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D R A F T part A Summary (current status as compared to IOC)

United States Army Futures Command
Founded1 July 2018
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeArmy Command
Garrison/HQAustin, TX
Motto(s)"Forge the future"[1]
Websitearmy.mil/futures
armyfuturescommand.com
Commanders
Commanding General[3]GEN John M. Murray
Deputy Commanding Generals[3]LTG James M. Richardson
LTG Thomas H. Todd[2]
Command Sergeant Major[3]CSM Michael A. Crosby
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia[1]

United States Army Futures Command (AFC)[4][5] is a United States Army command aimed at modernizing the Army.[6][7][8] It currently focuses on six priorities:[Note 1] 1— long-range precision fires,[9][10] 2— next-generation combat vehicle,[11] 3— future vertical lift platforms,[12] 4— a mobile & expeditionary Army network,[13] 5— air & missile defense capabilities,[14] and 6— soldier lethality.[15][16] AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs)[17] are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainable reform of the acquisition process for the future.[18][19] [20]

Futures Command (AFC) was established in 2018 as a peer of FORSCOM, TRADOC, and Army Materiel Command (AMC), the other Army commands (ACOMs—providing forces, training and doctrine, and materiel respectively).[21][22] The other Army commands focus on their readiness to "Fight tonight" when called upon by the nation. In contrast, AFC is focused on future readiness[23] for competition with near-peers, who have updated their capabilities.[24][25]

AFC declared its Full Operational Capability (FOC) in July 2019,[26][27] after an initial one-year period.[28] The FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[29] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[29][30] Over 30 projects[31][32] are envisioned to become the materiel basis needed for overmatching any potential competitors in the continuum of conflict over the next ten years,[33][34] in Multi-domain operations (MDO).[35][36][37][38][39]

Transition to multi-domain operations (MDO)

[edit]

We're moving out and there's no turning back. We've shown the will to act over the last year, and now we have to show the will to follow through.

— Then-Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy[40][41]
Friendly forces (denoted in black)[42] operating in Multi-domains (gray, yellow, light blue, dark gray, and dark blue) —Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively— cooperate across domains, working as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). These operations will disrupt these adversaries, and present them multiple simultaneous dilemmas to encourage adversaries to return to competition rather than continue a conflict.[43]

According to Secretary McCarthy, there will be three elements in Futures Command:[44]

  1. Futures and Concepts: assess gaps (needs versus opportunities,[45] given a threat).[44] Concepts for realizable future systems (with readily harvestable content)[46][47]: for definitions of terms, such as '6.3'  will flow into TRADOC doctrine, manuals, and training programs.
  2. Combat Development: stabilized concepts.[46][47] Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of acquisition.[48] (See #Value stream)
  3. Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.[49] Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.[49][50]

Then-Secretary of the Army, Mark Esper emphasized that the 2018 administrative infrastructure for the Futures and Concepts Center (formerly ARCIC) and United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) (formerly RDECOM) remains in place at their existing locations.[51] What has changed or will change is the layers of command (operational control, or OPCON)[52] needed to make a decision.[51]

You've got to remain open to change, you've got to remain flexible, you've [got] to remain accessible. That is the purpose of this command.

— Secretary Esper[51][53]

Cross-Functional Teams (CFTs)

[edit]

Under Secretary McCarthy characterized a Cross-Functional Team (CFT) as a team of teams, led by a requirements leader, program manager, sustainer and tester.[54] Each CFT must strike a balance for itself amid constraints: the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment. A balance is needed in order for a CFT in order to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.[17]

CFTs[17][55] for materiel and capabilities were first structured in a task force, in order to de-layer the Army Commands. Each CFT addresses a capability gap, which the Army must now match for its future: there can be a Capability Development Integration Directorate (CDID), for each CFT.[Note 1] Initially, the CFTs were placed as needed; eventually they might each co-locate at a Center of Excellence (CoE) listed below. For example, the Aviation CoE at Fort Rucker, in coordination with the Aviation Program Executive Officer (PEO), also contains the Vertical Lift CFT and the Aviation CDID. Modernization reform is the priority for AFC, in order to achieve readiness for the future.

The CFTs will be involved in all three of AFC's elements: Futures and concepts, Combat development, and Combat systems.[56] "We were never above probably a total of eight people" — BG Wally Rugen, Aviation CFT.[57] Four of the eight CFT leads have now shifted from dual-hat jobs to full-time status. Each CFT lead is mentored by a 4-star general.[57]

Although AFC and the CFTs are a top priority of the Department of the Army, as AFC and the CFTs are expected to unify control of the $30 billion-dollar modernization budget,[58][27] "The new command will not tolerate a zero-defects mentality. 'But if you fail, we'd like you to fail early and fail cheap,' because progress and success often builds on failure." —Ryan McCarthy:[59] Holland notes that prototyping applies to the conceptual realm ('harvestable content') as much as prototyping applies to the hardware realm.[46][47]

A 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report[60] cautions that lessons learned from the CFT pilot[17] are yet to be applied; Holland notes that this organizational critique applies to prototyping hardware, a different realm than concept refinement ("scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development").[46][47]

Joint collaboration on modernization

[edit]

The Secretaries of the Army, Air Force, and Navy meet regularly to take advantage of overlap in their programs:[61][62]

  • Hypersonics — The US Army (August 2018) has no tested countermeasure for intercepting maneuverable hypersonic weapons platforms,[63][64] and in this case the problem is being addressed in a joint program of the entire Department of Defense.[65] The Army is participating in a joint program with the Navy and Air Force, to develop a hypersonic glide body.[66][67][68][69][70][71][72] The Long range precision fires (LRPF) CFT is supporting Space and Missile Defense Command's pursuit of hypersonics.[70][73][74] Joint programs in hypersonics are informed by Army work;[75][76] however, at the strategic level, the bulk of the hypersonics work remains at the Joint level.[77][78][79][80][72] Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) is an Army priority, and also a DoD joint effort.[76] The Army and Navy's Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) had a successful test of a prototype in March 2020.[81][80] A wind tunnel for testing hypersonic vehicles will be built in Texas (2019).[82] The Army's Land-based Hypersonic Missile "is intended to have a range of 1,400 miles".[71]: p.6  [72] By adding rocket propulsion to a shell or glide body, the joint effort shaved five years off the likely fielding time for hypersonic weapon systems.[61][83] Countermeasures against hypersonics will require sensor data fusion: both radar and infrared sensor tracking data will be required to capture the signature of a hypersonic vehicle in the atmosphere.[84][85][86]
  • Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)[36][87][88][89]Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-domain operations.[24][90][91][92][93] Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019,[94][95] comprise a single unit[96][97] for air, land,[98] space,[99][100][84][101]— and cyber [102][103] domains.[104][61][103] A hypersonics-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,[67][81] denoted a strategic fires battalion.[105][106]
    • The ability to punch-through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.[107][38][108][109] For example, the combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satellite[110] capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley.[111]
      Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.[112]: minute 17:45 [113][114][115] Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.
      [116][35][117][118][88][119][98][72] Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.[108][70]
    • For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an anti-access/area denial (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;[120] by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to defeat in detail. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
    • In August-September 2020. at Yuma Proving Ground, the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge capabilities in multiple-domains. The exercise prototyped a ground tactical Network, pushing it to its limits of robustness[121] (currently 36 miles on the ground, and demonstrated 1500-mile capability above the ground, with kill chains measured in seconds) in the effort to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2AD) with long-range fires. Longer-range fires are under development, ranging from hundreds of miles to over 1000 miles, with yearly iterations of Project Convergence being planned.[122]
        1. Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
        2. Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long range fires
        3. Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.
      • Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.[121]

Partners

[edit]

AFC is actively seeking partners outside the gates of a military reservation.[28]: minute 6:07  Multiple incubator tech hubs are available in Austin,[123] especially Capital Factory, with offices of Defense Innovation Unit (DIUx) and AFWERX (USAF tech hub).[124] Gen. Murray will stand up an Army Applications Lab[Note 2] there to accelerate acquisition and deployment of materiel to the Soldiers, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) [125] as one acceleration technique; Murray will hire a Chief Technology Officer (CTO) for AFC.[126][127] Gen. Murray, in seeking to globalize AFC,[128] has embedded U.S. military allies into some of the CFTs.[129][27]

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Modernization[130][131] — The Secretary of the Army has directed the establishment of an Army AI Task Force (A-AI TF) to support the DoD Joint AI center. The execution order will be drafted and staffed by Futures Command:[125][132]
    • Army AI task force[133][134] (its relationship with the CFTs is cross-cutting, in the same sense as the Assured Position, Navigation, Timing (A-PNT) CFT and the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) CFT are also cross-cutting) will use the resources of the Army to establish scalable machine learning projects at Carnegie Mellon University
    • the Army CIO/G-6 will create an Identity, Credential, and Access Management system to efficiently issue and verify credentials to non-person entities (AI agents and machines)[135]
    • DCS G-2 will coordinate with CG AFC, and director of A-AI TF, to provide intelligence for Long-Range Precision Fires
    • CG AMC will provide functional expertise and systems for maintenance of materiel with AI
    • AFC and A-AI TF will establish an AI test bed for experimentation, training, deployment, and testing of machine learning capabilities and workflows.[136][137] Funding will be assured for the Fiscal Year 2019.[61][138]
      • A Global Network to counter cyber attacks, much like Five Eyes, is the recommendation for multi-domain operations (MDO), which is unified to present a synoptic view of any cyber operation to all the combatant commands simultaneously.[139][103][140][118][116][35][141]
        • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) AlphaDogfight: Trials of eight AI teams, which began learning how to fly in September 2019. In August 2020 the eight AI agents faced each other, in a series of simulated fights. The simulations included the g-forces which limit a human (accelerations greater than 9 g's will cause most forward-facing human pilots to black out— AI agents are not subject to these human constraints). The champion AI agent eventually met a human F-16 fighter pilot in simulated combat on 20 August 2020.[142] On 20 August 2020, the champion AI agent consistently defeated a human F-16 pilot in a series of dogfights.[143]
        • DoD's Joint AI Center (JAIC) is providing a Joint Common Foundation, a cloud-based AI toolkit for any DoD organization (viz., Futures Command) to use.[144] JAIC is seeking to curate the flood of data at DoD[145][46] to allow systematic, reliable datasets which are usable for machine learning.[146]
        • Adaptive Distributed Allocation of Probabilistic Tasks (ADAPT) is a DARPA model for testing AI-to-human communication in a toy environment. [147]

Futures Command will stand up Army Software Factory in August 2021, to immerse Soldiers and Army civilians of all ranks in modern software development, in Austin.[148][149] Similar in spirit to the Training with industry program, participants are expected to take these practices back with them, to influence other Army people in their future assignments, and to build up the Army's capability in software development. The Al Work Force Development program and this Software Factory will complement the Artificial Intelligence Task Force.[148][150]

AFC is seeking to design signature systems in a relevant time frame according to priorities[Note 1] of the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[56] AFC will partner with other organizations such as Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) as needed.[75][151] If a team from industry presents a viable program idea to a CFT, that CFT connects to the Army's requirements developers, Secretary Esper said, and the program prototype is then put on a fast track.[152] The Secretary of the Army has approved an Intellectual Property Management Policy, to protect both the Army and the entrepreneur or innovator.[153][154]

For example, the Network CFT and the Program Executive Office Command, Control, Communications—Tactical (PEO C3T) hosted a forum on 1 August 2018 for vendors to learn what might function as a testable/deployable[155] in the near future.[156][102][157] A few of the hundreds of white papers from the vendors, adjudged to be 'very mature ideas', were passed to the Army's acquisition community, while many others were passed to CERDEC for continuation in the Army's effort to modernize the network for combat.[158] Although some test requirements were inappropriately applied, the Command post computing environment (CPCE) has passed a hurdle.[159]

While seeking information, the Army is especially interested in ideas that accelerate an acquisition program, in for example the Future Vertical Lift Requests for Information (RFIs): "provide a detailed description of tailored, alternative or innovative approaches that streamlines the acquisition process to accelerate the program as much as possible".[160] In January 2020 the current Optionally manned fighting vehicle (OMFV) solicitation was cancelled when the OMFV's requirements added up to an unobtainable project;[161] In February 2020 Futures command was now soliciting the industry for do-able ideas for an OMFV.[161]

Need for modernization reform

[edit]

Between 1995 and 2009, $32 billion was expended on programs such as the Future Combat System[162] (2003-2009), with no harvestable content by the time of its cancellation.[163] The Army has not fielded a new combat system in decades.[164][92][165][166][33]

Secretary of the Army Mark Esper has remarked that AFC will provide the unity of command and purpose needed to reduce the requirements definition phase from 60 months to 12 months.[167][23][52] A simple statement of a problem (rather than a full-blown requirements definition) that the Army is trying to address may suffice for a surprising, usable solution. —General Mike Murray, paraphrasing Trae Stephens[41]: minute 41:50  (One task will be to quantify the lead time for identifying a requirement; the next task would then be to learn how to reduce that lead time.—Gap analysis )[28]: minute 11:00 [168][169][6] Process changes are expected.[168][46] The development process will be cyclic, consisting of prototype, demonstration/testing, and evaluation, in an iterative process designed to unearth unrealistic requirements early, before prematurely including that requirement in a program of record. The ASA(ALT) Bruce Jette[170] has cautioned the acquisition community to 'call-out' unrealistic processes which commit a program to a drawn-out failure,[171] rather than failing early, and seeking another solution.[172]

Secretary Esper scrubbed through 800[173] modernization programs to reprioritize funding[174] for the top 6 modernization priorities,[58] which will consume 80% of the modernization funding,[175] of 18 systems.[175] The Budget Control Act will restrict funds by 2020.[176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][29][30][185][186][187] Secretary McCarthy has cautioned that a stopgap 2019 Continuing resolution (CR) would halt development of some of the critical modernization projects.[188][189] Realistically, budget considerations will restrict the fielding of new materiel to one Armor BCT per year;[190] at that rate, updates would take decades.[190][186] The Budget Control Act (BCA) expires in 2022.[191][192] The "night court" budget review process realigned $2.4 billion for modernization away from programs which were not tied to modernization or to the 2018 National Defense Strategy.[193] The total FY2021 budget request of $178 billion is $2 billion less than the enacted FY2020 budget of $180 billion.[193][194][195][196][197][198][199]

The CIO/G6 has targeted Futures Command (Austin) in 2019 as the first pilot for "enterprise IT-as-a-service"-style service contracts; General Murray now (July 2019) has a sensitive compartmented information facility in his headquarters, as a result of this pilot.[26] Two other locations are to be announced for 2019. Six to eight other pilots are envisioned for 2020. However, 288 other enterprise network locations remain to be migrated away from the previous "big bang" migration concept from several years ago, as they are vulnerable to near-peer cyber threats.[200][201]: minute 16:50  The CIO/G6 emphasizes that this enterprise migration is not the tactical network espoused in the top six priorities (a 'mobile & expeditionary Army network').[200][202]

  1. After AFC, the following G6 service contracts are high priority:[200]
  2. The Combat Training Centers (Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, and Grafenwöhr)
  3. TRADOC and its Centers of Excellence (CoEs)
  4. The power projection bases from which deployments spring

By February 2020 the Vice Chief of Staff could assess that Army modernization was perceptibly speeding up.[203]

Progress toward MDO

[edit]

The CG of Army Futures Command (AFC) is set to announce full operational capability (FOC) 31 July 2019.[204][205]

XM1299[206][207] Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) a descendant of the Paladin self-propelled howitzer. Picatinny Arsenal In September 2020 an AI kill chain used a hypervelocity munition launched from such a howitzer to intercept a cruise missile surrogate.[208]

The Army G8 is monitoring just how producible (Milestone C) the upcoming materiel will be; for the moment, the G8 is funding the materiel.[32] Follow-up on Modernization reviews is forthcoming, on a regular basis, according to the G8.[209][210][211]

The progress in the top six priorities being:[Note 1][50][33][152][212][38][107]

  1. Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) is a systematic program to extend the artillery's range.[213] In 2018 tests showed the range was doubled.[214][215]
    • The current Paladin (M109A6) cannon range is doubling (M109A7).[216]: minute 2:30 [217] An operational test of components of Long range cannon (LRC) is scheduled for 2020.[218] LRC is complementary to Extended range cannon artillery (ERCA),[218][213] the XM1299 Extended Range Cannon Artillery howitzer.[206][219][207] Investigations for ERCA in 2025: rocket-boosted artillery shells:[214] Tests of the Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) XM30 rocket shell have demonstrated a near-doubling of the range of the munition, using the Tail controlled guided multiple launch rocket system, or TC-G.[220] The TRADOC capability manager (TCM) Field Artillery Brigade - DIVARTY has been named a command position.[Note 3]
      • An autoloader for ERCA's 95-pound shells is under development at Picatinny Arsenal,[206] to support a sustained firing rate of 10 rounds a minute from ERCA.[219] A robotic vehicle for carrying the shells is a separate prototyping effort at Futures Command's Army Applications Lab.[206][221]
    • The Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) is slated to replace the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) in 2023.[214] PrSM flight testing is delayed beyond 2 August 2019, the anticipated date for the expiration of the INF Treaty, which set 499 kilometer limits on intermediate-range missiles.[222] (David Sanger and Edward Wong project that the earliest test of a longer range missile could be a ground-launched version of a Tomahawk cruise missile,[223] followed by a test of a mobile ground launched IRBM with a range of 1800–2500 miles before year-end 2019.[223][224]) The 2020 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)[225] was approved 9 December 2019, which allows the Pentagon to continue testing such missiles in FY2020; Paul McCleary points out that Congress will still need an Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) for the prospective missile acquisitions.[224] The Lockheed PrSM prototype flew its 10 December 2019 first launch at White Sands Missile Range, in a 150-mile test, and an overhead detonation; the Raytheon PrSM prototype is delayed from its planned November launch,[226] and Raytheon has now withdrawn from the PrSM risk reduction phase.[227] The PrSM's range and accuracy, the interfaces to HIMARS launcher, and test software, met expectations.[226][228][229]
    • For targets beyond the PrSM's range, the Army's RCCTO will seek a mid-range missile prototype by 2023, with a reach from 1000 to 2000 miles.[230]
    • The Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW) will use precision targeting data against anti-access area denial (A2AD) radars and other critical infrastructure of near-peer competitors by 2023.[231][72] LRHW does depend on stable funding.[210][69][232]
      • Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) 7.0 is the vehicle for an Multi-domain task force's artillery battery very similar to a THAAD battery: beginning in 2020, these batteries will train for a hypersonic glide vehicle which is common to the Joint forces.[67] The Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)[231] glide vehicle is to be launched from transporter erector launchers.[67][233][69] Tests of the Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB) to be used by the Army and Navy were meeting expectations in 2020.[81]
      • In August 2020 the director of Assured precision navigation and timing (APNT) CFT announced tests which integrate the entire fires kill chain, from initial detection to final destruction. William B. Nelson announced the flow of satellite data from the European theater (Germany), and AI processing of AFATDS targeting data to the fires units.[114][115]
        • In September 2020 an AI kill chain was formulated in seconds; a hypervelocity (speeds up to Mach 5) munition,[234] launched from a descendant of the Paladin, intercepted a cruise missile surrogate.[208] [235]
      • Three flight tests of LRHW are scheduled in 2021.[236]
  2. Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) portfolio:[237][238][239][240] [241][242]
    • At Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Firestorm (a Project Convergence AI node)[243][244][245] sent targeting coordinates to Remote Weapons Stations, which were proxies for the Robotic Combat Vehicles and Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicles. A CROWS was slewed to the aimpoint, awaiting the human commander's order to fire.[246] Firestorm aids and partakes of the Common operational picture (COP) shared by the AI hub at Joint Base Lewis-McChord.[246][247] Satellite-based, F-35 based, and Army ground-based targeting data were shared in real-time during Firestorm's operation with the AI hubs to produce effects at YPG.[248][249]
    • Firestorm was made possible by a mesh network — improvising an MEO (medium earth orbit at 1200 mile altitude), and then a GEO (geosynchronous earth orbit at 22,000 mile altitude) satellite link between JBLM (Joint Base Lewis-McChord) to YPG (Yuma Proving Ground).[250]
    • Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): in Limited User Tests[238] General purpose variant supports Blue force tracking[50]: p.40 
      • An Advanced Powertrain Demonstrator, compact enough for AMPVs, Bradleys, OMFVs, or RCVs, can generate 1,000 horsepower from diesel.[251] Alternatively, the demonstrator can generate electrical power: 160 kiloWatts for SHORAD high-energy lasers, or for propulsion of a 50-ton vehicle in quiet mode, for brief periods.[251]
    • A ground mobility vehicle competition, bids closing 26 October 2018[252]
      • The JLTV was approved for full rate production in June 2019.[253] Joint Modernization Command (JMC) is supporting a TCM Stryker study on the optimum number of JLTVs for light infantry brigades.[254]
        • AFC's Futures and concepts center is proposing a strategy to guide the electrification of the GCVs, using the JLTV as an example for a step-by-step pathway and transition plan for electrification.[255][256][256][46][47]
        • The Maneuver CDID (MCDID) is undertaking the requirements development for electrification of Tactical and Combat Vehicles in September 2020;[257] General Wesley had previously announced a plan in April 2020 for the modernization of Tactical and Combat Vehicles using the JLTV electrification plan as a prototype template of the electrification process.[257][46]
    • Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF):[258][259] approved by joint requirements oversight council.[238] Two vendors were selected to build competing prototype light tanks (MPF), with contract award in 2022.[260] A unit of 82nd Airborne Division will begin assessment of prototype MPFs beginning in March 2020.[261]
    • Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV):[152] soliciting input, in requirements definition stage; the 2018 requirement was that 2 OMFVs fit in a C-17.[238][262][46][47] A request for proposal (RFP) for a vehicle prototype was placed 29 March 2019.[152][263] On 16 January 2020 the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle solicitation was cancelled, as a middle tier acquisition in its early stage; the requirements and schedule are being revisited.[161] The FY2021 budget request has been adjusted accordingly.[192][264]
      • An Army development team will not be an OMFV competitor as of 17 September 2020.[265]
    • Robotic Combat Vehicles (RCVs):[266][152][242][246] General Murray envisions that by FY2023 critical decisions will be made on RCVs after years of experimentation.[108][267]
    • Next Generation main battle tank:[268] § Futures
  3. Future Vertical Lift (FVL)[46][12][269]
    • The FVL CFT has secured approval for the requirements in all four of its Lines of Effort:[270][271]
      1. Future Vertical Lift will use the DoD modular open systems approach (MOSA),[12][272] an integrated business and technical strategy in FARA,[273][274][275][276][277] and in FLRAA:[278][279][160] Both FLRAA and FARA are to enter service by Fiscal Year 2030.[280]
      2. Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator (JMR-TD): prototypes by two teams to replace UH-60 with Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA).[281] The tilt-rotor FLRAA demonstrator by Bell is flying unmanned (October 2019); it logged 100 hours of flight testing by April 2019.[282] Both Bell and Sikorsky-Boeing received contract awards to compete in a risk reduction effort (CDRRE) for FLRAA in March 2020.[283][282][284] The risk reduction effort will be a 2-phase, 2-year competition. The competition will transition technologies (powertrain, drivetrain and control laws) from the previous demonstrators (JMR-TDs) of 2018–2019 to requirements, conceptual designs, and acquisition approach for the weapon system.[283][285] The Aviation PEO would then be able to present an acquisition strategy to the Acquisition Executive (potentially a full and open competition for FLRAA in a future Fiscal Year).[283][286][287]
      3. The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) is smaller than FLRAA. The Army issued requests for proposals (RFPs) for FARA.[288] RFPs were due in December 2018;[289][290][274][291] in April 2019, the Army awarded 5 Other transaction authority (OTA) contracts[292] to vendors with a Milestone C in 2028.[293][294] Each agreement spans the entire acquisition process, from design, to prototype, to flight test, to low-volume production, to fielding, to full-rate production (Milestone C);[293][295] but each agreement is subject to cancellation, if need be. Competing FARA demonstrators will also be built by Bell, and by Sikorsky, in three year efforts beginning in 2020.[296][297]
      4. Future tactical unmanned aircraft systems (FTUAS): drones which do not require runways.[298][299][300][301]
    • Under Secretary McCarthy notes that Soldier feedback remains an item for discussion in the Future Vertical Lift CFT.[302] [42] UH-60s are serving as surrogate FARAs for experiments designed to pierce the enemy's anti-access/area denial (A2AD) environment, and bring a mesh network forward.[271]
  4. Mobile, Expeditionary Network: In Fiscal Year 2019, the network CFT will leverage Network Integration Evaluation 18.2[303] for experiments with brigade level scalability.[304] Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) "is not a new or separate network but rather a concept"—PEO C3T.[305] Avoid overspecifying the requirements for Integrated Tactical Network[50][305][306][307][308][309][310] Information Systems Initial Capabilities Document. Instead, meet operational needs,[311][304][127] such as interoperability with other networks,[312][201]: minute 26:40 [310] and release ITN capabilities incrementally.[313][50][305]
    • Up through 2028, every two years the Army will insert new capability sets for ITN (Capability sets '21, '23, '25, etc.).[314][50][305] and take feedback from Soldier-led experiment & evaluation.[315][316][317][13][318]
    • Firestorm was made possible by a mesh network — improvising an MEO, and then a GEO satellite link between JBLM to YPG.[250] There are plans to have a Project Convergence 2021.[122]
    • Five Rapid Innovation Fund (RIF) awards have been granted to five vendors via the Network CFT and PEO C3T's request for white papers. That request, for a roll-on/roll-off kit that integrates all functions of mission command on the Army Network, was posted at the National Spectrum Consortium and FedBizOpps, and yielded awards within eight months.[319][Note 2] Two more awards are forthcoming.
    • The Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO)'s Emerging Technologies Office structured a competition to find superior AI/Machine Learning algorithms for electronic warfare, from a field of 150 contestants, over a three-month period.[320][Note 2]
    • The Multi-Domain Operations Task Force (MDO TF) is standing up an experimental Electronic Warfare Platoon to prototype an estimated 1000 EW soldiers needed for the 31 BCTs of the active Army.[321][87]
    • An Army leader dashboard from PEO Enterprise Information Systems is underway.[322][323] The dashboard has been renamed Vantage.[324] Cloud-service-provider agnostic abstraction layers are in use, which allows merging the staff work in G-3/5/7 for cyber/EW (electronic warfare), mission command, and space.[325] The "seamless, real-time flow of data" across multiple domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) is an objective for G-6, as well as the sensor-to-shooter work at Futures command.[326][325][327]
    • Fort Irwin, Fort Hood, Joint Base San Antonio, and Joint Base Lewis McChord have 5G experiments on wireless connectivity between forward operating bases and tactical operations centers, as well as nonaircraft Augmented reality support of maintenance and training.[328]
  5. Air, Missile Defense (AMD):[329][330][331][14]
    Schematic 6-layer Air Defense dome, one of multiple arrays linked by Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System(IBCS)
    • Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS)[50]: p.42  second limited user test is scheduled to take place in the fourth quarter of FY20.[331][332] On 1 May 2019 an Engagement Operations Center (EOC) for the Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Battle Command System (IBCS) was delivered to the Army, at Huntsville, Alabama.[333] IAMD[334][335] is intended to integrate the following:
      • Lower tier air and missile defense sensor (LTAMDS)[331] —PEO RCO is accelerating LTAMDS experimentation by downselecting to two competitors with award by 2023[336][Note 2][337] The fielding aim for LTDAMDS is 2022.[338]
        • LTAMDS uses gallium nitride (GaN) RF elements. It replaces the Patriot radar,[339][340] fits on a C-17, and feeds data to IBCS.[337][338]
      • Indirect fire protection capability (IFPC) Multi-mission launcher (MML)[341][331][342][343][344]
      • Maneuver short-range air defense (MSHORAD)[331][345] with laser cannon prototypes in 2020,[346]
        High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator (HEL-TVD) 2019
        fielding 50 kW lasers on Strykers[106][231] in 2021 and 2022 to two battalions per year.[90][347] [348]
      • F-35,[349] Aegis, Patriot, LTAMDS, and THAAD radars will interoperate.[339][86] On 30 August 2019 at Reagan Test Site on Kwajalein atoll, THAAD Battery E-62 successfully intercepted a medium range ballistic missile (MRBM), using a radar which was well-separated from the interceptors;[350][351] the next step tested Patriot missiles as interceptors[334] while using THAAD radars as sensors;[350] a THAAD radar has a longer detection range than a Patriot radar.[350] THAAD Battery E-62 engaged the MRBM without knowledge of just when the medium range ballistic missile had launched.[350][351]
        • In July 2020 a Limited user test (LUT) of IBCS was initiated at WSMR; the test will run into mid-September.[352] The LUT was originally scheduled for May but was delayed to handle the COVID-19 safety protocols.[332] The first of several LUTs of IBCS, by an ADA battalion was successfully run in August 2020.[353] IBCS successfully integrated data from two sensors (Sentinel and Patriot radars), and shot down two drones (cruise missile surrogates) with two Patriot missiles in the presence of jamming;[353] In the week after, by 20 August 2020 two more disparate threats (cruise missile and ballistic missile) were launched and intercepted;[354][355] the ADA battalion then ran hundreds of drills denoting hundreds of threats for the remainder of the IBCS tests (the increased effort occupied the entire unit);[356] the real-world data serve as a sanity check for Monte Carlo simulations of an array of physical scenarios amounting to hundreds of thousands of cases.[357][358] IBCS created a "single uninterrupted composite track of each threat" and handed off each threat for separate disposition by the air and missile defense's integrated fire control network (IFCN).[359] The same battalion running the LUT, for both IBCS, and LTAMDS radar, is scheduled to run the Initial Operational Test & Evaluation (IOTE) in 2021,[352][360] and running well into 2022.[358]
    • Although on 21 August 2019 the Missile defense agency (MDA) cancelled the $5.8 billion contract for the Redesigned kill vehicle (RKV),[361][362][363][86] the Army's 100th Missile Defense Brigade will continue to use the Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV). The current Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) programs continue per plan, with 64 ground-based interceptors (GBIs) in the missile fields for 2019. C2BMC (Command and Control Battle Management and Communications), was developed by the Missile defense agency (as a development organization) and is integrated with GMD, as demonstrated by FTG-11 on 25 March 2019.[364]: 15:00 
      • The TRADOC capability manager (TCM) for Strategic Missile Defense (SMD) has accepted the charter for DOTMLPF for the Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC/ARSTRAT).[365][91]
    • U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command's High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator (HEL TVD) laser system, a 100 kilowatt laser demonstrator for use on the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles, was awarded 15 May 2019.[366][68] A 300 kilowatt laser demonstrator (HEL-IFPC) effort supersedes the HEL TVD (after the critical design review).[367][346][368] System test at White Sands Missile Range in 2023.[366][342][343][344]
  6. Soldier Lethality:[16][307][15][369][370]
    • Next-generation squad weapon: Expect 100,000 to be fielded to the Close Combat Force:[15] Infantry, Armor, Cavalry, Special Forces, and Combat engineers. Tests at Fort Benning in 2019. —Chief of Staff Milley[371]
    • Nine thousand systems, with two drones apiece are being purchased over a three-year period for the 9-man infantry squads heading to Afghanistan.[372]
    • Enhanced night vision goggles (ENVG)-B, will be fielded to an Armor brigade combat team (ABCT) going to South Korea in October 2019[373][374][15]
    • Synthetic training environment (STE)—a CFT devoted to an augmented reality system[375][376] to aid planning, using mapping techniques, even at squad level[377][378] will begin fielding by 2021.[379][380][381] In October 2019 the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) prototype is being used by Special Operations for planning actual missions.[382][383]

Headquarters (HQ) and commander

[edit]

On 13 July 2018, U.S. Army Secretary Mark Esper said AFC's headquarters would be based in Austin, Texas.[384] AFC spreads across three locations totalling 75,000 square feet;[385] one of the locations in a University of Texas System building at 210 W. Seventh St. in downtown Austin,[386][387] on the 15th and 19th floors.[388] The UT Regents will not be charging rent to AFC until December 2019.[388] The command began initial operations on 1 July 2018.[389]

On 16 July 2018, Lieutenant General John M. Murray was nominated for a fourth star and appointment as Army Futures Command's first commanding general.[390][391] His appointment was confirmed 20 August 2018[392] and he assumed command during the official activation ceremony of AFC on 24 August 2018, in Austin, Texas.[385]


Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using CFTs for:
    1. Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
    2. Next-generation combat vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Ross Coffman ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
    3. Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
    4. Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
      1. Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
      2. Assured Position Navigation and Timing— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
    5. Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
    6. Soldier lethality
      1. Soldier Lethality—(Fort Benning, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... PEO Soldier
      2. Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
    • Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
  2. ^ a b c d Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 October 2018) Army Futures Command Wants YOU (To Innovate)
    • —Adam Jay Harrison's list for types of Funding Authority
  3. ^ Tribune staff (22 August 2019) Colonel named division artillery director TCM to do what needs to be done across the Army for MLRS, HIMARS

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Futures Command reveals new insignia as it 'forges' ahead; by Sean Kimmons, Army News Service; dated 6 December 2018, last accessed 3 February 2019
  2. ^ Thomas H. Todd, III (July 2020) Deputy Commanding General for Acquisition and Systems Management
  3. ^ a b c Army Futures Command: Meet Our Leadership
  4. ^ Army Futures Command Task Force (Wednesday, 28 March 2018) Army Futures Command
  5. ^ Vergun, David A. (13 July 2018). "Austin to be U.S. Army Futures Command location, says Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  6. ^ a b Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) References Decker-Wagner 2011
  7. ^ Vergun, David A. (7 December 2017). "US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  8. ^ Roper and Grassetti (1 October 2018) Seizing the High Ground – United States Army Futures Command
  9. ^ Capt. Steve Draheim and Maj. Paul Santamaria (22 June 2018) Long-range, short term
  10. ^ Ed Lopez (21 June 2018) Picatinny Arsenal, PEO (AMMO) Army modernization advances with early team collaboration
  11. ^ John Liang (27 August 2018) Inside the Army highlights
  12. ^ a b c New Army aircraft will be durable, lethal, unmanned for modern conflicts
  13. ^ a b Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (22 July 2019) CCDC's road map to modernizing the Army: the network 4th in a series
  14. ^ a b MG Cedric T. Wins (09.10.2019) CCDC’S road map to modernizing the Army: air and missile defense DVIDS release
  15. ^ a b c d Bridgett Siter, Communications Director, Soldier Lethality CFT (10 September 2019) Soldier Lethality team delivers first big win for AFC Enhanced night vision goggle - binocular (ENVG-B) significantly aids marksmanship by the Close Combat Force
  16. ^ a b Maj. Gen. John A. George, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (2 January 2020) CCDC's Road Map to Modernizing the Army: Soldier lethality
  17. ^ a b c d (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)
  18. ^ Phillip B. Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (8 October 2019) Army Futures Command to highlight modernization efforts at 2019 AUSA
  19. ^ Matthew Cox (14 Sep 2018) Head of Army Futures Command Fields Tough Questions From Congress
  20. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy (October 2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy as cited by Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (16 October 2019) Army Launches 16-Year Plan To Tackle Russia, China Summary
  21. ^ Source: Organization, United States Army. For detail, see AR10-87
  22. ^ Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf section 20-2a, p.27
  23. ^ a b Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (1 April 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley: Readiness (both current and future)
  24. ^ a b Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War
  25. ^ Sébastien Roblin (11 Oct. 2019) China's stealth drones and hypersonic missiles surpass — and threaten — the U.S.
  26. ^ a b Scott Maucione (19 July 2019) Army Futures Command fully operational, dinged by GAO on announcement
  27. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (10 July 2019) Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command
  28. ^ a b c DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference
  29. ^ a b c Army Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (26 February 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion
  30. ^ a b Sydney J Freedberg Jr (29 May 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021-2025
  31. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy(2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy revision 7, CFTs' 31 signature efforts
  32. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 September 2019) Can Army Control Costs Of Its New Weapons? Currently the Army has 692 programs of record
  33. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 March 2019) Army ‘Big Six’ Ramp Up in 2021: Learning From FCS
  34. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 January 2019) 12 Moments Of Truth For Army Modernization In 2019
  35. ^ a b c TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future."
  36. ^ a b APG News (13 June 2018) News Briefs: The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy
  37. ^ CRS Insight (IN11019) (17 January 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations
  38. ^ a b c Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities Summary of standoff
  39. ^ Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 January 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville
  40. ^ Sean Kimmons (October 9, 2018) After hitting milestones, Futures Command looks ahead to more
  41. ^ a b AUSA 2018 CMF #1: Army Futures Command Unifies Force Modernization DVIDS video of panelists Gen. Murray, Sec. McCarthy, Dr. Jette, and Trae Stephens
  42. ^ a b US Army (2020) AMERICA’S ARMY: READY NOW,INVESTING IN THE FUTURE FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan
  43. ^ Andrew Smith (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations
  44. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux
  45. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 October 2017) Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators? Fixing the 'up or out' culture, which favors generalists
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets
    1. 'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
    2. Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
    3. Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
    4. '6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
    5. Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
      • All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
      • No new requirements once an increment is started.
    6. Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
  47. ^ a b c d e f The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5)
  48. ^ Neil Hollenbeck and Benjamin Jensen (6 December 2017) Why the Army needs a Futures Command Enable a culture of experimentation, and develop concepts and technology together.
  49. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 Sep 2018) Futures Command Won’t Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress
  50. ^ a b c d e f g ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
    • By Modernization priority
    • By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
    • ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404
  51. ^ a b c Sydney Freedberg (7 May 2018) Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper On Futures Command
  52. ^ a b JP-1 p.xxi has the definition of operational control (OPCON). Note that "command authority may not be delegated" (COCOM being command authority). p.xxii has the definition of administrative control (ADCON): one application being coordinating authority.
  53. ^ Army R&D Chief: ‘I Don’t Think We Went Far Enough’ – But Futures Command Can
  54. ^ Scott Maucione (14 Sep 2018) Army leaders ask for trust in lieu of metrics for Futures Command
  55. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (13 October 2017) Cross-functional teams to spearhead modernization, says McCarthy: allocated money in Program Objective Memorandum (POM) to protect resources.
  56. ^ a b Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) Modernizing at the speed of relevance: An interview with Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy
  57. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 August 2018) Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge
  58. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg (29 August 2018) Army Futures Command: $100M, 500 Staff, & Access To Top Leaders
  59. ^ (22 April 2018) New Army Futures Command success hinges on relationship building
  60. ^ GAO report: GAO-19-132 (23 Jan 2019) ARMY MODERNIZATION: Steps Needed to Ensure Army Futures Command Fully Applies Leading Practices
  61. ^ a b c d Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (11 February 2019) Army aligning modernization programs with other services
  62. ^ David Vergun, Defense.gov (21 February 2020) Military leaders discuss hypersonics, supply chain vulnerabilities
  63. ^ In, for example Waverider hypersonic weapons delivery, China has flown a Mach 5.5 vehicle for 400 seconds, at 30 km altitude, demonstrating large-angle deviations from a ballistic trajectory, as well as recovery of the payload. See Current test targets, such as Zombie Pathfinder are not hypersonic. Rand Corporation (28 September 2017) Hypersonic Missile Nonproliferation estimates there is less than a decade to prevent Hypersonic Missile proliferation.
  64. ^ Stephen Carlson (14 Nov 2018) DARPA issues contract proposition for hypersonic missile defense
  65. ^ Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (22 August 2018) Army Warhead Is Key To Joint Hypersonics
  66. ^ Paul McLeary (31 January 2020) SecNav Tells Fleet Hypersonic Competition Demands ‘Sputnik Moment;’ Glide Body Test Set Hypersonic Glide Body test for 2020
  67. ^ a b c d Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (31 May 2019) Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year
  68. ^ a b Colin Clark (24 May 2019) Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood
  69. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.
  70. ^ a b c Joe Lacdan (16 October 2018) The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry
  71. ^ a b Kelley M. Sayler, Analyst in Advanced Technology and Global Security. Congressional Research Service R45811 (11 July 2019) Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress Lists names for hypersonics programs
  72. ^ a b c d e Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes— Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
  73. ^ Mary Kate Aylward (5 February 2019) Experiments in hyperspeed more on Prompt Global Strike
  74. ^ Megan Eckstein (3 November 2017) Navy Conducts Flight Test to Support Conventional Prompt Strike From Ohio-Class SSGNs 1st hypersonic glide vehicle test (Flight experiment 1)
  75. ^ a b (15 August 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond
  76. ^ a b Long-range precision fires modernization a joint effort, Army tech leader says
  77. ^ Aaron Gregg (2 August 2019) In conversations with investors, defense firms double down on hypersonic weapons As of August 2019, Lockheed reports $3.5 billion in hypersonics work, while Raytheon reports $1.6 billion; Boeing declined to give the value of its hypersonics awards.
  78. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (1 March 2018) DoD Boosts Hypersonics 136 % In 2019: DARPA
  79. ^ Jason Cutshaw (19 September 2018) Secretary of the Navy visits AMC, SMDC memorandum of agreement in June to co-develop a hypersonic vehicle
  80. ^ a b Jon Harper (4 March 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Spend Billions Mass-Producing Hypersonic Weapons "Aero shells that provide thermal protection for the high-speed platforms will be a key component of the systems"
  81. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
  82. ^ Haley Britzky (14 August 2019) The Army is getting a new $130 million hypersonics playground in Texas
  83. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army’s Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill
  84. ^ a b John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann (23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)
  85. ^ Theresa Hitchens (24 February 2020) 2021 Budget Will Finally Fully Fund Next-Gen OPIR, Says Roper Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) replacement: three satellites in Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) and two satellites in a polar orbit
  86. ^ a b c Jen Judson (20 August 2019) US Missile Defense Agency boss reveals his goals, challenges on the job Increase the discrimination of the radars and other sensors. Use Large aperture sensors. Use Space-based missile sensors. An SM-3 Block IIA missile test against ICBM is scheduled for 2020. Plan out the detection, control and engagement; the sensors, the command-and-control, the fire control, and the weapons (the kill vehicles).
  87. ^ a b Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command (13 March 2019) Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley, Deputy Commanding General (DCG), Army Futures Command describes 'convergence'.
  88. ^ a b Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"
  89. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 December 2018) Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible
  90. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  91. ^ a b Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan
  92. ^ a b Matthew Cox (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed
  93. ^ Army Futures Command (28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development
  94. ^ I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacdan (6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense
  95. ^ US Army (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific
  96. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 November 2018) Artificial Intelligence: Forget The Terminator For Future Army: LTG Wesley
  97. ^ Association of the U.S. Army (7 Sep 2018) AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver
  98. ^ a b Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium Integrated fires across domains
  99. ^ Stephen Clark (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military’s secure communications satellite network Air Force’s fifth AEHF — Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellite
  100. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
  101. ^ Paul McLeary (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors
  102. ^ a b Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23.
  103. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 May 2019) How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy
  104. ^ Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
  105. ^ Jen Judson (4 June 2019) Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons
  106. ^ a b Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (7 June 2019) Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes
  107. ^ a b Kerensa Crum, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army’s modernization priorities Standoff
  108. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (25 June 2019) Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights
  109. ^ Kelly Morris (Rucker) (1 August 2019) Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability Maj. Gen. David J. Francis, USAACE and Fort Rucker commanding general: MDO to defeat standoff
  110. ^ Theresa Hitchens (2 December 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
  111. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (21 October 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
  112. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, US Army (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
  113. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
      1. Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
      2. Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
        1. Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
        2. Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
        3. Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
        4. Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
      3. NavWar
  114. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 August 2020) Army Tests New All Domain Kill Chain: From Space To AI
    1. Initially, satellites feed data to TITAN.
    2. Prometheus, which is AI software, combs through the data for potential threats and targets.
    3. SHOT, which is also software, tracks each target on a custody list, correlating each target's current location, signature, and threat assessment, with a list of candidate fires countermeasures, ranked by capability, range to the target, kill radius, etc. "SHOT then computes the optimal match of weapons to targets", and passes the list to AFATDS.
    4. Human commanders choose whether to fire, or not, from the list of fires assets (Nelson notes that ERCA and Grey Eagle drones are to be added to the list of fires assets— currently M777 howitzers and MLRS 270 rocket launchers in the upcoming tests, August 2020).
    5. satellites perform Battle damage assessment, to update the list of threats and targets.
  115. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain? Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"
  116. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 November 2019) SecArmy’s Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pam 525-3-1
  117. ^ Claire Heininger (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle
  118. ^ a b Mark Pomerleau (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost? The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs
  119. ^ Dan Gouré (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command’s Report Card After Its First Year Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability
  120. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete
  121. ^ a b Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (25 September 2020) Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise
  122. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021 PrSM, AFATDS to F-35
  123. ^ Dan Lamothe (14 July 2018) Why the Army decided to put its new high-tech Futures Command in Texas
  124. ^ Maj. Brett Lea,24th Press Camp Headquarters (5 Sep 2018) "Army establishes Futures Command; U.S. Army JMC at Fort Bliss is operational arm" Fort Bliss Bugle
  125. ^ a b Army Directive 2018-18 (Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force in Support of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center) 2 October 2018
  126. ^ Lauren C. Williams (14 Sep 2018) Army Futures Command to set up DIU-like innovation lab
  127. ^ a b Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (7 November 2019) Army leaders get firsthand look at C5ISR Center research, development projects
  128. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (10 October 2018) Army Futures Command to become 'global command,' says its leader
  129. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (4 April 2019) Allies to join Army Futures Command
  130. ^ (12 February 2019) SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY
  131. ^ Ashton Carter (2012-11-21) Autonomy in Weapon Systems Most recent DoD guideline: 2012
  132. ^ Terri Moon Cronk (13 December 2018) Artificial intelligence experts address getting capabilities to warfighters
  133. ^ (1 February 2019) Carnegie Mellon Hosts Activation of U.S. Army AI Task Force. Brigadier General Matt Easley is Director of Army Artificial Intelligence task force (A-AI TF)
  134. ^ Gary Sheftick (13 August 2019) AI Task Force taking giant leaps forward Coordinating with: NREC, Talent management task force, the CFTs, and DOD's Joint AI Center
  135. ^ Douglas Scott (6 August 2019) New wearable authentication more than a "token" gesture Tactical Identity and Access Management (TIDAM) see Army AI task force (A-AI TF)
  136. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (27 February 2020) Army researchers enhance AI critical to Soldier-machine teamwork Explainability & tellability: coalition situational understanding (CSU) & human-agent knowledge fusion (HAKF)
  137. ^ RDECOM Research Laboratory Public Affairs (18 December 2018) Black Hawk helicopter pilot interns with Army researchers
  138. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2020) JAIC Wants AI ‘Victory Gardens’ Across DoD
  139. ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 September 2019) IC Must Embrace Public Data to Use AI Effectively: Sue Gordon IC is the Intelligence Community
  140. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 August 2019) Big Data For Big Wars: JEDI vs. China & Russia
  141. ^ DAISHI ABE and RIEKO MIKI (14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief
  142. ^ Andrew Eversden (7 August 2020) A human F-16 pilot will fight against AI in an upcoming contest
  143. ^ Theresa Hitchens (20 August 2020) AI Slays Top F-16 Pilot In DARPA Dogfight Simulation The AI systems are eventually to serve as wingmen for human commanders.
  144. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 August 2020) Deloitte Wins $106M JAIC Contract To Build AI Toolkit
  145. ^ Aaron Mehta (23 Sep 2020) Hyten to issue new joint requirements on handling data by using JROC-specified Capabilities stated in high-level natural language rather than relying on traditional item-by-item Requirements documents
  146. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 Sep 2020) AI’s Data Hunger Will Drive Intelligence Collection Army's Chief data officer: In the Future, "every Soldier is a Chief data officer"
  147. ^ Kelsey Atherton (14 August 2020) DARPA Trains AI To Understand Humans – In Minecraft
  148. ^ a b Army Futures Command (Friday, August 21, 2020) Army Software Factory
  149. ^ USAF Assistant Secretary of Acquisition, Chief Software Office (19 Dec 2019) SpaceCAMP USAF Software Factory
  150. ^ AI TF Artificial Intelligence Task Force
  151. ^ Technology Review (19 December 2016) The Pentagon's Innovation Experiment
  152. ^ a b c d e Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (3 April 2019) Army 'Shark Tank' enabling quick prototyping of new systems
  153. ^ Devon L. Suits (11 December 2018) Army secretary approves new Intellectual Property Management Policy
  154. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 March 2019) IP Rights For Robot Tanks: NGCV To Test-Drive New Policy
  155. ^ David Vergun (29 March 2018) Army network modernization efforts spearheaded by new Cross-Functional Teams. The Army conducts a network demonstration at Fort Bliss, Texas. The Army is pursuing network modernization through Cross-Functional Teams.
  156. ^ (27 June 2018) U.S. Army to host tactical Cloud computing industry forum
  157. ^ Nathan Strout (30 Nov 2019) Can hundreds of unrelated satellites create a GPS backup?
  158. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (3 August 2018) Army leveraging industry ideas to modernize network
  159. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 June 2019) Army Wrestles With Testers Over Network Upgrades
  160. ^ a b Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA
    • RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
  161. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 January 2020) Army ‘Fully Committed To Replacing The Bradley’: Gen. McConville Bradley fighting vehicle replacement is still a project
  162. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 August 2014) Pentagon Struggles To Get Small-Biz Tech: FCS misuse of OTA, other acquisition issues.
  163. ^ Dan Lamothe Washington Post (2018-07-12) Army to unveil details about new Futures Command in biggest reorganization in 45 years
  164. ^ Thomas E. Ricks (MARCH 2, 2015)Why hasn’t the Army’s regular acquisition process produced anything in decades? --Future of War conference.
  165. ^ Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard Army.mil (6 September 2018) Safer, smarter, faster: An interview with Gen. James McConville
  166. ^ "US edge has eroded to a dangerous degree"
  167. ^ US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army
  168. ^ a b Army has picked a location for its new Futures Command, but now comes the hard part
  169. ^ Association of the United States Army (AUSA): Scott R. Gourley (Friday, 13 January 2017) CLOSING THE CAPABILITIES GAP: SEVEN THINGS THE ARMY NEEDS FOR A WINNING FUTURE
  170. ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASA(ALT)Org Chart as of May 2020 see also February 2020, and 11/5/19, as well as Org Chart as of 11/26/18
  171. ^ GAO report: GAO-17-457 (Jun 2017) ARMY CONTRACTING Leadership Lacks Information Needed to Evaluate and Improve Operations
  172. ^ Bruce Jette, Building the Army of the future
  173. ^ Hannah Wiley (6 April 2018) Program cuts likely under Army secretary's new Futures Command
  174. ^ Jen Judson (17 July 2018) US Army asks Congress to shift millions in FY18 dollars. What’s behind the request?
  175. ^ a b David Vergun (5 September 2018) Richardson confirmed as Futures Command deputy commander
  176. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (28 March 2018) CHIPS Articles: Army Secretary defines goals for coming decade — modernization, Futures Command
  177. ^ Jeff Martin (15 October 2018) How did the Army find $25 billion for new equipment? video
  178. ^ Daniel Goure (18 October 2018) Can Trump Rebuild The Military As Deficits Balloon?
  179. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 October 2018) Joint Experiments Will Pick Budget Winners & Losers: Dunford Task is to cut $33 Billion from 2020 budget
  180. ^ Youtube: What will $716 Billion Buy You? US Defense Budget 2019 Weapons
  181. ^ Michael J. Meese (23 Dec 2016) Chapter 4 : The American Defense Budget 2017–2020 Note Fed chart 1970-2026
  182. ^ PAUL MCLEARY (26 October 2018) Trump Orders DoD To Take Surprise $33B Budget Cut 2020 DoD budget cut from $733 billion to $700 billion
  183. ^ PAUL MCLEARY (14 November 2018) The Pentagon’s First-Ever Audit: A Big Disappointment?
  184. ^ Wesley Morgan (9 December 2018) Trump reverses course, tells Pentagon to boost budget request to $750 billion
  185. ^ PAUL MCLEARY (23 July 2019) Esper Confirmed As SecDef; Budget Deal Leaves DoD Spending Flat Next Year
  186. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 January 2020) Army To Navy: Hey, We Already Get Less $$ Than You Army: 26.6%; Navy: 28.7%; Air Force: 28.5%; Other: 16.3%
  187. ^ United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) (September 2018) DEFENSE MANAGEMENT. DOD Needs to Address Inefficiencies and Implement Reform across Its Defense Agencies and DOD Field Activities
  188. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 October 2019) Sec. Army Interview: ‘We Have To Get This Budget Deal’
  189. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (22 November 2019) SecArmy looks toward FY21 budget as continuing resolution impacts priorities CR avoids shutdown until 20 December 2019.
  190. ^ a b Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future
  191. ^ Amy McCullough (7 Feb. 2020) What to Look for in the 2021 Budget Request
  192. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 February 2020) Army Boosts Big Six 26%, But Trims Bradley Replacement FY2021 budget request
  193. ^ a b FY2021 budget request: Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (13 February 2020) Army budget request eyes $2B boost for modernization
    • $10.6 billion for modernization in 2021 request, up from $8.5 billion in 2020
      • LRPF: $1700 million
      • FVL: $514 million
      • OMFV: $328 million
      • MPF: $135 million
      • LTAMDS: $376 million
      • IFPC $236 million
  194. ^ Mark Cancian and Adam Saxton (14 February 2020) 2021 Budget Spells The End of US Force Expansion Reduced topline $740.5 billion; Army remains at 31 BCTs, 5 SFABs, and 11 CABs.
  195. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (19 February 2020) Army leaders save $1.2 billion to fund modernization push After a set of 'Night court' cuts
  196. ^ Mark Cancian (15 May 2020) Huge Deficit = Defense Budget Cuts? Maybe Not A 5% cut would be $35 billion across DoD in 2021; FY2021 defense budget will likely be passed during a time of free-spending in Congress.
  197. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 May 2020) Army Braces For Post-COVID Cuts: Gen. Murray 34 Signature Programs: 31 in Futures Command, 3 in RCCTO
  198. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (9 June 2020) Army Study Asks: How Much Modernization Can We Afford?
  199. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 June 2020) Army Ponders What To Cut If Budget Drops: Gen. Murray
  200. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 March 2019) Army Bets Big On Service Contracts To Fix Aging IT
  201. ^ a b DoD (16 May 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request
  202. ^ Maj. Gen. Randy S. Taylor, CECOM (8 July 2019) Sustaining data delivery on the future Army network Halt, fix pivot (WIN-T)| ITN: Integrated Tactical Network | IEN: Integrated Enterprise Network
  203. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (7 February 2020) Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace'
  204. ^ Jon Harper (7/17/2019) BREAKING: Army Futures Command to Reach Full Operational Capability by End of Month
  205. ^ Matt Beinart (21 July 2019) U.S. Army Futures Command To Announce It’s Fully Operational
  206. ^ a b c d Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 March 2020) New Army Cannon Doubles Range; Ramjet Ammo May Be Next BAE delivers 18 ERCA howitzers by 2023
  207. ^ a b US Army (27 May 2020) Excalibur Round Precision Hit From 65 kilometers at U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground Both the Excalibur precision guided munition and the XM1113 rocket-assisted high explosive projectile were fired from an XM1299 howitzer in March 2020
  208. ^ a b c d Theresa Hitchens (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2
  209. ^ Joe Lacdan (19 September 2019) G-8: Army operations in the Pacific crucial to future battlefield success Follow-up on Modernization Reviews is forthcoming, on a regular basis.
  210. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 September 2019) Congress’ Budget Gridlock Threatens Army Hypersonics G8 is posing a heuristic to get beyond delay in NDAA (national defense authorization act) for 2020 (get Army funding by calendar year-end)
  211. ^ Follow-up FY2021 Budget Request: Thomas Brading, Army News Service (5 March 2020) Hypersonic tests, modernization top Army budget request for funding of the top 6 modernization priorities; progress on the spend plan for tests of the prototypes vs actual spending
  212. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (18 July 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC
  213. ^ a b Defense updates (14 Dec 2018) EXTENDED RANGE CANNON ARTILLERY OF U S ARMY- FULL ANALYSIS 5:00 clip. XM1113 shell and XM657 propellant on XM907
  214. ^ a b c Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, CG RDECOM (25 September 2018) RDECOM's road map to modernizing the Army: Long-range precision fires
  215. ^ Daniel Cebul (8 October 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire LRPF in an Integrated Network of fires, targeting hubs, and sensors: artillery & MSHORAD, IBCS, Patriot, and THAAD radars
  216. ^ M109A7 has 30-foot barrel and double the range
  217. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (13 September 2018) Cross-functional teams already producing results, says Futures Command general, House Armed Services Sub-committee hearing, 13 September 2018
  218. ^ a b Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities Office (20 September 2018) Army doubles cannon range in prototype demo
  219. ^ a b Todd South (11 Mar 2020) The Army is ‘making artillery great again’ Landed within 1 meter from over 65 kilometers range. Press conference.
  220. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (8 May 2019) Army demonstrates extended ranges for precision munitions
  221. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 January 2020) Artillery Seeks Robot Ammo Haulers Field Artillery Autonomous Resupply
  222. ^ Paul McLeary (19 July 2019) Army Readies Long-Range Missile Tests — Post INF
  223. ^ a b David Sanger and Edward Wong The New York Times (2 August 2019) US ends cold war missile treaty, to counter arms buildup by China. p.A7
  224. ^ a b Paul McCleary (12 Dec 2019) US Busts INF Wall With Ballistic Missile, Puts Putin & Xi On Notice
  225. ^ NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2020 Senate report 116-48
  226. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 December 2019) Direct Hit: Army Test-Fires Lockheed Precision Strike Missile EXCLUSIVE
  227. ^ Jen Judson (25 Mar 2020) Raytheon exits precision strike missile competition by mutual decision of Raytheon's DeepStrike and the LRPF CFT
  228. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 Mar 2020) PRSM: Lockheed Long-Range Missile Passes Short-Range Stress Test 3 layers of LRPF are scheduled to enter service in limited numbers in 2023; also explains its relationship to Future vertical lift (FVL) and Mobile & expeditionary network
  229. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 Apr 2020) Army: Lockheed PrSM Missile Aces Third Flight Test
    • 2023 goal is to deliver 30 PrSMs with 500 km range
    • 2025 goal is to use multi-mode seekers against moving targets
    • Use open architecture to allow multiple vendors to offer upgrades
    • Provide extended range (beyond 650-700 km) within the existing HIMARS MLRS form factor
  230. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (08 September 2020) Army Seeks New Mid-Range Missile Prototype By 2023
  231. ^ a b c Ryan Pickrell (5 June 2019) The US Army says it will have hypersonic missiles and laser weapons ready for combat in less than 4 years LRHW announcement
  232. ^ Corey Dickstein (3 March 2020) Army to fire two hypersonic test shots this year, McCarthy says
  233. ^ Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO) (12 February 2020) Virtual Reality helps Soldiers shape Army hypersonic weapon prototype LRHW
  234. ^ / Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 January 2018) $86,000 + 5,600 MPH = Hyper Velocity Missile Defense
  235. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 September 2020) Target Gone In 20 Seconds: Army Sensor-Shooter Test
  236. ^ Matthew Cox (5 Aug 2020) Army to Speed Up Testing of Planned Hypersonic Missile
  237. ^ GVSC Public Affairs (7 October 2019) Virtual experiments helping shape Next-Generation Combat Vehicle
  238. ^ a b c d Bob Purtiman, NGCV Cross-Functional Team (17 September 2018) Preparing for future battlefields: The Next Generation Combat Vehicle
  239. ^ (11 Oct 2017) US Army's Bassett on Trophy Active Protection Decision, AMPV, Future Vehicle Tech
  240. ^ Marty Beckerman (17 October 2018) A serious participation Trophy
  241. ^ Defense & Aerospace Report (12 Oct 2016) US Army Ground Combat Systems Chief on Armored Vehicle Programs
  242. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 September 2020) Army Robots Hunt Tanks In Project Convergence
  243. ^ Spc. Carlos Cuebas Fantauzzi, 22nd Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (11 September 2020) Next Generation Combat Vehicle Cross-Functional Team converges efforts during Project Convergence 20 Shortened time developing Common operating picture to 30 seconds
  244. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Will Reinier (10 September 2020) Campaign of learning: U.S. Army, AFC introduce Project Convergence
  245. ^ Army Futures Command (Monday, 14 September 2020) Project Convergence
  246. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (16 September 2020) A Slew To A Kill: Project Convergence
  247. ^ Matthew Cox (20 Sep 2020) Army’s New Target Tracking System Aims to Quicken Artillery Kills "artificial intelligence to improve human decision-making; autonomy; and robotics"
  248. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 September 2020) Marine F-35s Share Targeting Data With Army: Project Convergence
  249. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 September 2020) Pushing Data ‘From Space To Mud’: Project Convergence
  250. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 Sep 2020) ‘Improvised Mode’: The Army Network Evolves In Project Convergence used a mesh network —50th Expeditionary Signal Battalion – Enhanced (ESB-E) was able to improvise a MEO satellite link in June 2020, to complete the link from JBLM to YPG
  251. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 Dec 2019) Army Revs Up High-Tech Tank Engine
  252. ^ Jen Judson (9 October 2018) US Army triggers start of possible ground mobility vehicle competition after long delay
  253. ^ Program Executive Office for Combat Support & Combat Service Support (21 June 2019) Army approves JLTV Full-Rate Production
  254. ^ Jonathan Koester, Joint Modernization Command (10 September 2019) Newest Army vehicle arrives on Fort Bliss
  255. ^ Matthew Cox (22 April 2020) Army Officials Working on Proposal That Could Lead to Electric JLTVs
  256. ^ a b Jen Judson (17 Mar 2020) US Army ventures down path to electrify the brigade
  257. ^ a b Matthew Cox (22 Sep 2020) Army Takes First Step Toward Equipping Tactical, Combat Vehicles with Electric Engines
  258. ^ Jen Judson (10 Oct 2018) Decision coming soon on who will build prototypes for a new Army light tank
  259. ^ Youtube: MPF
  260. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 December 2018) Army Picks BAE, GD For MPF Light Tank Prototypes: Upstart SAIC Is Out
  261. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (27 June 2019) 82nd Airborne infantry Soldiers to test light tank next year
  262. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 February 2020) Army Reboots OMFV, 2026 Deadline Dropped OMFV project starts over again; drops requirement that 2 fit on a C-17 as premature, does not insist on 2026 deadline; approach is less top-down
  263. ^ Andrew Feickert, CRS Report for Congress, R45519 (10/10/2019) Army's Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress --Updated 10 October 2019 abstract. Details in pdf
  264. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 April 2020) Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front OMFV digital designs by 2023, prototypes by 2025, operational by 2028
  265. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (18 Sep 2020) OMFV: Army Team Won’t Compete For Bradley Replacement
  266. ^ Army ALT Magazine, Commentary (20 March 2019) Driving the Future
  267. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 November 2019) The Army’s Got A Universal Robot Driver
  268. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (9 October 2018) Next Generation Combat Vehicles to replace Bradley starting fiscal year 2026
  269. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (April 2019) Army Aviation Modernization $57 billion to modernization 2019-2024. $4.7 billion to Aviation 2019-2024
  270. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 February 2020) Future Vertical Lift: Army’s Aerial Vanguard LRPF will be the prime customer for the AI targeting data provided via FVL. The Joint force is also a consumer of this data, provided by FVL's manned or unmanned missions.
  271. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 June 2020) Future Vertical Lift pushes forward with new requirements
  272. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 March 2020) MOSA: The Invisible, Digital Backbone Of FVL Modular Open System Architecture
  273. ^ DoD Modular Open Systems Architecture (MOSA)
  274. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 October 2018) Army Wants Revolutionary Scout Aircraft For $30 Million, Same As Apache E FARA Solicitation
  275. ^ Eric Adams (5 July 2019) The Pirouetting S-97 Raider Makes Your Helicopter Look Lazy
  276. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. and Richard Whittle (23 October 2019) Tilting Wings, Tilting Tailprop, But Not A Tiltrotor: Karem’s FARA Design
  277. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. and Richard Whittle (23 October 2019) Bell 360: Will Slower & Steadier Win The Race For FARA?
  278. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 March 2019) FVL: Next Steps For UH-60 & Shadow Replacements In ‘Weeks’
  279. ^ Sean Kimmons (24 October 2018) Future Vertical Lift projects to build on recent progress FVL Deliverables— 1: Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstration (JMR). 2: Analysis of alternatives (AoA). Phase II award— 2020-2023
  280. ^ Steve Trimble (24 July 2020) U.S. Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs
  281. ^ FLRAA, JMR-TD: Flight test
  282. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 October 2019) 4 Flights, 3 Hours, 20 Knots: Defiant Inches Ahead
  283. ^ a b c Jen Judson (16 Mar 2020) Army selects companies to continue in long-range assault aircraft competition
  284. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 February 2020) We’ve Got Enough Data On Defiant: Sikorsky & Boeing
  285. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 February 2020) FVL: Can Army Break The Comanche Curse?
  286. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 March 2020) FVL: Bell, Sikorsky-Boeing Split $181M To Finalize FLRAA Designs Leverage the MOSA approach to scale the technical data from the demonstrators for the digital engineering. Use two phases for risk reduction. Present the acquisition strategy to ASA(ALT)— timing and program schedule for fielding in 2030.
  287. ^ PEO Aviation Public Affairs (18 March 2020) PEO Aviation announces Future Long Range Assault Aircraft Awards under OTA (Other transaction authority) for risk reduction in the design competition for FLRAA program of record scheduled for 2022
  288. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 June 2019) Sikorsky Be Nimble: S-97 Raider Shows Off For Army FARA S-97 demo
  289. ^ Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/11/2018) Army Sees Progress with Future Vertical Lift Projects
  290. ^ Jen Judson (10 October 2018) Can the Army pull off buying two new helicopters back to back?
  291. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 March 2019) Don’t Panic About Apaches: Army Not Junking Gunships
  292. ^ U.S. Army Futures Command (23 April 2019) Army announces attack reconnaissance aircraft prototype award
  293. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 April 2019) FARA: Army Awards 5 Design Contracts; Winner Enters Production in 2028—Awards for Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft designs went to Bell, Boeing, Karem, Sikorsky, and a partnership of AVX and L-3.
  294. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (2 October 2019) Bell Unveils Army Scout Helicopter — With Wings
  295. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 March 2020) FVL: Boeing Unveils FARA Scout Design All 5 FARA system designs are now revealed
  296. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 March 2020) FVL: Army Picks Bell & Sikorsky For FARA Scout "rival prototypes in flight by 2023"
  297. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 March 2020) FVL: The Army’s 10-Year Plan For FARA Scout "The Army is urgently developing new air-launched drones, long-range missiles, and electronic architecture to go on the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft that Bell and Sikorsky are vying to build."
  298. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 March 2019) Textron, Martin Win $99.5M For Army Scout Drone: FTUAS
  299. ^ Jen Judson (29 March 2019) US Army picks 2 drones to test as Shadow replacement
  300. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 Dec 2019) Rival Shadow Drone Replacements Head To Combat Units For Tests
  301. ^ Sarah Tate (9 April 2020) Fort Riley Brigade Combat Team kicks off Unmanned Aircraft System Assessment Vertical takeoff and landing drone for replacement of RQ-7 Shadow
  302. ^ Myers (27 March 2018) Abrams: Army units will be tasked to work on each of Futures Command’s priorities
  303. ^ PEO C3T 30 May 2018
  304. ^ a b Justin Eimers, PEO C3T (3 October 2018) Network Cross-Functional Team, acquisition partners experimenting to modernize tactical network In 2018 MG Bassett became (Program Executive Office Command Control Communications-Tactical) PEO C3T)
  305. ^ a b c d PEO C3T (2018) Integrated Tactical Network "is not a new or separate network but rather a concept"
  306. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (18 November 2019) New Army Network ‘A Revolution’ For Airborne: Commander ITN full brigade Network equipment: PEO slide showing connectivity from BCT command post, down to Fire Team leaders cell phones
  307. ^ a b Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (19 November 2019) The Army's tactical network empowers advanced goggle platform IVAS is under STP 2-- "In July 2020, STP 3 will fully integrate the ITN with IVAS"
  308. ^ Jared Serbu (24 August 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan
  309. ^ U.S. Army (30 April 2019) Profile: Program Executive Office for Command, Control and Communications-Tactical (PEO C3T)
  310. ^ a b Mark Pomerleau (1 April 2019) How the Army will sustain its tactical network of the future ITN to take advantage of Tobyhanna depot. 5-3-1 model
  311. ^ Mark Pomerleau (21 Jan 2020) What a deployment to the Middle East means for testing a new Army network An operational deployment begun 1 Jan 2020, which won't be instrumented, will provide some Soldier feedback, but instrumented testing is deferred until after redeployment.
  312. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (25 October 2018) Interoperability a key focus in building the Army's future network
  313. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 April 2019) Multi-Domain Networks: The Army, The Allies & AI: Incremental ITN Capability sets '21, '23, '25
  314. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (21 June 2019) New tech, accessibility to improve Army tactical networks
  315. ^ Amy Walker, PEO C3T (18 June 2019) Modernizing the Network
  316. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 August 2019) Uncle Sam Wants YOU To Compete For Army Network Upgrade: CS 21 Multiple Expeditionary Signal Battalion – Enhanced (ESB-E) network hardware sets are being fielded simultaneously to individual companies in the 50th Expeditionary Signal Battalion of 35th Signal Brigade/82nd Airborne Division in 2020, to allow maximum testing.
  317. ^ Amy Walker, PM Tactical Network, PEO C3T (4 December 2019) Global network design unifies Army modernization efforts GAIT: worldwide network mesh —CS21
  318. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army’s Global Network
  319. ^ Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (17 October 2018) New players bring novel approaches to the Army's network modernization goals
  320. ^ Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities Office (8 November 2018) Cutting through the noise: Army, industry work together to speed up signal detection
  321. ^ SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR. (19 November 2018) Can Army Afford The Electronic Warfare Force It Wants?
  322. ^ Ellen Summey, PEO EIS (1 July 2019) Army Leader Dashboard, creating insight-driven decisions
  323. ^ Lizette Chapman (13 December 2019) Palantir Wins New Pentagon Deal With $111 Million From the Army HR, supply chain, et. al.
  324. ^ Billy Mitchell (DEC 26, 2019) Inside Palantir’s support of the Army’s massive data problem
  325. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 July 2020) Army Future Ops Depend On Cloud – But Not On JEDI
  326. ^ Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center (16 July 2019) Target Mensuration Only
  327. ^ Kelsey Atherton (7 August 2020) Pentagon Code Library Will Support Multiple Clouds
  328. ^ U.S. Army Public Affairs (3 June 2020) Two Army Installations selected for 5G testing and experimentation
  329. ^ AARON MAK (MAY 12, 2019) Report: Missile System and Surveillance Plane Funding Will Go Towards the Border Wall
  330. ^ Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (22 March 2019) Army's senior air defender talks future of air, missile defense
  331. ^ a b c d e Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense
  332. ^ a b Sydney J Freedberg (7 Apr 2020) COVID-19: Army Delays Missile Defense Network Test EXCLUSIVE IBCS: "The test had been scheduled to begin May 15". An ADA battalion training at WSMR has been sent home.
  333. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (1 May 2019) IBCS: Northrop Delivers New Army Missile Defense Command Post 11 EOCs as well as 18 IBCS integrated fire control network (IFCN) relays by year-end 2019
  334. ^ a b U.S. Army (12 December 2019) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense System successfully intercepts test targets
  335. ^ USAASC (2020) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD)
  336. ^ Jen Judson (8 Oct 2018) What’s the rush? US Army races to get missile defense radar early LTAMDS
  337. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 October 2019) LTAMDS: Raytheon To Build Linchpin Of Army Air & Missile Defense
  338. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 March 2020) Raytheon: Robotized Factory Speeds Up Army LTAMDS Radar Avoids DoD5000 by using "Other Transaction Authority (OTA) and Section 804 Mid-Tier Acquisition processes"
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  340. ^ Paul McLeary (17 January 2019) Missile Defense Review a Multi-Billion IOU to White House
  341. ^ Jen Judson (11 Oct 2018) Army nearing strategy on way ahead for Indirect Fire Protection Capability
  342. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 March 2020) Iron Dome Doesn’t Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical
  343. ^ a b Anna Ahronheim (9 MARCH 2020) US Army: Iron Dome cannot be integrated into our air defense systems: Iron Dome offers 12 launchers, two sensors, two battle management centers and 240 interceptors, but US Army's IAMD needs access to Iron Dome Source Code for interoperability w/ IFPC, IBCS
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  345. ^ Army rebuilding short-range air defense Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (2 July 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense Manpad training for 19K MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)
  346. ^ a b Claire Heininger, U.S. Army (1 August 2019) Army awards laser weapon system contract RCCTO has awarded Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contract 26 July 2019 for $203 million to two subcontractors, for prototype high energy lasers (HELs) for MSHORAD
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  348. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (17 Sep 2020) Lockheed Aims For Laser On Fighter By 2025
  349. ^ Jen Judson (6 August 2019) F-35 talks to US Army’s missile command system, says Lockheed
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  351. ^ a b MDA NEWS Release (30 August 2019) THAAD System Successfully Intercepts Target in Missile Defense Flight Test Flight Test THAAD (FTT)-23 image: https://www.mda.mil/global/images/system/thaad/FTT-23_THAAD_01.jpg at Kwajalein
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  354. ^ Matthew Cox (20 August 2020) Army Destroys Cruise and Ballistic Missile Targets in 2nd Test of New Defense System
  355. ^ Jason Cutshaw USASMDC (27 August 2020) SMDC target team supports Army IBCS tests Zombie launched to test IBCS
  356. ^ Lt. Col. David P. McCoy, Test Division Chief, Air and Missile Defense Test Directorate, U.S. Army Operational Test Command (11 September 2020) Ft. Bliss Air Defense Soldiers provide data testing new Integrated Air and Missile Defense system
  357. ^ Todd South (20 Aug 2020) Army missile defenders defeat cruise and ballistic missiles nearly simultaneously The test created terabytes of data to be queried.
  358. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 August 2020) IBCS Defeats 2 Missiles in Flight – But 100s In Simulation
  359. ^ Defense Brief Editorial (20 August 2020) US Army IBCS intercepts ballistic, cruise missile targets in second LUT test "IBCS integrated the data to form a single uninterrupted composite track of each threat, impossible with any single sensor, which then informed engagement solutions with the best interceptors to engage both incoming threats"
  360. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (3 August 2020) Live-Fire Tests In August For Army Air & Missile Defense
  361. ^ Paul McCleary (21 August 2019) Pentagon Cancels Multi-Billion $ Boeing Missile Defense Program
  362. ^ Theresa Hitchens (17 December 2019) Lawmakers Question R&E Oversight; Pump MDA Funding RKV cancellation is prompting an NDAA mandate for a federally funded R&D center (FFRDC) study, whether to move the oversight of MDA
  363. ^ Paul McCleary (6 September 2019) Pentagon Issues Classified RFP For New Missile Interceptor No Refund of Monies expected. Rework is To Be Determined
  364. ^ AUSA (12 Mar 2020) Army SMD Hot Topic 2020 - VADM Jon Hill - Dir, Missile Defense Agency
  365. ^ Jason Cutshaw U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command (7.24.2019) SMDC colonel accepts TCM SMD Assumption of Charter from AMD to SMD
  366. ^ a b Jen Judson (15 May 2019) Dynetics-Lockheed team beats out Raytheon to build 100-kilowatt laser weapon
  367. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (5 August 2019) New Army Laser Could Kill Cruise Missiles Demonstrator lasers in test 2023, with fielding in 2024
  368. ^ Daniel Wasserbly (14 October 2019) AUSA 2019: Lockheed Martin weighs options for achieving a 250-300 kW air-defence laser Addresses IFPC requirements
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  374. ^ Robert Purtiman (21 September 2018) Lethality Cross-Functional Team bringing next generation technologies to Soldiers ENVG-B, Next Generation Squad Weapons, and the Adaptive Soldier Architecture
  375. ^ By Patrick D Morgan (TRADOC) (18 March 2019) STE CFT Cuts Ribbon in Orlando
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  378. ^ Joe Lacdan (16 July 2019) One World Terrain (OWT) to allow Soldiers to train anywhere
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  386. ^ (13 July 2018) University of Texas System to serve as home base for U.S. Army Futures Command
  387. ^ Stripes.com: Army’s new Futures Command to set up headquarters at University of Texas
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  392. ^ Austin gets its general; Army Futures Command leader confirmed
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