Topkapı Scroll
The Topkapı Scroll (Turkish: Topkapı Parşömeni) is a Timurid dynasty patterned scroll in the collection of the Topkapı Palace museum.
The scroll is a valuable source of information, consisting of 114 patterns that may have been used both indirectly and directly by architects to create the tiling patterns in many mosques around the world, including the quasicrystal Girih tilings from Darb-e Imam.
Physical properties
[edit]The Topkapı scroll is a 33 cm (13 in) wide scroll of 29.5 m (97 ft) in length, which is unrolled side to side.[1] One end of the scroll is fixed to a wooden roller, and the other end is glued to a protective leather piece.[2]
A number of parchment pieces featuring various patterns are applied on the scroll. The differences in the border of some drawings indicate that the Topkapı Scroll consists of two different scrolls fixed together. The fact that it is not worn out suggests that it was not made to be used as a reference document in a craftsman's workshop, but rather than as an exhibition work in the palace. It was probably a record of tiling works carried out in the palace.[3]
The scroll was made by one person only. Most of the patterns were drawn on two pieces of parchment that were put together, and then pasted on the scroll. The placement of the patterns on the scroll is somewhat disorganized. Patterns of similar themes are fallen apart, and some patterns formed on two parchment pieces are combined imperfectly.[3]
The stamp on the scroll "H1956" indicates that it is registered in the inventory of the Topkapı Palace's Treasury department.
An edition of the scroll was published with an extensive commentary, but it is now out of print.
History
[edit]The Topkapı Scroll was presumably prepared in Iran during the Safavid dynasty in the end of the 15th century or beginning of the 16th century. A similarity between some of the patterns on the Topkapı Scroll and a tile panel in the Jame-e Kabir Mosque (grand mosque) in Yazd indicates that this scroll was created in Tabriz. On the other hand, it is possible that the scroll was made in Shiraz because it consists of mainly muqarnas in the form of a hand-held fan referred by Jamshīd al-Kāshī as Shirazi. It may have been looted by the Ottomans after the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90).
The muqarnas on the scroll, which are mostly in the form of a hand-held fan, reflect the architectural style of the Timurid dynasty, Turkmen people in Iran and Central Asia. In contrast, the muqarnas in Cairo are in the form of seashell.
The Topkapı Scroll was discovered in 1986. Gülru Necipoğlu of Harvard University published a book, which describes the scroll with copies of its patterns.[4] The book was translated into Persian language by Mihrdad Kayyumi Bidhind under the title Handasa va Tazyin dar Mi‘mari-yi Islami: Tomar-i Topkapı (Tahran, Kitabkhana-yi Milli-yi Iran, 1379).
Content
[edit]
The scroll consists of 114 geometric patterns drawn in ink and dye. It displays decorative ornaments found on the walls and domes of structures built between the 10th and 16th century in the Timurid dynasty. It was a guidebook for architectural designs seen in complex muqarnas, girih, mosaic panels and colorful tiles. The scroll does not mention how those patterns are constructed, and has no date or signature.[2]
The two-dimensional figures make it unclear how they can be employed to three-dimensional ornamental objects.[5][6]
One of the characteristics of the Topkapı Scroll is that it includes Arabic calligraphy called square or geometric Kufic. This script type was seen for the first time in the state of Ilkhanate, and it was presumably created in inspiration from Chinese characters in rectangular form.[3] One of the patterns on the Topkapı Scroll, which matches an existing architectural structure, is the Kufic script drawn for banna'i, in which tiles are alternated with plain bricks to create geometric patterns over the surface of a wall. Almost exactly the same of this pattern is found on the gate of a mosque in Varzaneh.[2]
Some of the patterns show the application of geometric principles to Islamic traditions. For example, the word Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh) is repeated six times along the sides of the hexagon, and the word Ali (Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib) three times in a rotating wise in the inner hexagon.[7]
One pattern on the scroll consists of nine-pointed and eleven-pointed geometric star figures, and other one thirteen-pointed and sixteen-pointed geometric star figures. In the Islamic art, this sort of stars were developed by folding certain patterns along the sides of a square.[8]
Some of the drawings on the scroll are formed by overlapped patterns of different scales. This feature is seen frequently in Islamic architecture. Detailed patterns within an ornament appear when one gets closer to a building with figures, which are difficult to perceive from the distance.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Cromwell, P.R. (2009). "The Search for Quasi-Periodicity in Islamic 5-fold Ornament". Mathematical Intelligencer. 31 (1): 36–56. doi:10.1007/s00283-008-9018-6. S2CID 18284378.
- ^ a b c Gülru Necipoğlu (1992). Geometric Design in timurid/Turkmen Architectural Practice: Thoughts on a Recently Discovered Scroll and Its Late Gothic Parallels (PDF). E.J. Brill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Rogers, J.M. (1997). "Notes on a recent study of the Topkapı scroll: a review article". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 60 (3): 433–439. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0003247x. JSTOR 619536. S2CID 145620733.
- ^ Gülru Necipoglu: The Topkapı Scroll: geometry and ornament in Islamic architecture. Palace Museum Topkapı Library MS H. 1956. xiii, 395 pp. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1995
- ^ Artisans and Mathematicians in Medieval Islam. The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture by Gülru Necipoğlu Review by: George Saliba (1999). Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119, No. 4, pp. 637-645 [1]
- ^ van den Hoeven, Saskia, van der Veen, Maartje. "Muqarnas-Mathematics in Islamic Arts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hacali Necefoğlu. "Turkish Crystallografic Patterns: From Ancient to Present" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ Cromwell, P. R. (2010). "Islamic geometric designs from the Topkapı Scroll I: unusual arrangements of stars". Saudi Aramco World. 4 (2): 73–85. doi:10.1080/17513470903311669. S2CID 122299743.
External links
[edit]- The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture @ Getty
- Animation of Girih pattern development on the Topkapı Scroll Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Peter J. Lu and Paul J. Steinhardt, "Decagonal and Quasicrystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture," Science (2007 Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics - Seminar Mathematics in Islamic Arts 2010
- Square Kufix script examples from the Topkapı Scroll
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