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A sailor on board HMS York measures out tots of rum for the ship's company, in preparation for the Royal Navy tradition "Splice the Mainbrace"

The rum ration (also called the tot) was a daily amount of rum given to sailors on Royal Navy ships. It was abolished in 1970 after concerns that the intake of strong alcohol would lead to unsteady hands when working machinery.

Tradition

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The rum ration, or "tot", from 1866 to 1970 consisted of one-eighth of an imperial pint (71 ml) of rum at 95.5 proof (54.6% ABV), given out at midday.[1] Senior ratings (petty officers and above) received their rum neat, whilst for junior ratings it was diluted with two parts of water to make three-eighths of an imperial pint (213 ml) of grog.[2] Rum, due to its highly flammable nature, was stored in large barrels in a special rum store in the bowels of the ship. The rum ration was served from one particular barrel, known as the "Rum Tub".[3]

Not all sailors necessarily drew their rum: each had the option to be marked in the ship's books as "G" (for Grog) or "T" (for Temperance). Sailors who opted to be "T" were given threepence (3d) a day instead of the rum ration, although most preferred the rum.[4] Sailors under 20 were not permitted a rum ration, and were marked on the ship's books as "UA" (Under Age).[5]

The time when the rum ration was distributed was called "Up Spirits", which was between 11 am and 12 noon. A common cry from the sailors was "Stand fast the Holy Ghost". This was in response to the bosun's call "Up Spirits". Each mess had a "Rum Bosun" who would collect the rum in a metal container called a "fanny" from the Supply rating (Jack Dusty) responsible for measuring out the right number of tots for each mess.[6]

Tot glasses were kept separate from any other glasses. They were washed on the outside, but never inside, in the belief that residue of past tots would stick to the side of the glass and make the tot even stronger.[7]

History

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Measuring out the tot (diorama aboard HMS Belfast)

Prior to 1655, a sailor's ration of alcoholic beverage was originally beer with a daily ration of one gallon (i.e. eight pints). This official allowance continued until after the Napoleonic Wars. When beer was not available, as it would often spoil easily, it could be substituted by a pint of wine or half a pint of spirits depending on what was locally available. In 1655, the difficulty in storing the large quantities of liquid required led to beer's complete replacement with spirits, with the political influence of the West Indian planters giving rum preference over arrack and other spirits. The half-pint of spirits was originally issued neat; it is said that sailors would "prove" its strength by checking that gunpowder doused with rum would still burn (thus verifying that rum was at least 57% ABV).

The practice of compulsorily diluting rum in the proportion of half a pint to one quart of water (1:4) was first introduced in 1740 by Admiral Edward Vernon (known as Old Grog, because of his habitual grogram cloak).[8][9][10] The ration was split into two servings, one between 10 am and noon and the other between 4 and 6 pm. In 1795 Navy regulations required adding small quantities of lemon or lime juice to the ration, to prevent scurvy.[11][2][12] The rum itself was often procured from distillers in Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and the British Virgin Islands.[5] Rations were cut in half in 1823 and again in half, to the traditional amount, one-eighth of an imperial pint (71ml), in 1850.

The rum tub of HMS Cavalier

The abolition of the rum ration had been discussed in Parliament in 1850 and again in 1881 however nothing came of it.[13] In 1970, Admiral Peter Hill-Norton abolished the rum ration as he felt it could have led to sailors failing a breathalyser test and being less capable to manage complex machinery.[14] This decision to end the rum ration was made after the Secretary of State for Defence had taken opinions from several ranks of the Navy. Ratings were instead allowed to purchase beer, and the amount allowed was determined, according to the MP David Owen, by the amount of space available for stowing the extra beer in ships.[15] The last rum ration was on 31 July 1970 and became known as Black Tot Day as sailors were unhappy about the loss of the rum ration. There were reports that the day involved sailors throwing tots into the sea and the staging of a mock funeral in a training camp.[2] In place of the rum ration, sailors were allowed to buy three one-half imperial pint (280 ml) cans of beer a day and improved recreational facilities.[16] While the rum ration was abolished, the order to "splice the mainbrace", awarding sailors an extra tot of rum for good service, remained as a command which could only be given by the Monarch and is still used to recognise good service.[17] Rum rations are also given on special occasions: in recent years, examples included the 100th anniversary of the Royal Canadian Navy in 2010 and after the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012.

In other navies

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In the United States Navy, the daily ration was one-half US pint (240 ml) of distilled spirits until 1842, when it was reduced to one gill (120 ml). It was abolished in 1862.[18]

While the Royal Australian Navy never issued the rum ration, their sailors were entitled to the rum ration when they were on Royal Navy ships until 1921.[16]

The Royal Canadian Navy abolished the rum ration in 1972,[16] and the last navy to issue the rum ration regularly, the Royal New Zealand Navy, abolished the practice on 28 February 1990.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Navy Rum Strength isn't 57%". Cocktail Wonk. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Colls, Tom (30 July 2010). "What did they do with the drunken sailor?". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  3. ^ "The Royal Yacht Britannia After the Senior Rates messes' neat rum had been issued, the appropriate amount of water was added to the rum tub to produce the grog for the junior rating messes". Scottish City Guide. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  4. ^ Gibowicz, Charles (2007). Mess Night Traditions. AuthorHouse. p. 72. ISBN 978-1425984489.
  5. ^ a b "Last days of the drunken sailor". Caribbean Beat. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  6. ^ "Nautical Heritage: Up Spirits". 20 September 2010.
  7. ^ Peake, Rob (29 July 2010). "Ceremony to mark ending of rum tot at HMS Victory". Yachting Monthly. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  8. ^ Macdonald, Janet W. (2014). Feeding Nelson's navy : the true story of food at sea in the Georgian era. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1473835160. OCLC 893910278.
  9. ^ Lavery, Brian, ed. (23 May 2019), "Regulations and Instructions Relating to His Majesty's Service at Sea", Publications of the Navy Records Society Vol. 138: Shipboard Life and Organisation, 1731–1815, Routledge, pp. 9–44, doi:10.4324/9780429437373-2, hdl:2027/mdp.39015024493135, ISBN 978-0429437373, S2CID 240903518, retrieved 24 November 2021
  10. ^ Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). The wooden world : an anatomy of the Georgian navy. Collins. ISBN 0002165481. OCLC 469658582.
  11. ^ ""Limeys" – The Story Behind the Slang Term Given to the British". 24 August 2018.
  12. ^ Curtis, Wayne. And a Bottle of Rum: A History of the New World in Ten Cocktails. pp. 57–58.
  13. ^ "Navy (Sobriety) – Resolution (Hansard)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 13 August 1881. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  14. ^ van der Vat, Dan (20 May 2004). "Obituary: Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Rum Ration (Hansard, 19 January 1970)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 19 January 1970. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  16. ^ a b c Williams, Ian (2006). Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776. Nation Books. p. 243. ISBN 1560258918.
  17. ^ "Sailors splice the mainbrace to toast Queen". This is Somerset. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  18. ^ "Alcohol in the Navy". United States Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  19. ^ "Frigate guests get shot at sailors' rum ritual". The New Zealand Herald. 26 January 2000. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
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