name Mozambique itself is an Arabic name, from sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki).

Influences from outside Europe

With the Portuguese discoveries linguistic contact was made, and the Portuguese language became influenced by other languages with which it came into contact outside Europe. In Brazil, many placenames and local animals have Amerindian names, the same occurring with the local Bantu languages in Angola and Mozambique.

Africa

  • Banana (banana) from Wolof
  • Babá (babysitter), a name developed by the slaves to wet-nurses
  • Bungular (to dance like African wizards) from Kimbundu kubungula
  • Cachimbo (smoking pipe) from Kimbundu
  • Careca (bald) from Kimbundu
  • Cabiri (small domestic animal) from Kimbundu kabiribiri
  • Cafuné (caress on the head) from Kimbundu kifumate
  • Capoeira (Brazilian martial art) from Kikongo kipura (cf. Port. & Lat. cap)
  • Cubata/Kubata (African hut/shack) from Kimbundu kubata
  • Marimba (musical instrument) from Bantu marimba/malimba
  • Missanga (glass beads for threading) from Kimbundu

The country name "Angola" is from a Bantu word, N'gola.

Americas

  • Ananás (pineapple) from Tupi–Guarani naná
  • Abacaxi (pineapple) from Tupi ibá + cati
  • Açaí (açaí palm) from Tupi–Guarani ïwaca'i
  • Apache (apache) via Fra. from Yuman epache or apachu
  • Capivara (capybara) from Tupi ka'apiûara
  • Caiaque, Kayak (kayak) via Fra. from Intikut [Template:M used with invalid code 'iu'. See documentation.] ᖃᔭᖅ, from Proto-Eskimo qyaq
  • Goiaba (guava) from Arawak guaiaba
  • Jaguar (jaguar) from Tupi–Guarani jaguara
  • Jacarandá (jacaranda) from Tupi yakara'nda
  • Maracujá (passionfruit, maracuya) from Tupi moruku'ia
  • Mocassim (moccasin) via Eng. from Algonquian mockasin
  • Moicano (mohican/mahican) via Eng. from Algonquian ma'hi'kan
  • Muriqui (muriqui monkeys) from Tupi muri'ki
  • Piranha (piranha) from Tupi–Guarani pirá + sainha
  • Sumaúma (kapok, java cotton) Tupi suma'uma
  • Tatu (armadillo) from Guarani tatu
  • Tucano (toucan) from Guarani tucan

Asia

  • Bengala reduced form of «cana de Bengala»; Bengala is a golf on the eastern coast of India.
  • Biombo (screen with multiple panels to divide a room) from the Japanese byōbu
  • Canja from malaiala (language of Malabar – Índia) through concani or concanim (Goese).
  • Chá (Tea), from Chinese cha
  • Corja (rabble) from Malay kórchchu
  • Leque abbreviated form of "abano léquio", where léquio means "related to Léquias islands, south of Japan".
  • Ramarrão, ramerrão or rame-rame (monotonous sound), from Hindi ráma-ráma
  • Manga (mango), from Malay mangga
  • Catana (cutlass) from Japanese katana

The country name Macau is from Chinese A-mok, name of the city's temple.

See also

References

  1. ^ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". filologia.org.br.
  2. ^ BDELC 1967.
  3. ^ Trumper 2004, p. 4, footnote 13.
  4. ^ a b Behind the name: Vasco
  5. ^ Behind the name: Xavier
  6. ^ Omaechevarria 1949.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Matasović 2008.
  8. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. BECLOS.
  9. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1013.
  10. ^ Meyer-Lübke, s.v. 1830.
  11. ^ a b Ballester & Quinn 2002.
  12. ^ cf. Varela Sieiro (2008, pp. 205–206)
  13. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. LĀGENĀ.
  14. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. Lîwank.
  15. ^ a b c d e Ward 1996, s.v..
  16. ^ a b Matasović 2008, s.v. frikā.
  17. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. RIKS.
  18. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 7299.
  19. ^ Coromines 1997, s.v. serna.
  20. ^ Matasovic 2008, s.v. *aro-.
  21. ^ a b s.v. 4307
  22. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 9166.
  23. ^ DCECH 1992, s.v. BROLLAR.
  24. ^ Rivas Quintas 1991, p. 17.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ward 1996.
  26. ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911, s.v. 294)
  27. ^ a b s.v. *baccos-
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mariño Paz 1998.
  29. ^ a b c Matasović 2008, s.v..
  30. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. BORWOS.
  31. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1235.
  32. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1252.
  33. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. KAGOS.
  34. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1480.
  35. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1542.
  36. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1552.
  37. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1550.
  38. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1541.
  39. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1721.
  40. ^ Coromines 1997, s.v. quejigo.
  41. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v.*casso-.
  42. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1830.
  43. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1988.
  44. ^ Donkin 1864, s.v..
  45. ^ Varela Sieiro 2008, pp. 205–206.
  46. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2386.
  47. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911.
  48. ^ Prósper 2002, p. 242.
  49. ^ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 293–294.
  50. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *durno-.
  51. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2754.
  52. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 448.
  53. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. GABIT.
  54. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gab-yo-.
  55. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 3627.
  56. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. GORIT.
  57. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gwer-o-.
  58. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 4884.
  59. ^ Búa 2007, p. 34.
  60. ^ Coromines 1973, s.v. legua.
  61. ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911, s.v. 4911)
  62. ^ CNRTL s.v. lotte
  63. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. OLCĀ.
  64. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *folkā.
  65. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6050.
  66. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. QEZDI.
  67. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6450.
  68. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. ROTIS.
  69. ^ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 103–105.
  70. ^ de Vaan 2008, p. 534.
  71. ^ Coromines 1997.
  72. ^ Coromines 1997, s.v. tascar.
  73. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. TONDOS.
  74. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8987.
  75. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. TOGIT.
  76. ^ da Cunha 2014, p. 773.
  77. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8570.
  78. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *tarankyo-.
  79. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8585.
  80. ^ Coromines 1997, s.v. varga.
  81. ^ CNRTL s.v. BARGE
  82. ^ Ward 1996, s.v. WORÊDOS.
  83. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *ufo-rēdos.
  84. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. *betulus, *betullus.
  85. ^ La Onomástica Sueva
  86. ^ SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library Online
  87. ^ DE TURRES VETERAS A TORRES VEDRAS
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (DPLP)
  89. ^ a b c d e f g CNRTL s.v. braise
  90. ^ Língua Portuguesa s.v. texugo

Sources

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