Jump to content

Ryman Auditorium

Coordinates: 36°9′40.6″N 86°46′42.6″W / 36.161278°N 86.778500°W / 36.161278; -86.778500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by GBFan7 (talk | contribs) at 00:06, 4 December 2016 (→Notable events). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ryman Auditorium
"The Mother Church of Country Music"
"The Carnegie Hall of the South"
"The Ryman"
Ryman Auditorium, facing Nashville's Fifth Avenue North
Map
Former namesUnion Gospel Tabernacle (1892–1904)
Grand Ole Opry House (1963–1974)
Location116 Fifth Ave. N
Nashville, Tennessee
United States
Coordinates36°9′40.6″N 86°46′42.6″W / 36.161278°N 86.778500°W / 36.161278; -86.778500
OwnerRyman Hospitality Properties, Inc.
TypeConcert hall
Theatre
Broadcast venue
Seating typePews
Capacity2,362 (1994–present)
Construction
Built1885–1892
Opened1892
Renovated1901, 1952, 1989, 1994
Expanded1897, 1994, 2015
Construction costUS$100,000 (equivalent to $3,391,111 in 2023)
Website
www.ryman.com

Ryman Auditorium (formerly Grand Ole Opry House and Union Gospel Tabernacle) is a 2,362-seat live performance venue, located at 116 5th Avenue North, in Nashville, Tennessee and is best known as the home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974. It is owned and operated by Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc.

Ryman Auditorium was included in the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and was further designated a National Historic Landmark on June 25, 2001.[1][2]

History

Union Gospel Tabernacle

The auditorium opened as the Union Gospel Tabernacle in 1892. Its construction was spearheaded by Thomas Ryman (1843–1904), a Nashville businessman who owned several saloons and a fleet of riverboats. Ryman conceived of the auditorium as a tabernacle for the influential revivalist Samuel Porter Jones.[3] Ryman had attended one of Jones' 1885 tent revivals with the intent to heckle, but was instead converted into a devout Christian, and soon after pledged to build the tabernacle so the people of Nashville could attend a large-scale revival indoors. It took seven years to complete and cost US$100,000 (equivalent to $3,391,111 in 2023).[4] However, Jones held his first revival at the site on May 25, 1890, with only the building's foundation and six-foot walls standing.[5] Architect Hugh Cathcart Thompson designed the structure. Exceeding its construction budget, the tabernacle opened US$20,000 (equivalent to $678,222 in 2023) in debt. Jones sought to name the tabernacle in Ryman's honor, but Ryman denied the request several times. When Ryman died in 1904, his memorial service was held at the tabernacle. During the service, Jones proposed the building be renamed Ryman Auditorium, which was met with the overwhelming approval of the attendees.[4] Jones died less than two years later, in 1906.

The building was originally designed to contain a balcony, but a lack of funds delayed its completion. The balcony was eventually built and opened in time for the 1897 gathering of the United Confederate Veterans, with funds provided by members of the group. As such, the balcony was named the Confederate Gallery.[5] Upon the completion of the balcony, the Ryman's capacity rose to 6,000. A stage was added in 1901 that reduced the capacity to just over 3,000.

Statue of Thomas Ryman, outside the entrance to the auditorium which bears his name.

Under the leadership of Lula C. Naff

Though the building was designed to be a house of worship, a purpose it continued to serve throughout most of its early existence, it was often leased to promoters for non-religious events in an effort to pay off its debts and remain open. In 1904, Lula C. Naff, a widow and mother who was working as a stenographer for the DeLong Rice Lyceum Bureau, began to book and promote speaking engagements, concerts, boxing matches, and other attractions at the Ryman. In 1914, her employer went out of business, and Naff was free to spend more of her time booking events. She eventually transitioned into a role as the Ryman's full-time manager by 1920.[6][7] She preferred to go by the name "L.C. Naff" in an attempt to avoid initial prejudices as a female executive in a male-dominated industry. Naff gained a reputation for battling local censorship groups, who had threatened to ban various performances deemed too risqué. In 1939, Naff won a landmark lawsuit against the Nashville Board of Censors, which was planning to arrest the star of the play Tobacco Road due to its provocative nature. The court declared the law creating the censors invalid.[5]

Naff's ability to book stage shows and world-renowned entertainers in the city's largest indoor gathering place kept the Ryman at the forefront of Nashville's conscience and enhanced the city's reputation as a cultural center for the performing arts even as the building began to age.[7] W.C. Fields, Will Rogers, Charlie Chaplin, Bob Hope, Harry Houdini, and John Philip Sousa (among others) performed at the venue over the years, earning the Ryman the nickname, "The Carnegie Hall of the South".[8] The Ryman hosted lectures by U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft in 1907 and 1911, respectively. World famous opera singer Enrico Caruso appeared in concert there in 1919. It also saw the inaugurations of three governors of the state of Tennessee.[5] The first event to sell out the Ryman was a lecture by Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy in 1913.[5] While being a trailblazer for working women, Naff also championed the cause of diversity.[7] The building was used as a regular venue for the Fisk Jubilee Singers from nearby Fisk University, a historically black college. Jim Crow laws often forced Ryman audiences to be segregated, while some shows were designated for "White Audiences Only" and others for "Colored Audiences Only", however, photographs show that Ryman audiences of the time were often integrated.[5] Naff retired in 1955 and died in 1960.[6]

Grand Ole Opry

Main article: Grand Ole Opry
The stage at the Ryman Auditorium where many of the legendary artists have performed

Since debuting in 1925, a local country music radio program known as the Grand Ole Opry had become a Nashville institution. Though not originally a stage show, the Opry began to attract listeners from around the area who would come to the WSM studio to see it live. When crowds got too large for the studio, WSM moved the show to various auditoriums around the city that could accommodate the following. However, the Opry was asked to leave both the War Memorial Auditorium and the Dixie Tabernacle due to its sometimes-uncivilized crowds, which often resulted in upholstery damage. With its wooden pews and central location, Naff and the other Ryman leaders thought the auditorium would be a perfect venue for such an audience, and began renting the venue to WSM for its shows.[9] The Grand Ole Opry was first broadcast from the Ryman on June 5, 1943, and originated there every week for nearly 31 years thereafter. Every show sold out, and hundreds were often turned away.[9]

During its tenure at Ryman Auditorium, the Opry hosted the biggest country music stars of the day, and the show became known around the world. The entire show was broadcast on clear-channel station WSM, where it could be heard in 30 states across the eastern part of the nation. Portions of the show were also broadcast on network radio and television to a wider audience. Melding its then-current usage with the building's origins as a house of worship, the Ryman earned the nickname "The Mother Church of Country Music", which it still holds to this day.

The Ryman lacked a true backstage area. There was only one dressing room for the men, while women were relegated to an inadequate ladies' restroom.[10] The shortage of space forced performers to wait in the wings, the narrow hallways, and the alley behind the building's south wall. Thus, many performers often ventured across the alley to Tootsie's Orchid Lounge and other bars, where they would drink alongside and sometimes perform for patrons. This practice enhanced the notoriety of the honky-tonk bars along Nashville's Lower Broadway.[11]

Alley between Ryman Auditorium and the rear of Broadway "Honky Tonks", including Tootsie's Orchid Lounge.

Prior to September 27, 1963, Ryman Auditorium had no singular owner, instead being an independent entity governed by a board of directors. That changed when the venue was purchased by WSM, Inc. (a division of National Life and Accident Insurance Company and the owner of the Opry) for US$207,500 (equivalent to $2,065,076 in 2023). As part of the sale, the building was officially renamed the Grand Ole Opry House, though the Ryman name proved difficult to shed.[5]

In 1966, the company made minor upgrades to the Opry House, but soon thereafter began making plans to move the Opry to a new location altogether. Despite the building's deteriorating condition, the lack of air conditioning, and the abundance of unsavory surroundings in its urban neighborhood, the show's increasing popularity would often lead to crowds too large for the venue.[9] The plans, announced in 1969, centered around a larger, custom-built auditorium that would provide a more controlled and comfortable atmosphere for audiences and performers alike, as well as better radio and television production facilities. The company purchased a large tract of land in a then-rural area a few miles away, where the new Opry theater would serve as the anchor of a grand entertainment complex. The development became known as Opryland USA, and came to include the Opryland theme park and, eventually, the Opryland Hotel. The amusement park opened on May 27, 1972, and the new venue (also called the Grand Ole Opry House) debuted on Saturday, March 16, 1974. The final Opry show at the Ryman occurred the night before, on Friday, March 15. The final shows downtown were emotional. Sarah Cannon, performing as Minnie Pearl, broke character and cried on stage.[12] In an effort to maintain continuity with the Opry's storied past, a large circle was cut from the floor of the Ryman stage and inlaid into the center of the new Opry stage.[13] The new venue also features pew seating, although (unlike the Ryman) they are cushioned.

Tennessee Historical Commission marker outside Ryman Auditorium, signifying the site as the birthplace of Bluegrass music

Facing demolition

When the plans for Opryland USA were announced, WSM president Irving Waugh also revealed the company's intent to demolish the Ryman and use its materials to construct a chapel at the amusement park called "The Little Church of Opryland".[14][15] Waugh brought in a consultant to evaluate the building: noted theatrical producer Jo Mielziner, who had staged a production at the Ryman in 1935. He concluded that the Ryman was "full of bad workmanship and contains nothing of value as a theater worth restoring."[9] Mielziner suggested the auditorium be razed and replaced with a modern theater.[9] Waugh's plans were met with resounding resistance from the public, including many influential musicians of the time. Pulitzer Prize winner Ada Louise Huxtable ridiculed the decision in The New York Times, writing: "First prize for the pious misuse of a landmark, and a total misunderstanding of the principles of preservation. Gentlemen, for shame."[9][10]

However, Roy Acuff, an Opry stalwart and a major stakeholder of Opryland USA, was purported to say, "I never want another note of music played in that building," and led the unsuccessful charge to tear down the Ryman.[16] Acuff, a staunch supporter of moving the Opry to a modern home, told The Washington Post in 1974, "Most of my memories of the Ryman auditorium are of misery, sweating out here on this stage, the audience suffering too... We've been shackled all of my career."[15] Acuff notably hated the dressing room situation at the Ryman so much that he bought a nearby building just to have a bigger one.[15] Ironically, a life-size statue of Acuff (alongside one of Sarah Cannon as Minnie Pearl) now sits in Ryman Auditorium's lobby.

Members of historic preservation groups argued that National Life & Accident (and Acuff, by proxy) was exaggerating the Ryman's poor condition, saying the company was worried that attachment to the old building would hurt business at the new Opry House. Preservationists leaned on the building's religious history, and gained traction for their case as a result. The outcry led to the building being added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In 1974, United States Senators Howard Baker and Bill Brock (both representing Tennessee), along with the assistance of the United States Department of the Interior, pleaded with National Life & Accident to preserve the building. The company tabled the decision on the Ryman's fate, and the building was ultimately saved from demolition, however no active efforts were being made to improve its condition.[5][10]

Ryman Auditorium
Ryman Auditorium is located in Tennessee
Ryman Auditorium
Location116 Fifth Ave. N
Nashville, Tennessee
Coordinates36°9′40.6″N 86°46′42.6″W / 36.161278°N 86.778500°W / 36.161278; -86.778500
Area1 acre (0.40 ha)
Built1891
ArchitectHugh Cathcart Thompson
Restored1952, 1989, 1994
NRHP reference No.71000819
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 6, 1971[17]
Designated NHLJanuary 3, 2001[1]

Dormancy

Eventually and without fanfare, the Ryman Auditorium name returned to the building to differentiate it from the new Grand Ole Opry House. Following the departure of the Opry, the Ryman sat mostly vacant and deteriorating for nearly twenty years as the neighborhood surrounding it continued to see increasing effects of urban decay. However, the building continued to stand with an uncertain future. Despite its regressing condition and the absence of performances, Ryman Auditorium was never shuttered, and still held such significance as an attraction that it would remain open for tours.[10][14]

On August 30, 1979, following a tip from a citizen, the Nashville bomb squad discovered and disarmed a massive bomb that threatened to damage or destroy a three-block area of downtown Nashville, which was likely to have included the Ryman. A nearby strip club had been the target. The device was disarmed less than twenty minutes before it was timed to detonate.[18]

In September 1983, soon after National Life & Accident's parent company (NLT Corporation) was acquired in a hostile takeover bid by American General Insurance, the building was included in the sale of all of the WSM & Opryland properties to Oklahoma-based Gaylord Broadcasting Company (which later moved its headquarters to Nashville and was renamed Gaylord Entertainment Company) for US$250,000,000 (equivalent to $764,784,497 in 2023).[9][19] The company's chief executive, Ed Gaylord, had become acquainted with many of the Opry stars during his involvement with the long-running television series Hee Haw. His fondness of the Opry and friendships with its personalities—particularly Sarah Cannon—are often cited as reasons for his interest in the acquisition.[9] Ryman Auditorium's inclusion in the sale was mostly considered an afterthought, although Mr. Gaylord's appreciation of its history helped to save it again from demolition.

In 1986, as part of the Grand Ole Opry sixtieth anniversary celebration, CBS aired a special program which featured some of the Opry's legendary stars performing at the Ryman.[9]

While the auditorium was dormant, major motion pictures continued to be filmed on location there, including John Carpenter’s Elvis (1979), the Loretta Lynn Oscar-winning biopic, Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Sweet Dreams (1985) (the story of Patsy Cline), and Clint Eastwood’s Honkytonk Man (1982). A 1978 television special, Carol and Dolly in Nashville, included a segment featuring Dolly Parton performing a gospel medley on the Ryman stage.

Revival and renovations

In 1989, Gaylord Entertainment began work to beautify the Ryman's exterior. The structure of the building was also improved, as the company installed a new roof, replaced broken windows, and repaired broken bricks and wood.[5] The building's interior, however, was left mostly untouched.

Stained glass windows on the north-facing exterior of Ryman Auditorium.

In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris and the Nash Ramblers performed a series of acoustic concerts at the dilapidated building, in which no one was allowed to sit on or beneath the balcony due to safety concerns.[20] Capacity was limited to around 200.[9] Some of the recordings were released as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concerts' and album's high acclaim are given near-universal credit for the renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue.[20][21]

The Ryman hosted a concert and one-act play entitled The Ryman: The Tabernacle Becomes A Shrine on May 18, 1992 to celebrate the building's centennial.[5]

In October 1992, executives of Gaylord Entertainment announced plans to renovate the entire building and expand upon it to create modern amenities for performers and audiences alike, as part of a larger initiative to invest into the city's efforts to revitalize the downtown area.[5] In September 1993, renovations began to restore it into a world-class concert hall.[14] In the renovations, the auditorium's wooden pews were restored. They are original to the building and continue to serve as the auditorium's seating. Both far-reaching ends of the U-shaped balcony (which had previously extended all the way to the building's south wall) were removed, and new backstage facilities were built inside the original building, while a new structure containing a lobby, restrooms, concessions, offices, and a grand staircase leading to the balcony was constructed and attached to the east side of the auditorium. This also resulted in the Ryman's main entrance being moved from the west side of the building (Fifth Avenue North) to the east side (Fourth Avenue North), where an outdoor entry plaza, complete with a large statue of Thomas Ryman, also greeted visitors. Notably, the renovations resulted in Ryman Auditorium becoming air-conditioned for the first time.

Statues of Roy Acuff and Minnie Pearl seated on a pew in the lobby of Ryman Auditorium.

The first performance at the newly renovated Ryman was a broadcast of Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994. Keillor said he was inspired to create A Prairie Home Companion while reporting on the final Opry show at the Ryman in 1974 for The New Yorker.[22] Following that, the Ryman played host to an extended residency of the original musical Always... Patsy Cline, about the life of the legendary singer which starred Mandy Barnett in the titular role.

The return of the Opry

On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974. The show was well received by fans, performers, and management alike, and so the decision was made to host the Opry's regular shows there on January 15 & 16, 1999 as part of the celebration to commemorate 25 years at the new venue.[23]

Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, mostly due to the success of the January shows, but partly due to the ongoing construction of the Opry Mills shopping mall (which replaced the Opryland USA theme park in 2000) next door to the Grand Ole Opry House. The Opry has returned to the Ryman for November, December, and January shows every year since, allowing the production to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism and freeing the Grand Ole Opry House for special holiday presentations.[23] While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed Opry At The Ryman. The Ryman also served as the primary venue for the Opry in the summer of 2010 while the Grand Ole Opry House was undergoing repairs after damage from a devastating flood.

The interior of Ryman Auditorium before a show, as seen from the balcony behind section 15

The Ryman today

In January 2012, it was announced that the Ryman's current stage would be replaced after a 61-year run. The stage had been the second for the Ryman, was installed in 1951, and had lasted far longer than Ryman officials had expected it would. The stage was replaced with a medium-brown Brazilian teak.[24] It retained an 18-inch lip of the blonde oak at the front of the stage, similar to the way the Ryman stage was commemorated in a circle of wood at the new Opry House. Beneath the stage, the original hickory support beams were kept and reinforced with concrete foundations, crossbeams and joist work that helped triple the stage's load capacity and ensure that the venue would remain viable as a concert venue in the upcoming years.[24][25]

At the rear of the building, adjacent to 4th Avenue North, is an outdoor entry plaza leading to the building's main entrance and Cafe Lula. First constructed in 1994, this part of the property was renovated and expanded in 2015.

Gaylord Entertainment Company, the venue's owner since 1983, adopted the Ryman's name as its own when it transitioned into a real estate investment trust in 2012. The company is now known as Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc., and Ryman Auditorium is contained within its Opry Entertainment Group division.

In 2015, the Ryman underwent another US$14,000,000 (equivalent to $17,995,788 in 2023) renovation and expansion, in which much of the 1994 expansion was gutted and renovated to better accommodate crowds.[26] The original building was left untouched and remained in use throughout. The renovation and expansion includes more lobby space, plus expanded restrooms, concessions, and gift shop, as well as a new quick-service restaurant called "Cafe Lula", named in memory of Lula C. Naff.[27] Also added in the 2015 renovations is a 100-seat theater which houses a short holographic film that serves as the first exhibit on the building's daily self-guided tours. The film is entitled The Soul Of Nashville, and features an actress portraying Naff presenting the history of the Ryman. It contains an original song performed by Darius Rucker, Sheryl Crow, Vince Gill and the Fisk Jubilee Singers.[26] Opry Entertainment Group stages weekly shows at the Ryman year-round. In addition to the Opry at the Ryman shows in the winter, the auditorium plays host to Opry Country Classics each spring and autumn, and Bluegrass Nights at the Ryman each summer. All are broadcast on WSM.

The Ryman has also served as a gathering place for the memorial services of many prominent country music figures. Tammy Wynette, Chet Atkins, Skeeter Davis, Harlan Howard, Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash, Billy Block, George Hamilton IV and Jim Ed Brown have all been memorialized from the Ryman stage.[5]

The renovation of the Ryman, combined with the construction of other attractions such as Bridgestone Arena and Wildhorse Saloon, helped to revitalize Nashville's downtown district into a destination for tourists and locals alike in the mid-1990s.[10] Since then, the Ryman has become one of the most venerable performance venues in Nashville. Experts have praised Ryman Auditorium's acoustics, calling them among the best in the world.[28]

In 2017, as part of the Ryman's 125th anniversary celebration, Little Big Town will become its first artist-in-residence, performing six shows there over the course of the year.[29]

Notable events

The venue hosts alternative rock, bluegrass, blues, country, classical, folk, gospel, jazz, pop, and rock concerts, as well as musical theater and stand-up comedy.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Ryman Auditorium". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  2. ^ Frank J.J. Miele; Patty Henry; Kira Badamo; Shannon Davis (2000). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ryman Auditorium / Union Gospel Tabernacle (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) and Accompanying eight photos from 2000 and two historic photos (see photo captions page 20 of text document) (32 KB)
  3. ^ Williams, Peter W. (2000). Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States, p. 123. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06917-X.
  4. ^ a b "Captain Tom Ryman". Ryman.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Ryman Auditorium Timeline". Ryman.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Lula C. Naff". Ryman.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c "Cafe Lula". CafeLula.net. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  8. ^ "The Story of Music City". VisitMusicCity.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Escott, Colin. The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  10. ^ a b c d e Rau, Nate (July 14, 2014). "40 years after facing demolition, Ryman poised to grow". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved June 30, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  11. ^ Hight, Jewly (November 4, 2010). "How Tootsie's Orchid Lounge helped change country music and Nashville in just 50 years". Nashville Scene. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  12. ^ Fay, Byron (March 9, 2002). "March 9, 1974-Final Saturday Night at the Ryman". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  13. ^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). "A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories". The News-Reporter. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  14. ^ a b c The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. 4 January 2012. pp. 444–. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.
  15. ^ a b c Smyth, Jeannette (March 16, 1974). "The Grand Ole Opry Ain't Po' No Mo'" (PDF). The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  16. ^ Lanham, Charmaine. "How Love Saved The Ryman". CharmaineLanham.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  17. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  18. ^ "Nashville Bomb Squad Disarms Bomb Found Near Old Opry House". Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, South Carolina. Associated Press. August 31, 1979. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  19. ^ "Ryman Hospitality Properties". Answers.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  20. ^ a b Cooper, Peter (January 19, 2012). "Peter Cooper On Music: Emmylou Harris celebrates 20 years with Opry". Tennessean.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  21. ^ "Emmylou Harris Revitalized the Ryman". Saving Country Music. October 4, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  22. ^ Jensen, Elizabeth (May 13, 2011). "New Host Needed:Be Prepared To Fill Big Shoes". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved June 30, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  23. ^ a b Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). "Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  24. ^ a b Paulson, Dave (January 30, 2012). "Ryman Auditorium to get new stage". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  25. ^ Smith, Hannah. "New Stage Coming to Nashville's Ryman Auditorium". Nashvilleonthemove.com. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  26. ^ a b "Nashville's Historic Ryman Auditorium Unveils "Soul Of Nashville"". Ryman.com. June 8, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  27. ^ Paxman, Bob (June 9, 2015). "Holy Renovations! Ryman Auditorium Unveils Expansion and New Services". Country Weekly. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  28. ^ "History". rymanauditorium.wordpress.com. June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  29. ^ Watts, Cindy (November 2, 2016). "Little Big Town to headline first Ryman residency". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  30. ^ Edward Morris (2007-04-20). "News : Josh Turner Rocks Ryman Crowd for Live CD". CMT. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  • Eiland, William. Nashville's Mother Church: The History of the Ryman Auditorium. Nashville, 1992.
  • Graham, Eleanor, ed. Nashville, A Short History and Selected Buildings. Hist. Comm. of Metro-Nashville-Davidson Co., 1974.
  • Hagan, Chet. Grand Ole Opry. New York, 1989.
  • Henderson, Jerry. "A History of the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, 1892-1920." (Ph. D. Diss., Louisiana State University) Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1962.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryman_Auditorium&oldid=752889175"