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Pyrrhocoridae

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Red bugs, cotton stainers
Pyrrhocoris apterus (Spain) with reduced wings
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Superfamily: Pyrrhocoroidea
Family: Pyrrhocoridae
Fieber, 1860
Type genus
Pyrrhocoris
Fallen, 1814
Genera

See text

Pyrrhocoridae is a family of insects with more than 300 species world-wide. Many are red coloured and are known as red bugs and some species are called cotton stainers because their feeding activities leave an indelible yellow-brownish stain on cotton crops. A common species in parts of Europe is the firebug, and its genus name Pyrrhocoris and the family name are derived from the Greek roots for fire "pyrrho-" and bug "coris". Members of this family are often confused with, but can be quickly separated from, Lygaeidae by the lack of ocelli (simple eyes) on the top of the head.

Description

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The membrane of the forewing has one or two cells from which about 7-8 branching veins emerge that may have branches that fuse together (anastomose) while the main veins reach the margins of the wing. They have three tarsal segments. They can be very difficult to separate from some members of the family Largidae, which also share some of these characters and belong to the same superfamily. Largids tend to have the edge of the pronotum (the top of the first thoracic segment) rounded, but the taxonomic feature for separating them is the found only in females. Female largids have the sixth visible (actually the seventh) abdominal segment appearing to be split in the middle, whereas it is undivided in female pyrrhocorids.[1] A few bugs in the family Rhopalidae have similar colors (e.g., Corizus hyoscyami) but they have ocelli, as do lygaeids.

The scutellum is small and triangular. The antennae are made up of four segments, with the second segment longer than the third. The beak-like mouthpart, or rostrum, has four segments, and its tip reaches at least the base of the middle pair of legs. Some species have the wing reduced so that the abdomen is visible from above.[2] More detailed distinguishing features that are usually visible only under a microscope, include a much reduced scent gland opening on the mid-thoracic segment. There are three sensory hairs or trichobothria on the abdominal segments 3 to 6 and two such hairs on the seventh segment.[3]

The genus Myrmoplasta is found in the African and Oriental regions and is somewhat unusual in having highly reduced wings and appearing ant-like or myrmecomorphic. Males and females differ in their foreleg morphology, although such sexual dimorphism is also found in a few other genera.[4]

Food

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Most species feed on seeds or fruits particularly of plants belonging to the Malvales but a few feed on rotting debris including dead animal matter. A few species are predatory; Raxa nishidai is a predator of another pyrrhocorid, Melamphaus faber, while Antilochus coquebertii feeds on other bugs including Dysdercus cingulatus.[5] A few are important crop pests. One species, Dysdercus suturellus, is well known in the southern cotton growing regions of the United States while Dysdercus cingulatus occurs on cotton in tropical Asia. They damage cotton bolls by staining as well as by cutting the fibres.[2][6]

Genera

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Antilochus coquebertii
Dysdercus cingulatus, India
Melamphaus faber
Probergrothius nigricornis

Genera within this family include:[7][1][8]

  1. Aderrhis Bergroth, 1906
  2. Antilochus Stål, 1863
  3. Armatillus Distant, 1908
  4. Australodindymus Stehlík & Jindra, 2012
  5. Brancucciana Ahmad & Zaidi, 1986
  6. Callibaphus Stål, 1868
  7. Cenaeus Stål, 1861
  8. Dermatinus Stål, 1853
  9. Dindymus Stål, 1861
  10. Dynamenais Kirkaldy, 1905
  11. Dysdercus Guérin-Méneville, 1831
  12. Ectatops Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
  13. Euscopus Stål, 1870[9]
  14. Froeschnerocoris Ahmad & Kamaluddin, 1986[10]
  15. Gromierus Villiers, 1951
  16. Guentheriana Stehlík, 2006
  17. Heissianus Stehlík, 2006
  18. Melamphaus Stål, 1868
  19. Myrmoplasta Gerstäcker, 1892
  20. Neodindymus Stehlik, 1965
  21. Neoindra Stehlik, 1965
  22. Paraectatops Stehlík, 1965
  23. Probergrothius Kirkaldy, 1904 (Odontopus Laporte, 1832 probably preoccupied[1])
  24. Pyrrhocoris Fallén, 1814
  25. Pyrrhopeplus Stål, 1870
  26. Roscius Stål, 1866
  27. Scantius Stål, 1866
  28. Schmitziana Stehlik, 1977
  29. Sericocoris Karsch, 1892
  30. Siango Blöte, 1933
  31. Sicnatus Villiers & Dekeyser, 1951
  32. Silasuwe Stehlík, 2006
  33. Stictaulax Stål, 1870
  34. Syncrotus Bergroth, 1895

References

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  1. ^ a b c Robertson, I.A.D. (2004). "The Pyrrhocoroidea (Hemiptera – Heteroptera) of the Ethiopian region". Journal of Insect Science. 4: 14. doi:10.1093/jis/4.1.14. PMC 528874. PMID 15861230.
  2. ^ a b Borror, DJ; CA Triplehorn; NF Johnson (1989). An introduction to the study of insects (6 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing. p. 306.
  3. ^ Schuh, RT & JA Slater (1995). True bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 268–271.
  4. ^ Stehlik, Jaroslav L. (2007). "On the Afrotropical species of Myrmoplasta (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)". Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae. 47: 93–108.
  5. ^ Schaefer, Carl W. (1999). "Review of Raxa (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 92 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1093/aesa/92.1.14.
  6. ^ L. Mata; J.M. Grosso-Silva; M. Goula (2013). "Pyrrhocoridae from the Iberian Peninsula (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Heteropterus Revista de Entomología. 13 (2): 175–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  7. ^ BioLib.cz: Pyrrhocoridae Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
  8. ^ Hussey, RF. (1929). General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle III. Pyrrhocoridae. Northampton, Mass.: Smith College.
  9. ^ Schaefer, Carl. W.; Ahmad, Imtiaz (2002). "A review of the Asian genus Euscopus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)". Oriental Insects. 36 (1): 211–220. doi:10.1080/00305316.2002.10417331. S2CID 84538433.
  10. ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz; Kamaluddin, Syed (1986). "Froeschnerocoris denticapsulus, a new genus and new species of Pyrrhocoridae (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoroidea) from the Oriental Region". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 94 (2): 291–295.
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