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Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
Aluminium, 13 Al Pronunciation Alternative name Aluminum (U.S., Canada) Appearance Silvery gray metallic
Atomic number (Z ) 13 Group group 13 (boron group) Period period 3 Block p-block Electron configuration [Ne ] 3s2 3p1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 Phase at STP solid Melting point 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) Boiling point 2743[ 4] K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) Density (at 20 °C) 2.699 g/cm3 [ 5] when liquid (at m.p. ) 2.375 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 284 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.20 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1482
1632
1817
2054
2364
2790
Oxidation states −2, −1, 0,[ 6] +1,[ 7] +2,[ 8] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.61 Ionization energies 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol (more ) Atomic radius empirical: 143 pm Covalent radius 121±4 pm Van der Waals radius 184 pm Spectral lines of aluminiumNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4 ) Lattice constant a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C)[ 5] Thermal expansion 22.87× 10−6 /K (at 20 °C)[ 5] Thermal conductivity 237 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity 26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [ 9] Molar magnetic susceptibility +16.5× 10−6 cm3 /molYoung's modulus 70 GPa Shear modulus 26 GPa Bulk modulus 76 GPa Speed of sound thin rod (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t. ) Poisson ratio 0.35 Mohs hardness 2.75 Vickers hardness 160–350 MPa Brinell hardness 160–550 MPa CAS Number 7429-90-5 Naming from alumine , obsolete name for alumina Prediction Antoine Lavoisier (1782) Discovery Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) Named by Humphry Davy (1812[ a] )
Category: Aluminium | references
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
Aluminium, 13 Al Pronunciation Alternative name aluminum (U.S., Canada) Appearance silvery gray metallic
Atomic number (Z ) 13 Group group 13 (boron group) Period period 3 Block p-block Electron configuration [Ne ] 3s2 3p1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 Phase at STP solid Melting point 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) Boiling point 2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 2.70 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 2.375 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 284 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.20 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1482
1632
1817
2054
2364
2790
Oxidation states −2, −1, 0,[ 14] +1,[ 15] +2,[ 16] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.61 Ionization energies 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol (more ) Atomic radius empirical: 143 pm Covalent radius 121±4 pm Van der Waals radius 184 pm Spectral lines of aluminiumNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) Thermal expansion 23.1 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity 237 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity 26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [ 17] Molar magnetic susceptibility +16.5× 10−6 cm3 /molYoung's modulus 70 GPa Shear modulus 26 GPa Bulk modulus 76 GPa Speed of sound thin rod (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t. ) Poisson ratio 0.35 Mohs hardness 2.75 Vickers hardness 160–350 MPa Brinell hardness 160–550 MPa CAS Number 7429-90-5 Naming from alumine , obsolete name for alumina Prediction Antoine Lavoisier (1782) Discovery Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) Named by Humphry Davy (1812[ b] )
Category: Aluminium | references
^ Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium . However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See below for more details.
^ Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium . However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See below for more details.
References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
^ "aluminum" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium" . CIAAW . 2017.
^ a b Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi :10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN 1365-3075 .
^ Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks" . J. Chem. Eng. Data . 56 (2): 328–337. doi :10.1021/je1011086 .
^ a b c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements . Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9 .
^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2 (CH3 )6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes" . American Chemical Society . 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi :10.1021/ja00207a023 . OSTI 6973516 .
^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 35 (2): 129–149. doi :10.1002/anie.199601291 .
^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature . 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode :1964Natur.202..383T . doi :10.1038/202383a0 . S2CID 4163250 .
^
Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press . ISBN 0849304814 .
^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 45 (3): 030001. doi :10.1088/1674-1137/abddae .
^ a b Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays" . Applied Radiation and Isotopes . 154 (108884). doi :10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884 .
^ "aluminum" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium" . CIAAW . 2017.
^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2 (CH3 )6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes" . American Chemical Society . 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi :10.1021/ja00207a023 . OSTI 6973516 .
^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 35 (2): 129–149. doi :10.1002/anie.199601291 .
^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature . 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode :1964Natur.202..383T . doi :10.1038/202383a0 . S2CID 4163250 .
^
Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press . ISBN 0849304814 .