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Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart

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This article is about the Catholic religious institute founded by Saint Mary MacKillop. For other uses, see Sisters of St. Joseph (disambiguation).

The Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart, often called the "Josephites" or "Brown Joeys", were founded in Penola, South Australia, in 1866 by Mary MacKillop and the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods. Members of the congregation use the postnominal initials RSJ (Religious Sisters of St Joseph).

The centre of the congregation is at Mary MacKillop Place, Mount Street, North Sydney, New South Wales where Saint Mary MacKillop's tomb is enshrined in the Mary MacKillop Memorial Chapel.

At present there are around 850 sisters living and working throughout Australia (South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia) and New Zealand, as well as Ireland and Peru.

The sisters of the congregation have "Mary MacKillop Centres" at Penola, South Australia; Kensington, South Australia; East Melbourne, Victoria; Annerley, Queensland; South Perth, Western Australia - and the main centre mentioned above - at North Sydney. The Australian-New Zealand Federation of the Sisters of St Joseph includes Congregations in Perthville and Lochinvar in New South Wales.

History

Founding of school and religious institute

Saint Mary MacKillop.

Fr Woods had been very concerned about the lack of education, particularly Catholic education, in South Australia.[1] In 1866, he invited MacKillop and her sisters Annie and Lexie to come to Penola and open a Catholic school.[1] Woods was appointed director of education and became the founder, along with MacKillop, of a school they opened in a stable there. After renovations by their brother, the MacKillops started teaching more than fifty children.[2][3] At this time MacKillop made a declaration of her dedication to God and began wearing black.[4]

In 1867 MacKillop became the first member and superior general of the newly formed religious congregation of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart,[1] and moved to a new convent in Grote Street, Adelaide. In the same year, at age 25, she adopted the religious name "Sister Mary of the Cross". In Adelaide they founded a new school at the request of the bishop, Laurence Bonaventure Sheil OFM.[5] Dedicated to the education of the children of the poor, it was the first religious institute to be founded by an Australian. The Rule of Life developed by Woods and MacKillop for the convent emphasised poverty, a dependence on divine providence, no ownership of personal belongings and faith that God would provide and willingness to go where needed.[1] The Rule were approved by Sheil. By the end of 1867 ten other women had joined the Josephites,[1] who had adopted a plain brown religious habit. In consequence, the Josephite sisters became colloquially known as the "Brown Joeys".[4]

Expansion of the Josephites

Mary MacKillop Chapel in North Sydney, which holds MacKillop's tomb

In an attempt to provide education to all the poor, particularly in country areas, a school was opened at Yankalilla, South Australia, in October 1867. By the end of 1869, more than 70 Josephite sisters were educating children at 21 schools in Adelaide and the country. MacKillop and her Josephites were also involved with an orphanage; neglected children; girls in danger; the aged poor; a reformatory (in Johnstown near Kapunda); a home for the aged; and incurably ill.[6]

In December 1869, MacKillop and several other sisters travelled to Brisbane to establish the congregation in Queensland.[3] They were based at Kangaroo Point and took the ferry or rowed across the Brisbane River to attend Mass at old St Stephen's Cathedral. Two years later, she was in Port Augusta, South Australia, for the same purpose. The Josephite congregation expanded rapidly and, by 1871, 130 sisters were working in more than 40 schools and charitable institutions across South Australia and Queensland.[6]

After the acquisition of the Mother House at Kensington in 1872, MacKillop made preparations to leave for Rome to have the Rule of the Sisters of St Joseph approved by the Holy See.

MacKillop travelled to Rome in 1873 and was encouraged in her work by Pope Pius IX.[2] The authorities in Rome made changes to the way Josephites lived in poverty,[6] declared that the Superior General and her council were the authorities in charge of the institute,[7] and assured MacKillop that the congregation and their Rule of Life would receive final approval after a trial period.[2] The resulting alterations to the Rule[specify] caused a breach between MacKillop and Woods, who felt that the revised Rule compromised the ideal of vowed poverty and blamed MacKillop for not getting the Rule accepted in its original form.[7][8] Before Woods' death on 7 October 1889, he and MacKillop were personally reconciled, but he did not renew his involvement with the congregation.[7] The sisters split, with Woods' branch becoming known as the "Black Josephites", for their black habits, while MacKillop's sisters donned brown habits and where thus known as the "Brown Josephites".

While in Europe, MacKillop travelled widely to observe educational methods.[8]

During this period, the Josephites expanded their operations into New South Wales and New Zealand. MacKillop relocated to Sydney in 1883 on the instruction of Bishop Reynolds of Adelaide.[6] When she returned in January 1875, after an absence of nearly two years, she brought approval from Rome for her sisters and the work they did, materials for her school, books for the convent library, several priests and most of all, 15 new Josephites from Ireland. Regardless of her success, she still had to contend with the opposition of priests and several bishops. This did not change after her unanimous election as superior general in March 1875.[7]

The Josephites were unique among Catholic church ministries in two ways. Firstly, the sisters lived in the community rather than in convents. Secondly, the congregation's constitution required administration by a superior general rather than being subject to the local bishop, a situation unique in its day. This structure resulted in the institute being forced to leave Bathurst in 1876 and Queensland by 1880 due to their respective bishop's refusal to accept this administrative structure.[9][10]

Notwithstanding all the trouble, the institute expanded. By 1877, it operated more than 40 schools in and around Adelaide, with many others in Queensland and New South Wales. With the help from Benson, Barr Smith, the Baker family, Emanuel Solomon and other non-Catholics, the Josephites, with MacKillop as their superior general, were able to continue the religious and other good works, including visiting prisoners in jail.

After the death in 1883, Sydney's Archbishop Roger Vaughan was succeeded by Patrick Francis Moran. Although he had a somewhat positive outlook toward the Josephites, he removed MacKillop as mother general and replaced her with Sister Bernard Walsh.[2][6][7]

Pope Leo XIII made the Josephites into a religious congregation of Pontifical right in 1885, with its headquarters in Sydney.[7] He gave the final approval to the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Sacred Heart in 1888.[2]

Although still living through alms, the Josephite sisters had been very successful. In South Australia, they had schools in many country towns including, Willunga, Willochra, Yarcowie, Mintaro, Auburn, Jamestown, Laura, Sevenhill, Quorn, Spalding, Georgetown, Robe, Pekina and Appila. MacKillop continued her work for the Josephites in Sydney and tried to provide as much support as possible for those in South Australia. In 1883 the institute was successfully established at Temuka in New Zealand, where MacKillop stayed for over a year.[11] In 1889 it was also established in the Australian state of Victoria.

During all these years MacKillop assisted Mother Bernard with the management of the Sisters of St Joseph. She wrote letters of support, advice and encouragement or just to keep in touch. By 1896, MacKillop was back in South Australia visiting fellow sisters in Port Augusta, Burra, Pekina, Kapunda, Jamestown and Gladstone. That same year, she travelled again to New Zealand, spending several months in Port Chalmers and Arrowtown in Otago.[11][12] During her time in New Zealand the Sisters of St Joseph a school were established in the South Island. In 1897, Bishop Maher of Port Augusta arranged for the Sisters of St Joseph to take charge of the St Anacletus Catholic Day School in Petersburg (now Peterborough).

MacKillop founded a convent and base for the Sisters of St Joseph in Petersburg on 16 January 1897. "On January 16th, 1897, the founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart, Mother Mary of the Cross,[13] arrived in Petersburg to take over the school. She was accompanied by Sister Benizi (who was placed in charge of the school), Sister M. Joseph, Sister Clotilde and Sister Aloysius Joseph. They were met at the station by Rev. Father Norton who took them to the newly blessed convent, purchased for them on Railway Terrace."[14] The property at 40 Railway Terrace is identified as the convent by a plaque placed by the Diocese of Peterborough.[14]

After the death of Mother Bernard, MacKillop was once more elected unopposed as superior general in 1899,[2][6] a position she held until her own death. During the later years of her life she had many problems with her health which continued to deteriorate. She suffered from rheumatism and after a stroke in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1902, became paralysed on her right side. For seven years, she had to rely on a wheelchair to move around, but her speech and mind were as good as ever and her letter writing had continued unabated after she learned to write with her left hand. Even after suffering the stroke, the Josephite sisters had enough confidence in her to re-elect her in 1905.

MacKillop died on 8 August 1909 in the Josephite convent in North Sydney.[5] The Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Moran, stated that: "I consider this day to have assisted at the deathbed of a Saint."[4] She was laid to rest at the Gore Hill cemetery, a few kilometres up the Pacific Highway from North Sydney. After MacKillop's burial, people continually took earth from around her grave. As a result, her remains were exhumed and transferred on 27 January 1914 to a vault before the altar of the Virgin Mary in the newly built memorial chapel in Mount Street, Sydney.[15] The vault was a gift of Joanna Barr Smith, a lifelong friend and admiring Presbyterian.

After Mary MacKillop

The wide network of schools and community aid organisations established by the sisters continued to expand throughout Australasia and elsewhere during the 20th century. While vocations within Australia suffered along with other religious institutes in the latter 20th century, its work continued and global recognition came with the canonisation of Mary MacKillop in 2010.

Since 1979 the Congregations of St Joseph, made up of all the Sisters of St Joseph and Associates throughout the world, have had a presence at the United Nations as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO). In 1999 the Congregations of St Joseph gained accreditation with the Economic and Social Council at the United Nations, allowing them access to other UN programs and agencies. As an NGO its focus is poverty, empowering women and children, ecology, environment and immigrants.[16]

The number of sisters teaching in schools and vocations in general have declined in Australia, however the congregation has incorporated works meeting the needs of today, including:

  • The Mary MacKillop Foundation - small life changing projects in Australia.
  • Mary Mackillop International - community development projects in Timor Leste, Peru and Brazil. Includes a fair trade company, Ethica Accessories, in Australia.
  • Good Grief - education programs for grief and loss. Current commitments include assisting people recover from natural disasters. The program is now in Indigenous languages.
  • St Anthony's Family Care - caring for families and children.
  • MacKillop Community Rural Services - serving people in rural New South Wales.

The work of the Sisters continues among the thousands of lay people who lead and serve in the ministries and direct the focus through being directos of the boards of the incorporated works' community work. One organisation which has emerged among lay people is Josephite Community Aid. It was formed in 1986 to support young lay people being involved in community work with refugees and others and a range of other volunteer programs. Mary MacKillop Centres were established as focal points for pilgrimage, learning and spirituality.[17]

By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the Josephites reported around 850 sisters involved in ministering throughout Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Peru, East Timor, Scotland and Brazil.[18] The sisters maintained an interest in working in education, aged care, ministry in rural areas, work with indigenous Australians, refugees, families, the homeless and general pastoral and parish ministries.[19] The South Australian Province Reconciliation Circle, comprising a group of Josephite and Carmelite women together with Aboriginal mentors, began meeting regularly in 2003 to work for justice and reconciliation in indigenous affairs.[20] In 2006 the Conference of Josephite Leaders (Central and Federation Congregations) established the Josephite Justice Office to conduct advocacy in the community.[21]

Between 2012 and 2014 the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Tasmania, Goulburn, Whanganui (Sisters of St Joseph of Nazareth) and the Perthville Congregation have all merged as with the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart.

Canonisation of Mary MacKillop

In 1925, the congregational leader of the Sisters of St Joseph, Mother Laurence, began the process to have MacKillop declared a saint and Michael Kelly, Archbishop of Sydney, established a tribunal to carry the process forward. After further investigations, MacKillop's "heroic virtue" was declared in 1992. Her canonisation was announced on 19 February 2010 and subsequently took place on 17 October 2010.[22] This made her the first Australian saint.[23] An estimated 8,000 Australians were present in Vatican City to witness the ceremony.[24]

Irene McCormack

Sr Irene McCormack RSJ (21 August 1938 – 21 May 1991[25]) was an Australian member of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart who worked as a missionary in Peru. She was executed there in 1991 by members of Sendero Luminoso ("Shining Path"), a Maoist rebel guerrilla organisation.

In October 2010, Australian media reported McCormack's possible recognised sainthood after Mary MacKillop's canonisation. The Daily Telegraph reported that senior Peruvian and Australian Catholic clergy expected preparing a submission to the Vatican for McCormack's cause after Mary MacKillop's canonisation.

The Congregational Leader of the Sisters of St Joseph, Sister Ann Derwin, said that people in Huasahuasi, who already regarding McCormack as a saint, demanded this.[citation needed] It also reported[who?] that people judged to have been martyrs do not require evidence of miracles performed through their intercession, hoping that this would accelerate McCormack's cause.

Further reading

  • Paton, Margaret (2010). Mary MacKillop: The ground of her loving. London: Darton Longman Todd. ISBN 978-0-232-52799-5.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Mary's Story: Beginnings, retrieved 25 September 2010
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Blessed Mary of the Cross". Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Mary's Story: Growth". Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  4. ^ a b c "In Her Own Hand", The Advertiser, pp. 8, 89; 17 October 2010
  5. ^ a b Saint Mary MacKillop, accessed 20 October 2008
  6. ^ a b c d e f Mary MacKillop, accessed 20 October 2008 Archived 22 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b c d e f Mary's Story: Challenge, retrieved 25 September 2010
  8. ^ a b MacKillop, Mary Helen (1842–1909) Biographical Entry, accessed 21 October 2008
  9. ^ Henningham, Nikki (5 June 2009). "Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart". The Australian Women's Register. National Foundation for Australian Women and the University of Melbourne. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  10. ^ "Timeline, Moments in the Life of Saint Mary Mackillop". Saint Mary MacKillop. Sisters of Saint Joseph. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  11. ^ a b Owens, S. "Mary MacKillop in New Zealand", Marist Messenger NZ, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
  12. ^ Gilchrist, Shane (16 October 2010). "A blessing on both sides". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  13. ^ "Mother Mary of the Cross".
  14. ^ a b The Catholic Story, of Peterborough. Peterborough Centenary Committee. 1976. cited in "Mary MacKillop Lane, Peterborough, South Australia". Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart website. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  15. ^ "www.marymackillopplace.org.au/chapel". Marymackillopplace.org.au. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  16. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/what-we-are-doing/index.cfm?loadref=151
  17. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/being-involved/index.cfm?loadref=70#mmcentre
  18. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/who-we-are/index.cfm?loadref=14
  19. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/what-we-are-doing/index.cfm?loadref=3
  20. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/what-we-are-doing/index.cfm?loadref=149
  21. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/what-we-are-doing/index.cfm?loadref=147
  22. ^ "Date set for MacKillop's sainthood". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  23. ^ Winfield, Nichole (19 December 2009). "John Paul II moves a step closer to beatification". Breitbart. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  24. ^ Alberici, Emma (18 October 2010). "Australians celebrate Mary's canonisation". ABC News. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  25. ^ http://www.sosj.org.au/where-we-are/index.cfm?loadref=233
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