User:Ghirlandajo/List-2

This is the list of most commonly represented Proto-Indo-European roots. Generally, only the most representative sample from each branch of the Indo-European languages is given. All the words are shown in their most representative declinations.

Indo-European language groups

• Albanian: Albanian (Tosk/Gheg)
• Anatolian: Hittite, Carian, Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, Palaic
• Armenian: Armenian (Old Armenian/Eastern/Western)
• Baltic: Eastern Baltic (including Lithuanian/Latvian), Old Prussian
• Celtic: Gaulish, Irish (Old Irish/Irish), Welsh
• Germanic: German (Old High German/German), English (Old English/English), Old Norse, Gothic (Crimean Gothic in case it has a cognate missing from classical Gothic)
• Greek: Greek (Ancient Greek/Modern Greek)
• Indo-Iranian: Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Kamviri, Avestan, Ossetian (Iron/Digor), Persian (Old Persian/Persian)
• Italic: Latin, Oscan, Umbrian
• Slavic: Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Polish
• Tocharian: Tocharian (Tocharian A/Tocharian B)
• Other Branches: Venetic, Dacian, Phrygian, Ancient Macedonian, Illyrian, Thracian

Pronouns

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₁eǵ-	I	Latin ego, Umbrian eho, English Ic/I, Russian ja, Greek egō, German ih/Ich, Kamviri õc, Hittite uk, Carian uk, Gothic ik, Old Norse ek, Sanskrit aham, Avestan azəm, Venetic ego
*h₁me-	me	Albanian mua, Latin me, Umbrian mehe, English mec/me, German mih/mich, Irish mé/mé, Russian menja;mne;mnoj, Hittite ammuk, Lycian amu, Lydian amu, Gothic mik, Old Norse mik;mér, Polish mi;mię;mnie, Greek eme, Sanskrit mam, Avestan mam, Welsh mi, Persian /man, Venetic mego
*wei-	we	English wē/we, German wir/wir, Hittite wēs, Gothic wit;weis, Old Norse vit;vér, Old Church Slavonic ve, Lithuanian vedu, Sanskrit vayam, Persian vayam/, Tocharian was/wes, Avestan vaēm
*nes-	us	Albanian ne, Latin nōs, German unsih/uns, English uncer/us, Hittite anzās, Gothic ugkis, Old Norse okkr, Polish nas, Russian nas, Sanskrit nas, Avestan nō, Persian amaxām/, Greek no, Old Church Slavonic ny, Irish ni, Welsh ni, Tocharian nás, Lithuanian nuodu, Old Prussian noūson, Hittite anzās
*tuH-	thou	Armenian dun/tun, Albanian ti, Lithuanian tu, Latvian tu, German thu/du, English þu/thou, Greek su, Hittite tuk, Avestan tū, Irish tú/tú, Kashmiri tsū', Latin tu, Umbrian tu, Kamviri tü, Oscan tuvai, Old Prussian toū, Ossetian dy/, Persian tuva/to, Russian ty, Sanskrit tvam, Tocharian tu/tuwe, Umbrian tui, Gothic þu, Welsh ti, Old Norse þú, Polish ty, Old Church Slavonic ty
*te-	thee	Latin te, Umbrian te, English þē/thee, German dih/dich, Gothic þuk, Kamviri tüa, Old Norse þik, Polish cię;ci
*yuH-	ye	English gē/ye; ēow/you, German ir/ihr, Gothic jus, Old Norse ykkr;yðr, Sanskrit yūyam, Avestan yūžəm, Greek humeis, Lithuanian jūs, Latvian jūs, Old Prussian ioūs, Tocharian yas/yes, Armenian dzez/dzez/cez
*wos-	you	Latin vōs, Umbrian uestra, Russian vy; vas Polish wy; was, Old Church Slavonic vy, Sanskrit vas, Avestan vō, Old Prussian wans
*kwo-	who	Armenian ov;inč', Albanian kush, Lithuanian kas, Latvian kas, English hwā/who, German hwër/wer, Phrygian kos, Greek tis, Hittite kuiš, Lycian tike, Carian kuo, Luwian kui-, Lydian qi-, Avestan ko, Irish cid/cía, Kashmiri kus, Kamviri kâča, Old Church Slavonic kŭto, Ossetian či, Persian čiy/ki, Russian kto, Sanskrit ka, Tocharian kus/kŭse, Gothic ƕas, Welsh pwi, Old Norse hverr, Polish kto, Latin quis, Oscan pisi, Umbrian púí; svepis
*s(w)e-	(refl. 3rd pers pronoun)	Carian sfes, Lydian śfa-, Old Prussian sien; sin, Lithuanian savo, Latvian sevi, German sih/sich;sin/sein, English sin/--, Gothic sik, Greek heos, Sanskrit sva, Old Church Slavonic se, Phrygian ve, Old Norse sik; sinn, Russian sja, Albanian vetë, Latin sē;suus, Oscan sífeí, Umbrian seso, Avestan hva, Armenian ink's
*h₂el-	other	Latin alius, English elles/else, Sanskrit araṇa, Greek allos, Oscan allo, Tocharian ālak/allek, Armenian ayl, Gaulish alla, Irish aile/eile, Welsh ail, Gothic alijs, German elilenti/elend, Old Norse elligar, Lydian aλaś

Grammatical words

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*kom	with	Latin cum, Irish com-/, English gemōt/gemot, German ga-/ge-, Gothic ga-, Old Norse g-, Greek koinos, Russian k, Polish k, Old Church Slavonic kŭ
*kwe	Enclitic "and"	Latin -que, Gothic -u(h), Greek -te, Sanskrit ca, Lycian -ke, Luwian -ku
*ne-	negative particle	Albanian nuk, Armenian an-, Avestan na, Lithuanian ne, Latvian ne, English ne/no, German ne/nein, Gothic ni, Greek ne-, Hittite natta, Irish ní/ní, Latin nē, Luwian ni-, Lycian ni-, Lydian ni-, Old Church Slavonic ne, Old Norse né, Old Prussian ne, Oscan ne, Ossetian nae, Persian na/, Polish nie, Russian ne;net, Sanskrit na, Tocharian an-/en-, Umbrian an-, Welsh ni

Numerals

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₃eino-	one	Albanian një/nji, Lithuanian vienas, Latvian viens, Gaulish oinos, German ein/eins, English ān/one, Greek oios, Avestan aēuua, Irish óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Latin ūnus, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, Old Church Slavonic edinŭ, Old Norse einn, Old Prussian aīns, Ossetian iu/ieu, Persian aiva/yek, Polish jeden, Russian odin, Sanskrit eka, Umbrian uns, Gothic ains, Welsh un
*sem-	one	Armenian mi/mek/meg, Albanian gjithë, Lithuanian sa, English sum/some, German saman/zusammen, Greek heis, Hittite san, Avestan hakeret, Irish samail/samhail, Latin semel, Lycian sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Persian hama/hamin, Russian sam, Sanskrit sakṛt, Tocharian sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, Old Norse sami, Gothic sama
*dwo-	two	Armenian erku/yerku/yergu, Albanian dy/dy, Lithuanian du, Latvian divi, Gaulish vo, German zwene/zwei, English twā/two, Greek duō, Avestan duua, Hittite dā-, Irish dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Latin duo, Lycian tuwa, Kamviri dü, Oscan dus, Old Church Slavonic dŭva, Old Norse tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Ossetian dyuuæ/duuæ, Persian duva/do, Polish dwa, Russian dva, Sanskrit dva, Tocharian wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Gothic twai, Welsh dau
*trei-	three	Armenian erek'/yerek'/yerek', Albanian tre/tre, Lithuanian trys, Latvian trīs, Gaulish treis, German drī/drei, English þrēo/three, Greek treis, Hittite tri-, Avestan θri, Illyrian tri-, Irish treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Latin trēs, Lycian trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, Old Church Slavonic trĭje, Old Norse þrír, Old Prussian tri, Ossetian ærtæ/ærtæ, Persian çi/se, Polish trzy, Russian tri, Sanskrit tri, Tocharian tre/trai, Umbrian trif, Gothic þreis, Welsh tri, Phrygian thri-
*kwetwer-	four	Armenian č'ork'/č'ors/č'ors, Albanian katër/katër, Lithuanian keturi, Latvian četri, Gaulish petor, German feor/vier, English fēower/four, Greek tessares, Avestan čaθwar, Irish cethir/ceahair, Latin quattuor, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Oscan petora, Old Church Slavonic četyri, Old Norse fjórir, Old Prussian keturjāi, Ossetian cyppar/cuppar, Persian /čahār, Polish cztery, Russian četyre, Sanskrit catur, Tocharian śtwar/śtwer, Thracian ketri-, Umbrian petor, Gothic fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Lycian teteri
*penkwe	five	Armenian hing/hing/hink, Albanian pesë/pêsë, Lithuanian penki, Latvian pieci, Gaulish pempe, German fimf/fünf, English fīf/five, Phrygian pinke, Greek pente, Avestan paṇča, Irish cóic/cúig, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Latin quinque, Kamviri puč, Luwian panta, Oscan pompe, Old Church Slavonic pętĭ, Old Norse fimm, Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Ossetian fondz/fondz, Persian panča/panj, Polish pięć, Russian pjat', Sanskrit pañca, Tocharian päñ/piś, Umbrian pumpe, Gothic fimf, Welsh pump
*s(w)eḱs	six	Armenian vec'/vec'/vec', Albanian gjashtë, Lithuanian šeši, Latvian seši, Gaulish suex, German sēhs/sechs, English siex/six, Greek heks, Avestan xš.uuaš, Illyrian ses-, Irish sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Latin sex, Kamviri ṣu, Oscan sehs, Old Church Slavonic šestĭ, Old Norse sex, Old Prussian usjai, Ossetian æxsæz/æxsæz, Persian /šeš, Polish sześć, Russian šest', Sanskrit ṣaṣ, Tocharian ṣäk/ṣkas, Umbrian sehs, Gothic saihs, Welsh chwech
*septm̥	seven	Armenian evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Albanian shtatë/shtatë, Lithuanian septyni, Latvian septiņi, Gaulish sextan, German sibun/sieben, English seofon/seven, Greek hepta, Avestan hapta, Irish secht/seacht, Hittite šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Latin septem, Kamviri sut, Oscan seften, Old Church Slavonic sedmĭ, Old Norse sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Ossetian avd/avd, Persian /haft, Polish siedem, Russian sem', Sanskrit sapta, Tocharian ṣpät/ṣukt, Gothic sibun, Welsh saith
*h₃eḱteh₃	eight	Armenian ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Albanian tëte/tetë, Lithuanian aštuoni, Latvian astoņi, Gaulish oxtū, German ahto/acht, English eahta/eight, Greek oktō, Avestan ašta, Irish ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Latin octō, Lycian aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Oscan uhto, Old Church Slavonic osmĭ, Old Norse átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Ossetian ast/ast, Persian ašta/hašt, Polish osiem, Russian vosem', Sanskrit aṣṭa, Tocharian okät/okt, Gothic ahtau, Welsh wyth
*(h₁)newn̥	nine	Armenian inn/inn/innĕ, Albanian nëntë/nândë, Lithuanian devyni, Latvian deviņi, Gaulish navan, German niun/neun, English nigon/nine, Greek ennea, Avestan nauua, Irish nói/naoi, Kashmiri nav, Latin novem, Lycian ñuñtãta-, Kamviri nu, Oscan nuven, Old Church Slavonic devętĭ, Old Norse níu, Old Prussian newīnjai, Persian nava/noh, Polish dziewięć, Russian devjat', Sanskrit nava, Tocharian ñu, Umbrian nuvim, Gothic niun, Welsh naw
*deḱm̥(t)	ten	Armenian tasn/tas/dasĕ, Albanian dhjetë/dhetë, Lithuanian dešimt, Latvian desmit, Gaulish decam, German zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, English tīen/ten, Greek deka, Avestan dasa, Irish deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Latin decem, Kamviri duc, Oscan deken, Old Church Slavonic desętĭ, Old Norse tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Ossetian dæs/dæs, Persian daθa/dah, Polish dziesięć, Russian desjat', Sanskrit daśa, Tocharian śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Gothic taihun, Welsh deg
*wiHḱm̥tiH	twenty	Armenian k'san, Albanian njëzet/njizet, Gaulish vocontio, Greek eikosi, Avestan visaiti, Irish fiche/fiche, Kashmiri vuh, Latin vīgintī, Persian /bēst, Kamviri vici, Sanskrit viṅśati, Tocharian wiki/ikäṃ, Welsh ugain
*ḱm̥tom	hundred	Lithuanian šimtas, Latvian simts, German hunt/hundert, English hundred/hundred, Gothic hund, Old Norse hundrað, Greek hekaton, Avestan sata, Gaulish cantam, Irish cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Latin centum, Old Church Slavonic sŭto, Ossetian sædæ, Persian /sad, Polish sto, Russian sto, Sanskrit śata, Avestan satem, Tocharian känt/kante, Welsh cant
*teus-ḱm̥ti	thousand	German þūsunt/tausend, English þusend/thousand, Gothic þusundi, Lithuanian tukstantis, Latvian tūkstots, Old Church Slavonic tysǫšti, Old Norse þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russian tysjača, Tocharian tumane/tmām
*ǵheslo-	thousand	Sanskrit sahasram, Avestan hazarəm, Persian /hāzar, Greek khilioi, Latin mīlle, Tocharian wälts/yaltse
*per-	foremost->first	Albanian i parë Avestan pairi, Lithuanian pirmas, Latvian pirmais, German furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, English fyrst/first, Greek prōtos, Hittite para, Avestan paoiriia, Irish er/air, Latin primus, Kamviri pürük, Lycian pri, Old Church Slavonic pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, Old Norse fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Ossetian fyccag;farast/farast, Polish pierwszy, Russian pervyj, Sanskrit prathama, Tocharian parwät/parwe, Umbrian pert, Welsh ar

Directions

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₁en	in	Latin in, Greek en, English in/in, German in/in; īn/ein-, Old Norse í, Gothic in, Welsh yn, Old Church Slavonic on-, Irish in/in, Lithuanian į, Latvian iekšā, Old Prussian en, Luwian anda, Carian nt_a
*h₁eǵhs-	out	Latin ex, Greek eks, Gaulish ex-, Irish ass/as, Old Church Slavonic izu, Russian iz, Albanian jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lithuanian iž, Latvian iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a
*(s)uper	over	Latin super, Greek huper, Sanskrit upari, Avestan upairi, English ofer/over, German ubar/über, Gothic ufarō, Old Norse yfir, Gaulish Uertragus, Irish for/for, Persian upariy/, Welsh gwarthaf, Oscan supruis, Umbrian super, Armenian ver, Avestan upairi
*ter	over	English þurh/through, German durh/durch, Gothic þaírh, Latin trāns, Umbrian traf, Sanskrit tiras, Avestan tarə, Irish tar/, Welsh trimuceint
*(s)upo	under	Latin sub, Greek hupo, Sanskrit upa, Avestan upa, Persian upa/, English upp/up, Old Norse upp, Hittite upzi, German uf/auf, Gothic iup, Tocharian /spe, Irish fo/fo, Welsh go, Gaulish Voretus, Umbrian sub, Oscan sup
*n̥dher-	under	English under/under, Sanskrit adhas, Avestan aðairi, German untar/unter, Latin infernus, Armenian ĕndhup/ĕnthub, Old Norse und, Gothic undar
*h₂embhi	around	Latin ambi, Greek amphi, Sanskrit abhi, Avestan aiwito, English bi/by, German umbi/um, Gaulish ambi, Irish imb/um, Old Church Slavonic oba, Tocharian āmpi/, Old Norse um, Welsh am, Persian abiy/
*h₂ent-	front	Hittite ḫanta, Luwian hantili, Lycian xñtawata, Lithuanian ant, English ende/end, German endi/Ende, Gothic and, Old Norse endr, Greek anti, Irish étan/, Latin antiae, Oscan ant, Tocharian ānt/ānte
*medhyo-	between	Gaulish Mediolānum, Latin medium, English ælemidde/middle, Russian meždu, German mitti/Mitte, Sanskrit madhya, Kamviri pâmüč, Gothic midjis, Old Norse meðal, Polish między, Illyrian metu, Lithuanian medis, Latvian mežs, Armenian mēj/mēč, Oscan mefiaí, Persian /mēān, Old Prussian median, Oscan mefiaí, Welsh mewnin, Irish mid/, Avestan maiðya, Old Church Slavonic mežda
*bhudhmen	bottom	Sanskrit budhna, Avestan bŭnō, Armenian bun/pun, Irish bond/bonn, Greek puthmēn, Latin fundus, German bodam/boden, English botm/bottom, Old Norse botn, Welsh bôn, Persian /bun
*h₂ed-	to,by,at	Gothic at, English æt/at, Old Norse at, German az/--, Latin ad, Oscan adpúd, Umbrian ař, Irish ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaulish ad, Phrygian addaket, Ancient Macedonian addai

Nouns

Kinship

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*manu-	person	Sanskrit manu, Avestan Manuščiθra, English mann/man, German man/Mann, Gothic manna, Old Norse maðr, Old Church Slavonic mǫžĭ, Russian muž, Lithuanian žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Persian /mard, Polish mąż
*neh₃-m̥n	name	Tocharian ñom/ñem, Latin nōmen, Umbrian nome, English nama/name, German namo/Name, Old Norse nafn, Gothic namo, Sanskrit nāman, Avestan nąman, Greek onoma, Old Church Slavonic imę, Russian imja, Albanian emër/êmën, Irish ainm/ainm, Welsh anu, Hittite lāman, Kamviri nom, Persian nāma/nām, Armenian anun, Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes
*wih₁-ro-	man	Sanskrit vīra, Avestan vīra, Latin vir, Umbrian viru, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Tocharian wir, German wer/Werwolf, Gothic wair, Old Norse verr, English wer/werewolf, Old Prussian wirs, Irish fer/fear, Welsh gwr, Gaulish uiro-
*gwen-	woman	Russian žena, Polish zena, Avestan gənā, Greek gunē, English cwēn/queen, Sanskrit gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Armenian kin/gin, Albanian zonjë, Irish ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Old Church Slavonic žena, Gothic qino, Old Norse kona, German quena/--, Persian /zan, Phrygian bonekos, Tocharian śäṁ/śana, Luwian wanatti-
*h₂en-	ancestor	Greek annis/anōn, Latin anus, Illyrian ana, German ano/ahn, Lithuanian anyta, Hittite hannas, Armenian han, Russian vnuk, Old Prussian ane
*ph₂ter-	father	Latin pater, Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Greek patēr, Tocharian pācar/pācer, Gaulish ātir, Sanskrit pitṛ, German fater/Vater, Irish athir/athair, English fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Persian pitā/pedar, Ossetian fyd/, Old Norse faðir, Gothic fadar, Gaulish Ateronius
*meh₂ter-	mother	Armenian mayr, Albanian motër, Lithuanian motina, Latvian māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaulish mātir, Irish máthir/máthair, Kashmiri mā.j, Latin māter, Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Greek mētēr, Russian mat', Sanskrit mātṛ, Avestan mātar, Tocharian mācar/mācer, German muoter/Mutter, English mōdor/mother, Welsh modryb, Kamviri motr, Old Norse móðir, Persian /mādar, Phrygian mater, Ossetian mad/madæ, Polish matka, Old Church Slavonic mati
*bhreh₂ter-	brother	Armenian ełbayr/yeġbayr/yeġpayr, English brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Latin frāter, Umbrian fratrom, Greek phrātēr, Tocharian pracer/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russian brat, German bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Sanskrit bhrātṛ, Irish bráthir/bráthair, Lithuanian brolis, Latvian brālis, Gaulish brātir, Persian brātar/barādar, Phrygian brater, Illyrian bra, Gothic brōþar, Old Norse bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, Old Church Slavonic bratrŭ, Ossetian ærvad/, Avestan brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lydian brafr-
*swesor-	sister	English sweostor/sister, German swester/Schwester, Sanskrit svasṛ, Old Church Slavonic sestra, Russian sestra, Polish siostra, Latin soror, Kamviri sus, Irish siur/siur, Armenian k'uyr, Tocharian ṣar/ṣer, Greek eor/--, Welsh chwaer, Gaulish suiior, Old Norse systir, Gothic swistar, Avestan xvaṅhar, Lithuanian sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Persian /xāhar
*sunu-	son	Sanskrit sūnu, Avestan hunu, Lithuanian sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, English sunu/son, German sunu/Sohn, Gothic sunus, Old Norse sonr, Old Church Slavonic synŭ, Russian syn, Polish syn, Greek nios, Old Prussian soūns, Tocharian se/soy, Irish suth/suth, Thracian sukis
*dhugh₂ter-	daughter	Sanskrit duhitṛ, Greek thugatēr, Tocharian ckācar/tkacer, English dohtor/daughter, Russian doč', Armenian dustr/tusdr, German tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaulish duxtīr, Persian /doxtar, Lithuanian duktė, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavonic dŭšti, Old Norse dóttir, Gothic dauhtar, Avestan duydar, Luwian duttariyata, Hittite duttariyatiyaš
*daiwer-	husband's brother	Sanskrit devar, Russian dever', Polish dziewierz, Lithuanian dieveris, Latvian dieveris, Latin lēvir, German zeihhur/--, English tācor/--, Greek dāēr/, Armenian taygr/daykr, Old Church Slavonic dĕverĭ
*sweḱruH	father-/mother-in-law	Russian svekrov', Sanskrit śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lithuanian šešuras, German swigur/Schwieger, Welsh chwegr, Armenian skesur/sgesur, Latin socrus, Greek hekuros, Albanian vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., English swēor/--, Avestan xvasura-, Polish świekra, Gothic swaíhrō, Old Norse svǽra
*snus-os	daughter-in-law	Sanskrit snuṣā, Old Church Slavonic snŭxa, English snoru/--, Latin nurus, Greek nuos, Armenian nu, Polish snecha, Russian snoxa, Albanian nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, Old Norse snor, German snur/Schnur
*ǵh₂lōu-	brother's wife	Old Church Slavonic zlŭva, Russian zolovka, Greek galōs, Latin glōs, Phrygian gelaros, Polish zełwa
*yenh₂ter-	brother-in-law's wife	Latin ianitrīcēs, Greek einatēr, Lithuanian jentė, Latvian ietere, Russian jatrov', Sanskrit yātar, Kamviri iâri, Armenian ner, Phrygian ianatera, Polish jątrew
*h₂ewon-	grandfather/mother's brother	Latin avus ;avunculus, Gaulish avontīr, Greek aia, Lithuanian avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Armenian hav, Old Church Slavonic uy, English ēam/--, Irish aue/ó, Gothic awó, German ōheim/Oheim, Russian uj, Polish wuj
*nepeh₃t-	grandson/nephew	Latin nepōs, Sanskrit napāt, Avestan napāt, Greek anepsios/, Albanian nip, Russian nestera, English nefa/--, Gaulish nei, German nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Persian napā/nave, Lithuanian nepuotis, Irish necht/; níath/, Old Church Slavonic nestera, Polish nieściora
*widheweh₂-	widow	Sanskrit vidhyati, Avestan viðavā, Gothic widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, Russian vdova, Latin vidua; dīvidō, Irish fedb/, German wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, English widuwe/widow, Old Church Slavonic vŭdova, Persian /bēve(h), Greek eitheos, Umbrian uef, Lithuanian vidus, Latvian vidus
*ghosti-	stranger/guest	Russian gost', Latin hostis, German gast/Gast, Gothic gasts, Polish gość, Old Church Slavonic gostĭ, English gæst/, Old Norse gestr, Luwian gaši

Body parts

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ḱer-	head	Latin cerĕbrum, Russian čerep, Old Prussian kerpetis, Greek kare, Avestan sarah, Sanskrit śiras, Armenian sar, Breton kern, German hirni/Hirn, Old Norse hjarni, Persian /sar, Tocharian /krāñi, Ossetian sær, Albanian krye
*kaput-	head	Latin caput, Proto-Germanic *xaubidaz, with unexplained diphthong *au (> English heafod/head, German houbit/Haupt, Old Norse haufuð, Gothic haubiþ)
*pula-	hair	Sanskrit pula, Irish ulcha/ulcha, Greek puligges/
*bhruH-	brow	Sanskrit bhrus, Lithuanian bruvis, Irish bru/bruach, English brū/brow, Russian brov', Ancient Macedonian abroutes, Greek ophrus, German /Braue, Tocharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, Old Church Slavonic bruvi, Old Norse brún, Persian /abru
*h₃eus-	ear	Greek ous, Sanskrit usi, Russian uši, Gothic auso, Lithuanian ausis, Latvian auss, Gaulish ausia-, Latin auris, Albanian vesh, German ōra/Ohr, Old Church Slavonic ucho, Irish au/, Avestan usi, Persian gaušā/guš, English éare/ear, Old Norse eyra, Armenian unkn/akanj/aganč, Old Prussian āusins
*h₃ekw-	eye	Russian oko, Latin oculus, Tocharian ak/ek, Armenian akn/ač'k'/ač'k', Sanskrit akṣan, Greek ophthalmos, English ēge/eye, German ouga/Auge, Gothic augo, Albanian sy, Lithuanian akis, Latvian acs, Kamviri âčẽ, Irish enech/oineach, Welsh enep, Old Church Slavonic oko, Old Norse auga, Polish oko, Old Prussian ackis
*nas-	nose	Sanskrit nasa, Latin nasus, Russian nos, Lithuanian nosis, Latvian nāss, English nosu/nose, Avestan nah, German nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Persian nāham/, Old Church Slavonic nasu, Old Norse nös
*h₃es-	mouth	Sanskrit ās;oṣṭha, Avestan aosta, Latin ōs, Lithuanian uosta, Latvian osta, Russian usta, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, English ōr/--, Hittite aiš, Old Norse oss
*leb-	lip	Latin labĭum, German /Lippe; lefs/Lefze English lippa/lip, Welsh llefaru, Russian lobzat', Persian /lab, Lithuanian lūpa
*dent-	tooth	Latin dentis, Greek odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lithuanian dantis, Sanskrit dantam, English tōþ/tooth, German zand/Zahn, Gothic tunþus, Russian desna, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Persian /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Polish ząb, Irish dét/déad, Old Norse tǫnn, Ossetian dændag
*dn̥ǵhuH-	tongue	Latin lingua, Irish tenge/teanga, English tunge/tongue, Gothic tuggo, Old Norse tunga, Sanskrit jihvā, Avestan hizvā, Russian jazyk, Lithuanian liežuvis, Armenian lezu, German zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Persian hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Tocharian käntu/kantwo
*ǵenu-	cheek	Latin gena, Welsh genou, Greek genos, Gothic kinnus, Sanskrit hanu, Avestan zanu, Lithuanian žandas, Latvian zods, Phrygian azon, Tocharian śanwem/, Armenian cnaut/dznaud, English cin/chin, German chinni/Kinn, Irish gin/gionach, Old Norse kinn, Persian /goune(h), Ancient Macedonian kanadoi
*ǵebh-	jaw	Russian zob, Irish gopchóel/gob, German /Kiefer, English ceafl/jowl, Old Norse keptr, Avestan zafana
*smek-	chin	Irish smech/smeach, Lithuanian smakras, Latvian smakrs, Sanskrit śmaśru, Hittite zamakur, Armenian mauruk/maurug, Albanian mjekër, Latin maxilla
*bhardh-eh₂-	beard	Lithuanian barzda, Latvian bārda, Russian boroda, Old Church Slavonic brada, Latin barba, English beard/beard, German bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, Old Norse barðr, Crimean Gothic Bars
*moni	neck	Sanskrit manyā, Latin monīle, English manu/mane, German mana/Mähne, Irish muin/muin, Greek mannon, Russian monisto, Welsh mwnwgl, Gaulish maniakēs, Old Norse mǫn, Avestan minu
*h₃emesos	shoulder	Greek ōmos, Sanskrit aṃsa, Gothic ams, Old Norse ass, Latin umĕrus, Tocharian es/āntse, Armenian us
*ḱub-	shoulder	Albanian sup, German huf/Hüfte, English hype/hip, Greek kubos, Avestan supti, Latin cubitus, Sanskrit śupti, Gothic hups, Welsh gogof, Persian /šāne
*h₂erm-	arm	Ossetian arm, Armenian armunk/armung, Latin armus, Gothic arms, English earm/arm, Sanskrit irmas, Old Prussian irmo, Old Church Slavonic ramo, German aram/Arm, Old Norse armr, Greek arthron/
*eh₃l-	elbow	German elina/elle, Greek ōlenē, Armenian volok', Latin ulna, Lithuanian uolektis, Latvian olekts, Russian lokot', Sanskrit āṇi, Welsh elin, English eln/ell, Irish uilin/uille, Gothic aleina, Old Norse aln, Albanian llërë/llânë, Avestan arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, Old Church Slavonic pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Persian /āran
*dous-	forearm	Sanskrit doṣnas, Avestan daoš, Irish doít/doíd, Lithuanian dilbis, Latvian paduse, Russian pazuxa, Persian /doš
*ǵhes-	hand	Sanskrit hasta, Avestan zasta, Lithuanian pažastis, Latin praesto, Hittite kessar, Lycian izre, Luwian iššari-, Greek kheir, Armenian dzeṙk'/ceṙk', Kamviri düšt, Albanian dorë
*men-	hand	Latin manus, Greek mane, English mund/--, German munt/Vormund
*h₃enogh	nail	Greek onohos, Sanskrit aṅghri, Latin unguis, German nagel/Nagel, Russian nogot', Lithuanian nagas, Latvian nags, Avestan nakhara, Armenian ełgungn/yeġung/yeġunk, Welsh ewin, English nægl/nail, Persian /nāxun, Old Church Slavonic noguti, Irish inga/ionga
*psten-	breast	Greek stēthos, Armenian stin/sdin, Sanskrit stana, Avestan fštāna, Lithuanian spenys, Latvian spenis, Old Norse speni, German spunni/Spanferkel, Irish sine/sine, Albanian gji, Old Prussian spenis, Persian /pestan, English spane/--
*eh₂u-dh-r̥	udder	Lithuanian ūdruoju, English ūder/udder, German ūtir/Euter, Old Norse jūgr, Greek outhar/, Sanskrit ūdhar, Latin ūber, Russian vimja, Polish wymię
*perḱ-	rib	Old Church Slavonic persi, Lithuanian piršys, Sanskrit parśus, Avestan parəsu, Ossetian fars
*pog-	lap	Sanskrit pakṣas, Latvian paksis, Latin pectus, Russian pax, Tocharian päśśäṃ/päšcane
*h₃enbh-	navel	Sanskrit nabhya, Avestan nāba, Latvian naba, German nabalo/Nabel, English nafela/navel, Old Norse nafli, Greek omphalos, Latin umbilīcus, Irish imbliu/imleacán, Kashmiri naf, Old Prussian nabis, Persian /nāf
*udero-	belly	Latin uterus; venter, Greek otheros, Sanskrit udara, Avestan udaras, Lithuanian vėdaras, Latvian vēders, German wanast/Wanst
*pizda	vulva	Russian pizda, Lithuanian pyzda, Latvian pīzda, Albanian pith
*pes-	penis	Greek peos, Latin pēnis, German faselt/Fasel, Old Norse fösull, English fæsl/--, Sanskrit pasas
*h₃erǵhi-	testicle	Greek orkhēs, Armenian ordzik'/orcik', Irish uirge/, Lithuanian aržilas, Latvian erzelis, Avestan ərəzi, Albanian herdhe
*h₃ers-	arse	Greek oura, Armenian or, Hittite arras, English ears/arse, Irish err/earr, German ars/Arsch, Old Norse ars
*ḱlouni-	buttock	Latin clūnis, Old Norse hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Sanskrit śroṇi, Avestan sraoni, Welsh clun, Lithuanian šlaunis
*kroksko	leg	Albanian krah, Lithuanian kirkaliai, Old Church Slavonic kraka, Russian okorok, Sanskrit kiṣku
*ǵenu-	knee	Russian zveno, Latin genū, Hittite gienu, Palaic ginu-, English cnēo/knee, Greek gonu, Sanskrit jānu, Illyrian Genusus, German kniu/Knie, Persian /zānu, Old Norse kne, Avestan znum, Tocharian kanweṃ/kenīne, Gothic kniu, Armenian cunr/dzunr
*kenk-	kneecup	Sanskrit kañkāla, Lithuanian kenkle, Latvian cinksla, English hēla/heel, Old Norse hǽll
*persna	heel	Sanskrit pārṣni, Latin perna/pernis, Hittite parsina, Gothic fairsna, German fërsana/Ferse, Greek ptera, English fiersn/-- , Persian /pāšne(h), Lithuanian pentinas
*ped-	foot	Lithuanian pėda, Latvian pēda, Latin pēs, Umbrian peři, Sanskrit pāda, English fōt/foot, Armenian votk'/vodk', Greek podi, Albanian poshtë, Tocharian peṃ/paiyye, Ossetian fad/, German fuoz/Fuß, Old Church Slavonic pĕšĭ, Russian pešij, Polish pieszy, Old Prussian pe'da', Hittite pata, Lycian pede-, Luwian pati-, Avestan pâdha, Old Norse fótr, Gothic fotus, Persian /pa, Gaulish candetum, Ancient Macedonian argiopus

Body organs

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*kwrep-	body	Sanskrit kṛpā, Avestan kərəfš, Albanian shkrep, German href/, Latin corpus, English hrif/midriff, Greek prapis, Welsh corff, Irish crí/
*nau-	corpse	Tocharian nut/naut, Gothic naus, Russian nav'/, Welsh newyn, German not/, Old Norse nár, English néo-/--, Old Church Slavonic navi, Old Prussian nowis, Lithuanian novyti, Latvian nāve, Irish núne/
*neḱ-	dead person, death	Sanskrit naśyati, Avestan nasyeiti, Greek nekros, Lithuanian našlys, Latin nex, Tocharian näk/näk, Irish éc/eug, Welsh angeu, Old Norse Naglfar
*pel-	skin	Greek pelos; pilon, Latin pellis, Russian pelena, Gothic fill, German fël/Fell, English filmen/film, Lithuanian plėnė, Latvian plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, Old Norse feldr
*tuakos	skin	Sanskrit tvacas, Hittite tuekkas, Greek sakos
*h₃est-	bone	Albanian asht, Latin os; costa, Greek ostoun, Russian kost'; ostov, Sanskrit asthan, Avestan asti, Hittite ḫastāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âṭi, Persian /ostexān, Polish kość, Tocharian /ásta, Armenian oskr/voskr/vosgr, Luwian ḫāš
*gweiH-	sinew	Old Church Slavonic žitsa, Russian žila, Armenian jil/čil, Lithuanian gija, Latvian dzija, Latin fīlum, Welsh giau, Old Church Slavonic žila, Russian žila, Polish żyła
gwiyeh₂	sinew	Greek bios, Sanskrit jyā, Avestan jyā, Kamviri ja
*memso	flesh	Sanskrit māṃsa, Old Prussian mensā, Gothic mimz, Russian mjaso, Albanian mish, Armenian mis, Tocharian /mīsa, Latin membrum, Greek mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lithuanian mėsa, Latvian miesa, Irish mír/mír
*kreu-	blood	Sanskrit kravis, Lithuanian kraujas, Latvian krevele, Russian krov', Latin cruor, Irish cró/creo, Greek kreas, Old Norse hrár, Avestan xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, German hrāo/roh, Old Church Slavonic kruvi, Old Prussian crauyo, English hrēaw/raw
*eh₁sr̥-	blood	Sanskrit asṛk, Old Latin aser, Latvian asinis, Hittite ešar, Lycian esêne-, Luwian ašhar-, Tocharian ysār/yasar, Greek eiar, Armenian ariun
*mozgo	brain	Russian mozg, Avestan mazga, Sanskrit majjan, Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, German marag//Mark, Persian /maġz, Polish mózg, Tocharian mäśśunt/, Lithuanian smagenės, Latvian smadzenis, English mearg/marrow, Old Norse mergr
*gwheleg'h-	gland	Armenian gełdzk'/geġdz/keġc, Lithuanian geležuones, Russian železa, Polish zołza
*engw-	gland	Albanian angërr, Greek adēn, Latin inguen, Old Norse ökkvinn
*reusmen-	throat	Sanskrit rōmantha, Welsh rhumen, Latin rūmen, Lithuanian raumuo, Latvian raumins
*pleu-mon	lung	Greek pleumōn, Sanskrit kloman, Lithuanian plaučiai, Latvian plaušas, Russian pljuče, Old Prussian plauti, Latin pulmō, Serbian pluća
*ḱerd-	heart	Sanskrit hṛdaya, Avestan zərədā, Hittite karts, Lycian kride, Palaic kart-, Latin cor, Greek kardia, English heorte/heart, Russian serdce, Lithuanian širdis, Latvian sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Armenian sird/sirt, Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Irish cride/croidhe, Polish serce, German herza/Herz, Gothic hairto, Old Norse hjarta, Old Church Slavonic srĭdĭce, Ossetian zærdæ
*yeh₁kwr̥-	liver	Sanskrit yaknas, Lithuanian jeknos, Latvian aknas, Avestan yākarə, Latin jecur, Irish iuchair/iuchair, Greek hēpar, Russian ikra, Kamviri iâñi, Persian /jegar
*splenǵh-	spleen	Greek splēn, Irish selg/sealg, Old Church Slavonic slĕzena, Latin liēn, Avestan sparazan, Sanskrit plīhan, Lithuanian blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Armenian p'aycałn/p'aycaġ/p'aydzaġ, Russian selezënka, Polish śledziona, Breton felc'h
*lendh-	kidney	German lenti/Lende, English lenden/--, Old Norse lend, Russian ljadvie, Latin lumbus
*gwelbh-	womb	English wamb/womb, German wamba/Wamme, Gothic wamba, Old Norse vomb, Sanskrit garbhas, Greek delphus, Lithuanian gimda,
*gwrebh-	womb	Greek brephos, Irish brommach/, Old Church Slavonic žrĕbę, Russian žerebënok, Polish źrebię
*ǵher-	bowels	Latin hernia, Sanskrit hira, Greek khordē, Old Norse gǫrn, German garn/Garn, English gearn/yarn, Armenian jaṙ/čaṙ, Lithuanian žarna, Latvian zarna, Hittite karat
*eh₁ter-	intestines	Greek ētor/, Irish inathar/, Latin uterus, Old Norse ǽðr, English ǣdder/, German ādra/Ader
*kakka	excrement	Russian kakat', Greek kakkaō, Latin cacāre, Armenian k'akor/k'agor, Irish cacc/cac, German /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lithuanian kaka

Human feelings and qualities

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ters-	dry	Sanskrit tṛṣyati, Avestan taršu, Armenian t'aṙamim, Greek tersomai/, Albanian ter, Latin terra;torrēre;torreō, English þurst/thirst, German durri/dürr, Gothic þaursus, Old Norse þurr, Eastern Baltic trōkšti, Irish tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t
*dakru-	tear	Greek dakru, Latin lacrĭma, German zahar/Zähre, English tēar/tear, Sanskrit aśru, Lithuanian ašara, Latvian asara, Welsh deigryn, Irish dér/déar, Tocharian ākär/akrūna, Gothic tagr, Old Norse tár, Armenian arc'unk', Avestan asrūazan
*ḱeh₂d-	hate	English hete/hate, German haz/haß, Gothic hatis, Old Norse hatr, Sanskrit riśadas, Avestan sādra/, Greek kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Irish caiss/cais, Welsh câs
*ǵeus-	taste	Latin dēgūnō, Gothic kiusan, German kiosan/kiesen, Sanskrit joṣati, Avestan zaošō, Albanian dashur, Polish gust, English ceosan/choose, Persian dauš/, Irish asagussim/--, Greek geuomai
*ghers-	horror	Old Norse gersta, Lithuanian grasa, Latvian grasāt, Armenian garšim/karšim, Avestan grəəhma, German gerstī/, Latin fastus, Tocharian krās/krās
*ghouros	fear	Sanskrit ghora, Gothic gaurs, German gōrag/, Russian žurit', English gyrn/, Old Norse gaurr
*sweid-	sweat	Armenian k'rtink'/k'rdink', Albanian djersë, English swǣtan/sweat, Lithuanian saldus, Latvian sviedri, Sanskrit svedate, Latin sūdor, Greek hidros, German sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, Old Norse sveiti, Avestan xvaēda
*swep-	sleep	Lithuanian sapnas, Sanskrit svapnas, Latin somnus, Old Norse svefn, Tocharian ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Greek hupnos, Avestan xvafna, Irish suán/suan, Russian son, Armenian k'nel, Albanian gjumë, Welsh hun, English swefan/--, Old Church Slavonic sunu, Persian /xāb
*h₂egos-	fault, sin	Sanskrit āgas, Greek agos, English acan/ache
*h₂en-	spirit	Sanskrit ānas, Gothic uzanan; andi, Irish anál/anál, Latin animus, Greek anemos, Russian von', Welsh anysbryd, Old Church Slavonic vonja, Old Norse anda; ǫnd, English eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Avestan åntya, Lithuanian anuoti, Armenian hov, Albanian ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Tocharian āñcäm/āñme
*h₂eim-	copy	Hittite ḫimma, Latin aemulus; imāgō
*h₂eiw-	vital force	Sanskrit āyu, Avestan āyū, Tocharian āym/, Latin aevum, English æfre/ever, German īo/je; êwig/ewig, Gothic aiws, Old Norse ei, Greek aiōn, Albanian eshë
*men-	mind	Latin mēns, Greek menos, Sanskrit manas, Avestan manah, English gemynd/mind, Gothic muns, Old Norse minni; man, German minna/Minne, Lithuanian mintis, Latvian minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai Old Church Slavonic mineti, Russian mnit', Armenian mitk'/midk', Albanian mund, Persian mainyāhay/, Tocharian mnu/mañu, Irish dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof

Celestial terms

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*telp-	space	Sanskrit talpa, Lithuanian tilpti; telpu, Latvian tilpt; telpu, Russian tolpa, Tocharian tsälp/tälp, Irish -tella/
*ster-	star	Greek astēr, German sterro/Stern, English steorra/star, Old Norse stjarna, Gothic stairno, Latin stella, Armenian astł/astġ/asdġ, Sanskrit tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Tocharian śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Persian /setāre, Ossetian sthaly/, Hittite šittar
*sawel-	sun	Lithuanian saulė, Latvian saule, Latin sōl, Welsh haul, Greek hēlios, Albanian (h)yll, English sigel/--; sunne/sun, Russian solnce, Sanskrit sūras, Avestan hvarə, German sunna/Sonne, Old Norse sól; sunna, Gothic sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Irish súil/súil, Tocharian swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Church Slavonic slunice, Old Prussian saule, Persian -farnah-/
*mens-	moon/month	Greek mēn, Tocharian mañ/meñe, Latin mēnsis, English mōna/moon, Old Church Slavonic meseci, Russian mesjac, Sanskrit māsa, Armenian amis, Avestan maoṅh, Irish mí/mí, Old Norse mani, German mano/Mond, Gothic mena, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Latvian meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Persian /māh, Ossetian mæj, Old Prussian menig
*nebh-	sky/cloud	Russian nebo, Latin nebŭlō, Sanskrit nabhas, Greek nephos, Hittite nepiš, Lycian tabahaza, Luwian tappaš-, German nebul/Nebel, English nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Old Church Slavonic nebo, Lithuanian debesis, Latvian debess, Avestan nabah, Irish nem/neamh, Old Norse niflhel
*leuk-	light/bright	Russian lug, Sanskrit rocate, Greek leukos, English lēoht/light, Latin lūx, German lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Gothic liuhaþ, Old Norse leygr, Tocharian luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Irish loscaim/loiscim, Lithuanian lauka, Latvian lauks, Hittite lalukkes, Lycian luga, Luwian luha-, Armenian loys, Kamviri ṛuč, Old Church Slavonic luci, Gaulish leux, Avestan raočant

Times of day

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*dei-n-	day	Armenian tiv/div, Russian den', Irish denus/, Lithuanian diena, Latvian diena, Sanskrit dinam, Latin diēs, Albanian gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Irish día/dia, Gothic sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, English lencten/lent, German lenzo/Lenz
*dhǵh(y)es-	yesterday	English geostran/yesterday, Albanian dje, Sanskrit hyas, Avestan zyō, Persian diyaka/dīg, Greek khthes, Latin herī, Welsh ddoe, Irish indhé/an(d)é, Gothic gistradagis, Old Norse í gǽr, German gesteron/gestern
*h₂eǵh-	day	Sanskrit ahar, Avestan azan, English dæg/day, German tag/Tag, Gothic dags, Old Norse dagr
*h₂eus-	dawn	Lithuanian aušra, Latvian ausma, German ōstra/Osten, Sanskrit uṣās, Russian utro, English ēast/east, Greek hēos, Latin aurōra, Old Norse austr, Avestan ušastara, Irish fáir/, Welsh gwawr
*nekw-t-	night	Greek nuks, Lithuanian naktis, Latvian nakts, German naht/Nacht, Sanskrit nakti, Hittite nekuz, Latin nox, Russian noč', Albanian natë, Irish innocht/anochd, Tocharian nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, English niht/night, Polish noc, Old Prussian naktin, Gothic nahts, Old Norse nótt, Old Church Slavonic nosti
*wes-pero-	evening	Armenian gišer/kišer, Latin vespera, Greek hesperos, Lithuanian vakaras, Latvian vakars, Irish fescor/feascar, Russian večer, Gothic veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór

Seasons

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*yeHr-	year	Gothic jēr, English gēar/year, Avestan yārə, Old Church Slavonic jara, Greek ōra, Latin hōrnus, German jar/Jahr, Old Norse ár, Persian dušiyaram/, Lithuanian jōrė, Russian jarovoj, Polish jar
*wet-	year	Latin vetus, Greek etos, Sanskrit vatsa, English weðer/wether, German widar/Widder, Gothic wiþrus, Old Norse veðr, Hittite witt, Albanian vjet, Irish fethim/feithim, Cornish guis, Lithuanian vetuša, Old Church Slavonic vetŭxŭ, Russian vetxij, Polish wiotchy, Oscan Vezkeí
*wes-	spring	Russian vesna, Sanskrit vasanta, Lithuanian vasara, Latvian vasara, Old Norse vár, Latin vēr, Avestan vaṅri, Armenian garun/karun, Kamviri vâsut, Persian /bahār, Polish wiosna, Greek ear, Old Church Slavonic vesna, Irish errach/, Welsh gwanwyn
*sem-	summer	Sanskrit samā, English sumor/summer, Avestan ham, Armenian amaṙ, German sumar/Sommer, Old Norse sumar, Welsh haf, Irish samrad/samhradh, Tocharian ṣme/ṣmāye
*h₃esen-	harvest	Russian osen', Old Prussian assanis, English earnian/earn, Gothic asans, German aran/Ernte, Old Norse ǫnn, Greek opōra, Polish jesień, Latin annōna
*ǵhei-	winter	Sanskrit hemanta, Latin hiems, Greek kheima, Gaulish Giamillus, Old Church Slavonic zima, Russian zima, Polish zima, Lithuanian žiema, Latvian ziemas, Old Prussian semo, Avestan zimo, Armenian dzmeṙ/cmeṙ, Albanian dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Persian /zemestān, Tocharian śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Irish gaimred/geimhreadh, Hittite gima, Old Norse gói, Persian /dai

Atmosphere

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ḱewero-	northwind	Russian sever, Lithuanian šiaurys, Latin caurus, Armenian c'urt/c'urd, English scūr/shower, German scūr/Schauer, Gothic skura, Old Norse skúr, Old Church Slavonic severu
*sneigwh-	snow	Lithuanian sniegas, Latvian sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russian sneg, Irish snechta/sneachta, Sanskrit snēha, English snāw/snow, Latin nix, Greek nipha, German sneo/Schnee, Old Norse snjór, Gothic snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Old Church Slavonic snegu, Avestan snaēža, Tocharian /śiñcatstse
*grad-	hail	Russian grad, Lithuanian gruodas, Latin grandō, Armenian karkut/gargut, Polish grad, Old Church Slavonic gradŭ
*yeg-	ice	English gicel/icicle, Old Norse jaki, German ichil/gicht, Irish aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lithuanian iža, Latvian ieze, Russian ikra
*sneudh-	mist	Avestan snaoða, Welsh nudd, Greek nuthon, Latin nūbēs, Welsh nudd
*meldh-	lightning	Old Prussian mealde, Lithuanian milna, Russian molnija
*taron-	thunder	Gaulish Taranis, Irish torand/toran, Welsh tarann, English þunor/thunder, Old Norse þórr, German Donar/Donner, Hittite Tarx.u, Lycian Trqqñt, Luwian Tarhunt-, Pashto taṇā, Kashubian taro.n, Latin tonāre, Sanskrit tányati, Persian /tundar

Wholeness

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂eiti-	part	Avestan aēta, Oscan aeteis, Greek aitios, Irish áes/aois, Welsh oes
*semi-	half	Latin sēmis, German sami/--, English sām-/sand-blind, Gothic sami-, Sanskrit sami, Greek hēmisus, Kamviri sâmaũ
*solo-	whole	Latin salvus, Tocharian salu/solme, Greek holos, Armenian olj/volj/volč, Irish slán/slán, Albanian gjallë, Sanskrit sarva, Avestan haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Russian sulej, Persian haluva/, Old Church Slavonic sulĕi

Terrain

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*dhǵem-	earth	Phrygian zemelo, Thracian semele, Persian zam, Sanskrit kṣa, Greek khthōn, Latin humus, Gothic guma, Old Norse gumi, English guma/bridegroom, German gomo/Bräutigam, Albanian dhè, Old Church Slavonic zemlja, Russian zemlja, Irish du/duine, Hittite tekan, Luwian dakam-, Tocharian tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lithuanian žemė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Persian zamin, Thracian semela, Phrygian zamelon, Ossetian zæxx/, Polish ziemia
*h₂ekmon	stone	Greek akmōn, Lithuanian akmuo, Latvian akmens, Sanskrit aśman, Avestan asman, Russian kamen', English hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, Old Norse hamarr, Hittite aku, Persian asman/, Gaulish acaunum, German hamar/Hammer
*ǵembh-	ledge->tooth	Greek gomphos, Sanskrit jambha, Lithuanian žambas, Latvian zobs, Albanian dhëmb/dhamb, Ancient Macedonian kombous, English comb/comb, Tocharian kam/keme, Russian zub, Latin gemma, Armenian camel/dzamel, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, Old Norse kambr, German kamb/Kamm
*gwer-	mount	Russian gora, Lithuanian guras, Sanskrit giris, Avestan gairi, Greek deiros, Albanian gur, Armenian ler, Polish góra, Old Church Slavonic gora
*h₂egras	field	Sanskrit ajra, Greek agros, Latin ager, Umbrian ager, Gothic akrs, English æcer/acre, Armenian art/ard, German achar/Acker, Old Norse akr
*lendh-	steppe	Old Prussian lindan, English land/land, Old Norse land, Irish land/lann, Welsh llan, Old Church Slavonic ledina, Russian ljada, German /Land, Gaulish landa
*lat-	swamp	Greek lataks, Lithuanian Latupė, Latvian Late, Gaulish Arelate, Irish lathach/lathach, German letto/letten, Welsh llaid
*mori-	bog	Russian more, Gaulish Aremorici, Lithuanian marios, Latvian mare, Latin mare, Sanskrit maryādā, English mersc/marsh, German meri/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Irish muir/muir, Gothic marei
*laku-	pond	Greek lakkos, Latin lacus, German lagu/, Irish loch/loch, Armenian lič/lij , English lagu/--, Lithuanian lekmenė, Old Norse lǫgr, Serbian lokva
*h₂eǵhero-	lake	Lithuanian ežeras, Latvian ezers, Old Church Slavonic jezero, Russian ozero, Illyrian oseriates, Greek Akherōn, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran
*h₂ekw-eh₂-	river	Latin aqua, Russian Oka, Gothic aha, German aha/Ache, English īg/island, Sanskrit ap, Hittite akwanzi, Luwian ahw-, Palaic aku-, Old Norse á, Gothic aƕa
*h₂ep-	river	Hittite ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luwian ḫapinni, Latvian upe, Lithuanian upė, Old Prussian ape, English ōfer, German /Ufer, Sanskrit āp, Avestan afš, Latin amnis, Tocharian āp/āp
*wedor	water	English wæter/water, Russian voda, Ancient Macedonian bedu, Greek hudōr, Lithuanian vanduo, Latvian ūdens, Latin unda, Sanskrit udan, Albanian ujë, Irish uisce/uisge, Hittite watar, Armenian get/ked, Tocharian wär/war, Umbrian utur, Gothic watō, Welsh gwer, Old Norse vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thracian udrēnas, German wazzar/Wasser, Phrygian bedu, Polish woda, Old Church Slavonic voda, Old Prussian wundan
*poimno-	foam	Latin pūmex, Lithuanian puta, Sanskrit phena, Old Church Slavonic pĕna, Russian pena, English fām/foam, German feim/Feim, Ossetian fink, Old Prussian spoayno

Fire

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*dhuH-	smoke	Sanskrit dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russian dym, German toup/toben, Latin fūmus, Greek thumos, Tocharian twe/tweye, Lithuanian dūmai, Latvian dūmi, English dōmian/dusk, Gothic dauns, Old Norse daunn, Irish dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Persian /dud, Old Church Slavonic dymŭ
*eh₂ter-	fire	Armenian airel, Irish áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Sanskrit atharvan, Avestan ātarš, Persian Āçiyādiya/ādar, Latin āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serbian vatra
*Hegni-	fire	Sanskrit agni, Hittite agniš, Latin ignis, Lithuanian ugnis, Latvian uguns, Old Church Slavonic ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russian ogon', Albanian enjte
*paHwr̥	bonfire	Hittite paḫḫur, Tocharian por/pūwar, Greek pur, Umbrian pir, Old Norse fúrr, English fȳr/fire, Polish perz, Armenian hur, German fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Gothic fōn, Czech pýř
*pers-	dust	Old Church Slavonic praxŭ, Tocharian pärs/pärs, Avestan paršuya, Lithuanian purkšti, Latvian pārsla, Old Norse fors, Hittite pappars, Sanskrit pṛsati, Russian prax

Parts of trees

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*deru-	tree	Armenian caṙ/dzaṙ, Lithuanian derva, Latvian dreve, Gaulish Dervus, Russian derevo, English trēow/tree, Hittite taru, Luwian tarweja-, Greek drus, Latin durus, Albanian dru/drû, Irish derucc/, Tocharian or, Kamviri dâa, Persian /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Sanskrit dāru, Avestan dāuru, Gothic triu, Old Norse tré, Old Prussian drawine, Ancient Macedonian darullos
*dherghen-	thorn	Sanskrit drākṣa, German tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Irish draigen/droigheann, Lithuanian drignės, Latvian drigenes, Russian deren
*ǵhasto-	stick	Latin hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Irish gass/gas, Lithuanian lazda
*ǵhazdho-	stick	Russian žerd', Irish gat, Gothic gazds, Old Norse gaddr, English gād/goad, German gart/Gart
*gwetw	resin	German kuti/Kitt, English cudu/cud, Old Norse kváða, Sanskrit jatu, Welsh bedwen, Latin bitūmen, Scottish Gaelic beithe
*h₃ezdo-s	branch	Armenian ost/vost/vosd, Greek ozos, English ōst, German ast/Ast, Gothic asts
*ḱak-	branch	Armenian čyuġ/jyuġ, Lithuanian šaka, Latvian saka, Sanskrit śākhā, Russian soxa, Albanian thekë, Gothic hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Irish gēc/gēag, German huohili/ , Persian /šāxe(h)
*kel-	glue	Greek kolla, Lithuanian klijai, Russian klej, Polish klej
*wred-	root	Russian vred, English wyrt/wort, German wirz/Wurz, Latin rādīx, Greek rhiza, Albanian rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Irish frém/fréamh, Gothic vaurts, Old Norse urt, Tocharian /witsako, Persian /riše(h)

Flora

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂ebl-	apple	Lithuanian obuolys, Latvian ābols, English æppel/apple, Russian jabloko, Irish uball/ubhall, German aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Sanskrit abala, Old Norse eple, Gaulish avallo, Old Church Slavonic janloko
*h₂eiǵ-	oak	Lithuanian ąžuolas, Latin aesculus, Greek krataigos/, Old Norse eik, English āc/oak, German eihha/Eiche
*h₂epsa	aspen	English æspe/aspen, German aspa/Espe, Old Norse ǫsp, Lithuanian epušė, Latvian apses, Old Prussian abse, Greek aspris/
*h₂er-	nut	Russian orex, Albanian arrë, Greek arna, Polish orzech
*bheh₂go-	beech	German buohha/Büche, Latin fāgus, Greek phugos, English bēce/beech, Old Norse bók, Gaulish Bāgācon, Russian buzina
*bhereǵ-	birch	Russian bereza, Lithuanian beržas, Latvian bērzs, Ossetian bärz, Sanskrit bhūrjas, German birihha/Birke, Old Norse bjǫrk, Latin frāxinus, Old Prussian berse, English birce/birch, Thracian berzas, Old Church Slavonic breza
*ǵheluna	pine	Greek kheilos, Armenian jelun/čelun, Old Norse giolnar, Lithuanian pušis
*grabh-	hornbeam/oak	Russian grab, Lithuanian skroblas, Latvian skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, Ancient Macedonian grabion
*ḱalam-	reed	Greek kalamos, Tocharian kulmãṃts/, Latin culmus, English healm/haulm, Latvian salms, Old Prussian salme, Russian soloma, Old Norse halmr, German halm/Halm
*ḱermus-	cherry	Greek kerasos/keradion, Lithuanian šermukšlė, Latvian cērmaukša, Russian čerëmuxa
*klen-	maple	Russian klën, Old Norse hlynr, Lithuanian klevas, Latvian kļava, Ancient Macedonian klinotrokhon, English hlin/linn, Welsh kelyn
*koino-	grass	Greek koina, Armenian xot/xod, Lithuanian šienas, Latvian siens, Russian seno
*koslo-	hazel	Lithuanian kasulas, English hæsel/hazel, Old Norse hasl, German hasal/Hasel, Latin corulus, Irish coll/coll, Welsh collen
*krem-	onion	Greek kremuon, Irish crem/creamh, English hramsan/ramson, Lithuanian kermušė, Latvian cermauksis, Russian čeremša, Welsh craf
*mor-	blackberry	Greek moron, Armenian mori, Latin mōrum, Hittite muri, Irish smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren
*eh₃g-	berry	Tocharian oko/oko, Lithuanian uoga, Latvian oga, Old Church Slavonic agoda, Russian jagoda, Gothic akran, Old Norse akarn, German ēker/Ecker, English æcern/acorn, Irish áirne/, Welsh aeron
*h₃el-	alder	Latin alnus, Lithuanian alksnis, Latvian elksnis, Russian olxa, Ancient Macedonian aliza, Old Norse alr, German elira/Erle, English alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaulish alisa, Hittite alanzan, Polish olcha
*h₃es-	ash	Lithuanian uosis, Latvian osis, Russian osina, German asc/Esche, English æsc/ash, Latin ornus, Old Prussian woasis, Old Norse askr, Welsh onnen, Albanian ah, Armenian hac'i, Greek akherōis/
*perkwu-	oak	Lithuanian perkunas, Latvian pērkons, Sanskrit parkatī, Latin quercus, Old Norse fura, English furh/fir, German foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Gothic faírguni
*rap-	turnip	Russian repa, Lithuanian ropė, German raba/Rübe, Latin rapum, Greek rhapus, Old Church Slavonic repa
*winǵh-	elm	Albanian vidh, Russian vjaz, Lithuanian vinkšna, Latvian vilksna, English wice/Wych Elm, Kurdish viz, Polish wiąz

Insects

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*morwi-	ant	Old Church Slavonic mravie, Irish moirb/, Avestan maoiri, Sanskrit vamra, Latin formīca, Greek murmēs, Old Norse maurr, Crimean Gothic miera, Armenian mrjiun/mrčiun, Polish mrówka, Albanian morr, Persian /murče, Russian murovej, Tocharian /warme
*bhei-	bee	English bēo/bee, Lithuanian bitė, Latvian bite, Irish bech/bech, Russian pčela, Latin fūcus, German bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Albanian bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaulish bekos, Old Norse bý, Old Church Slavonic bŭčela
*wopsa	wasp	Lithuanian vapsva, Latin vespa, English wæps/wasp, Russian osa, Avestan vawžaka, German wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Old Church Slavonic vosa, Irish foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa
*mu-	fly	Lithuanian musė, Latvian muša, Latin musca, Russian muxa, German mucka/Mücke, English mycg/midge, Albanian mizë, Greek muia, Armenian mun, Kashmiri ma.čh, Polish mucha, Old Norse mý, Persian /magas, Old Prussian muso
*p/blou-	flea	Lithuanian blusa, Latvian blusa, Russian bloxa, Polish pchła, Armenian lu, Sanskrit pluṣi, Greek psulla, Albanian plesht, Latin pūlex, Pashto vrāž.a, Old Norse flo, English flēah/flea, German flōh/Floh
*knid-	louse	Russian gnida, Latvian gnida, Welsh nedd, German hniz/Nisse, Greek konis, Albanian thërijë/thëni, Armenian anic/anidz, Irish /sned, English hnitu/nit
*luH-	louse	Lithuanian liulė, Welsh llau, English lūs/louse, German lūs/Laus, Old Norse lús
*kwr̥mi-	grub	Sanskrit kṛmi, Lithuanian kirmis, Latvian cērme, Albanian krimb/krymb, Irish cruim/, Old Church Slavonic čermnyi, Russian červ', Welsh pryf, Ossetian kalm, Persian /kirm, Old Prussian girmis
*wr̥mi-	worm	Gothic waurms, English wyrm/worm, Armenian vord/vort, Latin vermis, Old Church Slavonic vermie, Lithuanian varmas, Welsh gwraint, Greek rhomos, German wurm/Wurm, Old Norse ormr, Old Prussian wormyan

Water animals

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*dhǵhu-	fish	Lithuanian žuvis, Latvian zivs, Armenian dzukn/dzuk/cug, Greek ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis
*peisk-	fish	Latin piscis, Irish íasc/iasc, Gothic fisks, Old Norse fiskr, English fisc/fish, German fisc/Fisch, Russian piskar', Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn
*laks-	salmon	Tocharian laks/läks, Old Norse lax, Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian lasis, Russian losos', Polish losos, German lahs/Lachs, English leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso
*h₂engwi-	eel	Latin anguilla, Lithuanian ungurys, German angar/Engerling, Russian ugor', Greek egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis
*ḱon-	shell	Greek kogkhos, Latin conguius, Sanskrit śaṅkha

Birds

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂ewi-	bird	Latin avis, Avestan vīš, Sanskrit vis, Armenian hav, Welsh hwyad, Greek aetos, Lithuanian višta, Latvian vista, Umbrian avif, Irish /aoi
*h₃er-	eagle	German arn/Aar, Armenian arciv/ardziv, English earn/erne, Greek orneon, Russian orel, Lithuanian erelis, Latvian ērglis, Hittite ḫaran, Polish orzeł, Welsh eryr, Old Norse ari, Gothic ara, Albanian orë, Old Prussian arelis, Irish irar/
*ḱoro-	crow	Albanian sorrë, Lithuanian šarka, Greek koraks, Latin cornīx, Old Church Slavonic soraka, Russian soroka, Sanskrit śāri, Umbrian curnāco
*worn-	raven	Lithuanian varnas, Russian vorona, Tocharian --/wrauña
*trozdos	thrush	Lithuanian strazdas, Latvian strazds, Russian drozd, Old Norse þrǫstr, English þrysce/thrush, German thrōskala/Drossel, Irish truit/truid, Latin turdus, Welsh drudwy, Old Church Slavonic drozgu, Greek strouthos
*h₂eneti-	duck	Lithuanian antis, Latin anas, Sanskrit ātis, Russian utie, German anut/Ente, English ened/--, Old Norse ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Greek nēssa/
*ǵhans-	goose	Greek khun, Sanskrit haṃsa, Latin ānser, Irish géiss/, English gōs/goose, Russian gus', Lithuanian žąsis, Latvian zoss, German gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Gothic gansus, Old Norse gás, Avestan zā, Polish gęś, Persian /ġāz
*teter-	grouse	Russian teterev, Lithuanian teterva, Latvian teteris, Sanskrit tittira, Greek tetraōn, Irish tethra/, Old Norse þiðurr, Armenian tatrak/dadrak, Old Prussian tatarwis, Persian /tadarv
*sperg-	sparrow	German sperk/sperling, English spearwa/sparrow, Gothic sparwa, Old Norse spǫrr, Tocharian ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Greek sparasion, Latin parra, Old Prussian spurglis, Persian /parasto, Umbrian parfam, Irish serriach/
*ger-	crane	Greek geranos, Latin grūs, Armenian krunk/grung, German krano/Kranich, English cran/crane, Lithuanian garnis, Latvian dzerwe, Old Prussian gerwe, Russian žuravl', Welsh garan, Old Norse trana
*niz-do	nest	Russian gnezdo, English nest/nest, Armenian nist, Latin nīdus, Sanskrit nidas, Irish net/net, German nest/Nest, Polish gniazdo, Old Church Slavonic gnĕzdo, Welsh nyth

Beasts

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₁eǵhi-	hedgehog	Russian ëž, Lithuanian ežys, Latvian ezis, Phrygian eksis, Greek ekhinos, German igil/Igel, Armenian ozni, English igil/--, Old Norse ígul, Ossetian wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phrygian eksis, Albanian esh
*h₁epero-	boar	Lithuanian Vepriai, Latvian vepris, German ebur/Eber, English eofor/--, Latin aper; vepres, Russian vepr', Sanskrit vapati, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thracian ebros, Old Norse jǫfurr
*ghelōu-	tortoise	Greek khelōnē, Old Church Slavonic želŭvĭ, Russian žolv', Lithuanian želvė, Polish żółw
*ǵhwer-	beast	Old Church Slavonic zvĕrĭ, Russian zver', Lithuanian žvėris. Latvian zvērs, Latin ferus, Greek thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Tocharian śaru/śerwe
*leuk-s	lynx	Greek lugks, Lithuanian lušis, Latvian lusis, Old Prussian luysis, German luhs/Luchs, English lox/--, Russian rys', Armenian lusanun, Irish lug/
*muHs-	mouse	Sanskrit mūṣ, Avestan mus, Latin mūs, Greek mūs, Russian myš', Armenian muk/mug, Albanian mi, German mus/Maus, English mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Persian /muš, Old Norse mús, Polish mysz, Old Church Slavonic mŭšĭ, Lithuanian musė
*neHtr-	snake	Latin natrix, English nǣddre/adder, German natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Gothic nadrs, Old Norse naðr, Irish nathir/nathair
*r̥tḱo-	bear	Greek arktos, Latin ursus, Sanskrit ṛkṣa, Persian /xers, Armenian arj/arč, Gaulish Artioni, Albanian ari, Kamviri ic, Ossetian ærs, Welsh arth, Avestan aršam, Hittite ḫartagga
*s-tauro	bison	Avestan staora, Gothic stiur, Lithuanian tauras, Latvian tauriņš, Greek tauros, Latin taurus, Gaulish Tarbos, Old Church Slavonic turu, Russian tur, English steor/steer, German stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, Old Norse stjórr, Oscan turuf, Albanian taroç, Irish tarb/
*udras	otter	Sanskrit udra, Avestan udra, ūdra/udris, Russian vydra, Greek hudros, English oter/otter, German ottar/Otter, Old Norse otr, Latin lutra, Irish /odar; uydr/; odoirne/, Polish wydra, Old Church Slavonic vydra, Ossetian wyrd/
*wail-	wolf	Armenian gayl/kayl, Irish fáel/faol
*wewer-	squirrel	Latin vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Russian veverica, Lithuanian voverė, Latvian vāvere, Persian /varvarah, Old Norse íkorni, German eihhurno/Eichhorn, English ācweorna/--, Polish wiewiórka, Old Prussian weware
*wl̥kwo-	wolf	Lithuanian vilkas, Latvian vilks, English wulf/wolf, Gaulish vail, Latin lupus, German wolf/Wolf, Greek lukos, Albanian ujk;ulk, Sanskrit vṛka, Avestan vehrka-, Tocharian --/walkwe, Persian varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Gothic wulfs, Old Norse úlfr, Old Church Slavonic vlĭkŭ, Russian volk, Polish wilk, Luwian walwa, Welsh gweilgi
wl̥p-eh₁-	fox	Avestan urupis, Persian /rōbāh, Armenian ałvēs/aġvēs/aġvēs, Greek alōtēks, Latin volpēs, Lithuanian lapė, Latvian lapsa

Home animals

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ḱwon-	dog	Greek kuon/, Armenian šun, Phrygian kunes, Tocharian ku/ku, Gaulish cuna, Latin canis, English hund/hound, Sanskrit śvan, Avestan spā, Russian suka, German hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lithuanian šuo, Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thracian dinu-, Gothic huns, Old Norse hundr, Welsh ci, Irish cū/cú, Hittite śuwanis, Lydian kan-, Dacian kinu-, Albanian shakë, Persian /sag
*h₁eḱwo-	horse	Latin equus, Tocharian yuk/yakwe, Gaulish epos, Greek hippos, Sanskrit aśva, Avestan asva-, Lithuanian ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, English eoh/--, German ehwaz/--, Gothic aiƕtundi, Old Norse iór, Hittite aśuwas, Armenian ēš, Welsh ebol, Irish ech/each, Thracian esvas, Lycian esbe-, Phrygian es', Persian aspa/asb, Ossetian jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon
*marko-	horse	Gaulish markan, Irish marc/marcach, Welsh march, English mere/mare, German marah/Mähre, Old Norse marr
h₂eǵh-	plough animal	Armenian ezn/yez(n)/yez(n), Irish ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Sanskrit ahī, Avestan azī
*gwou-	cow/bull	Sanskrit gaus, Avestan gáus, Latvian govs, Russian govjado, Tocharian ko/keŭ, Armenian kov/gov, English cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Greek bous, Irish bó/bó, Welsh buw, German kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Persian --/gāv, Oscan buv-, Old Norse kú, Ossetian gal/ Thracian bonassos
*leh₃p-	cow	Albanian lopë, Irish lāeg, Welsh llo
*uksin-	ox, bull	English oxa/ox, German ohso/Ochse, Gothic auhsa, Gothic ych(?), Old Norse oxi, Sanskrit ukṣan, Avestan uxšan
*su-	swine	Latin sūs, English sū/sow, Latvian sivēns, Russian svin, Sanskrit sūkara, Albanian thi, Greek hus, German sū/Sau, Tocharian --/suwo, Irish socc/, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Umbrian sif, Old Norse sýr, Gothic swein, Avestan hū
*porḱo-	farrow	Greek porkos, Latin porcus, Lithuanian paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russian porosja, English fearh/farrow, Irish orc/, German farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurdish purs, Saka pāsa, Gaulish orko
*h₂eǵ-	goat	Sanskrit aja, Persian /azg, Lithuanian ožys, Latvian āzis, Irish ag/agh, Old Church Slavonic jazno, Russian jaz', Old Prussian wosux, Albanian dhi
*h₂eiǵ-	goat	Sanskrit eḍa, Avestan izaēna, Armenian aic/aidz, Greek aiks
*kapro-	goat	Sanskrit kapṛtha, Greek kapros, Latin caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaulish cabros, Irish gabor/, Welsh gafr, Old Norse hafr, English hæfer/, German habaro/Haber
*bhuHgos-	goat	Avestan būza. Persian /buz, Armenian buz/puz, Irish bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, Old Norse bukkr, English buc/buck, German boc/Bock
*ghaido-	goat	Latin haedus, Gothic gaits, German geiz/Geiss, Old Norse geit, English gāt/goat
*h₁er-	goat	Armenian oroj/oroč, Lithuanian ėriukas, Latvian jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Latin ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Irish heirp/earb, Greek eriphos, German irah/, Old Church Slavonic jarina
*h₃ewi-	sheep	Latin ovis, Russian ovca, Lithuanian avis, Latvian avs, Sanskrit avika, English ēowu/ewe, German ouwi/Aue, Gothic awēþi, Old Norse ǽr, Greek ois, Irish ói/, Hittite ḫawi, Luwian ḫāwi-, Welsh ewig, Tocharian --/āuw, Armenian hoviv, Polish owca, Umbrian uvem, Old Prussian awins, Lycian xabwa
*wer-	ram	Sanskrit uraṇa, Armenian gaṙn/kaṙn, Persian /barra, Greek arnion, Latin vervēx, Irish felb/, Tocharian /yrīye, Old Norse vara, English waru/ware, German /Ware, Polish wór
*h₂egwhno-	lamb	Latin agnus, Russian jagnënok, Old Church Slavonic jagnę, Greek amnos, Irish úan/uan, English ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Umbrian habina, Polish jagnię
*kat-	cub	Latin catulus, Umbrian katel, Russian kotit'sja, Old Norse haðna, Irish cadla/

Animal products

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*eh₃wye-	egg	Latin ōvum, Greek ōion, Russian jajco, German ei/Ei, English ǣg/Cockney, Welsh ŵy, Albanian ve;vo, Old Norse egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Armenian dzu/cu, Persian /xāyah, Old Church Slavonic ajĭse
*melit	honey	Greek melitos, Armenian meġr, Albanian mjaltë, Latin mel, Gaulish Melissus, Irish mil/, Gothic miliþ, English mildēaw/mildew, German milltou/Mehltau, Welsh mêl, Hittite milit, Luwian mallit-, Palaic malit-
*medhu-	mead	Sanskrit madhu, Russian med, Lithuanian medus, Latvian medus, English meodu/mead, Greek methu, Avestan maðu, Kamviri mura, Kashmiri mäch, Polish miód, Welsh medd, Tocharian mit, German metu/Met, Old Norse mjǫðr, Old Church Slavonic medŭ, Irish mid/, Old Prussian meddo, Latin medus, Ossetian mydy, Luwian maddu-
*glag-	milk	Greek gala, Latin lac, Hittite galank, Kamviri zu
*ksweid-	milk	Lithuanian sviestas, Latvian sviests, Sanskrit kṣvidyati, Avestan xšvīd
*selp-	butter	Tocharian ṣälyp/ṣalype, Greek helpos, Hittite salpa-, Albanian gjalpë, Sanskrit sarpis, English sealf/salve, Ossetian carv/, Persian /čarbi, German salba/Salbe, Gothic salbon
*suro-	cheese	Lithuanian sūris, Russian syr, Old Norse surr, Albanian hirrë, Polish ser
*smeru-	grease	Irish smiur/, Greek smuris, German smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, English smerian/smear, Tocharian /ṣmare, Latin medulla, Lithuanian smarsas, Old Norse smjǫr, Gothic smaírþr
*moisos	hide	Lithuanian maišas, Latvian maiss, Sanskrit meṣa, Avestan maēša, Old Norse meiss, Russian mex, German meissa/, Old Prussian moasis
*wel-	wool	English wull/wool, German wolla/Wolle, Old Norse ull, Gothic wulla, Sanskrit ūrṇā, Avestan varənā, Greek lēnos, Latin lāna, Old Church Slavonic vlŭna, Russian volna, Lithuanian vilna, Latvian vilna, Welsh gwlan, Hittite hulana, Old Prussian wilnis, Persian /gurs, Irish olan/
*ḱern-	horn	Russian serna, Latin cervus; cornūs, English horn/horn, Sanskrit śiras, Avestan srvā, Greek keras, Welsh corn, Kamviri ṣiṅ, German horn/Horn, Gothic haurn, Old Norse horn, Hittite karawar, Ossetian sykha/, Armenian sar, Lithuanian širšė, Latvian sirsis, Old Prussian sirwis, Albanian sorkadh; ka, Russian korova, Gaulish karnuks, Irish corn/corn, Persian /šāx, Polish krowa
*keh₂r-	wax	Greek kēros, Lithuanian korys, Latvian kāre, Latin cēra
*reughmen-	cream	Lithuanian rūgti, Latvian raugs, Avestan raoġna, Persian /roġān, Old Norse rjúmi, English rēam/ream, German roum/Rahm

Vegetable food

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ǵr̥h₁-no-	corn	Latin grānum, Irish grán/grán, Russian zerno, Lithuanian žirnis, Latvian zirnis, German kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, English corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, Old Norse korn, Old Church Slavonic zrĭno. Gothic kaúrn
*pel-	flour	Old Prussian pelwo, Latin palea, Sanskrit palāla, Lithuanian pelūs, Latvian pelus, Russian polova
*bhares	spelt	Phrygian brisa, Latin farina, English bærlic/barley, Old Church Slavonic brašĭno, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Welsh bara, Gothic barizīns, Old Norse barr
*puHr-	wheat	Sanskrit pūra, Greek puros/, Lithuanian pūras, Latvian puŗi, Old Prussian pure, Old Church Slavonic pyre, English fyrs/furze, Russian pyrej
*urughya-	rye	Lithuanian rugys, Latvian rudzi, Russian rož, Old Norse rugr, English ryge/rye, German roggo/Roggen, Old Prussian rugis
*h₂elbhit-	barley	Albanian elb, Greek alphi/
*gherzdh-	barley	Latin hordeum, German gersta/Gerste, English gerst/--, Albanian drithë, Greek kri
*yewo-	barley	Sanskrit yava, Lithuanian javai, Latvian jauja, Avestan yava, Russian ovin, Greek zeiai/, Persian /jav, Hittite ewa, Irish eorna/, Ossetian jæw
*h₂ewiǵ-	oats	Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auza, Russian ovës, Latin avēna, Greek aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, Old Church Slavonic ovĭsŭ
*bha-bheh₂-	bean	Latin faba, Old Prussian babo, Russian bob, Albanian bathë, German bona/Bohne, English bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, Old Norse baun
*h₁eregwo-	pea	Greek orobos, Irish orbaind/, Latin ervum, German arawīz/Erbse, Old Norse ertr
*ḱiker	pea	Latin cicer, Armenian siseṙn, Greek krios, Lithuanian kėkė
*h₂elud-	beer	Lithuanian alus, Latvian alus, English ealu/ale, Old Church Slavonic olŭ, Latin alūmen, Greek aludoimo/, Old Norse ǫl, Old Prussian alu
*h₂edes-	cereal	Hittite hattar, Latin ador, German azzic/, Gothic atisk, Tocharian āti/atiyo, Avestan āðūfrāðana, Armenian hat/had

Other products

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂eyes-	metal	Sanskrit ayas, Latin aes, Umbrian ahesnes, German ēr/Erz, English ār/ore, Avestan ayaṅh, Gothic aiz, Old Norse eir, Gaulish Isarnodori, Irish iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Persian /āhan
*lino-	flax	Greek linon, Lithuanian linas, Latvian lini, Old Prussian linno, Latin līnum, Irish lín/líon, Albanian liri/lîni, Gothic lein, Polish len, Russian lën, Welsh llin, English lin/linen, German lin/Leinen, Old Norse lín, Old Church Slavonic lĭnŭ
*sal-	salt	Latin sāl, Umbrian salu, Tocharian sāle/sālyiye, Lithuanian saldus, Latvian sāļš, English sealt/salt, Greek hals, Armenian aġ, Irish salann/, Russian sol', German salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Albanian gjelbson, Old Norse salt, Gothic salt, Old Church Slavonic soli, Old Prussian sal, Sanskrit salila, Illyrian Salapia

Tools

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂egwesi	axe	English æx/axe, German ackis/Axt, Greek aksinē, Latin ascia, Old Norse øx, Gothic aqizi
*h₂eiḱ-	spear/pike	Greek aiklos/, Old Prussian aysmis, Old Church Slavonic igla, Latin īcō, Avestan išarə, Lithuanian iešmas, Latvian iesms, Old Norse eigin, Russian igla
*h₂erkw-	bow	Latin arcus, Gothic arƕazna, English arwe/arrow, Greek arkeuthos, Russian rakita, Latvian ērkšķis, Old Norse ǫrvar, Umbrian arçlataf
*bak-	staff	Greek baktēria, Irish bacc/bac, Latin baculum, Welsh bach, Lithuanian bakstelėti, Latvian bakstit
*gweri-	millstone	German quirn/, Armenian erkan/yerkan/yergan, Sanskrit grāvan, Welsh breuan, English cweorn/quern, Old Norse kvern, Irish braó/, Lithuanian girna, Latvian dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russian žërnov
*ke(n)g-	hook	Lithuanian kengė, Persian /čang, Irish ailcheng/, Russian kogot', English hoc/hook, Old Norse haki; hǫnk, German hâco/Haken
*kwel-	wheel/chariot	Greek kuklos, Tocharian kukäl/kokale, Latin colus, Sanskrit cakra, Russian koleso, English hwēol/wheel, Persian čarka/čarx, Irish cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Ossetian calx/, Polish koło, Avestan čaxra, Albanian sjell, Old Norse hjōl, Luwian kaluti-
*mak-	pouch	Lithuanian maišas, Latvian maks, Irish mén/, Welsh megin, German mago/Magen, English maga/maw, Old Norse magi, Old Church Slavonic mosina, Russian mošna, Old Prussian dantimax
*mat-	mattock	Sanskrit matya, Russian motyga, Latin mateola, German modela, Gaulish matog, Welsh matog
*nau-	ship	Sanskrit nāu, Irish nau/, Greek naus, Latin nāvis, Avestan navāza, Persian nāviyā/nav, Armenian nav, Old Norse nōr, Ossetian nau, Albanian anije, Welsh noe, English nōwend/--
*rot-	wheel	Albanian rrath, Lithuanian ratas, Latvian rats, Gaulish Rotomagus, German rad/Rad, English rodur/, Irish /rath, Latin rota, Sanskrit ratha, Welsh rhod, Avestan raθa, Old Norse rǫðull
*skap-	tool	Russian ščepa, Lithuanian kapōti, Latvian kaplis, German skaft/, Greek skeparnion, Latin capus, Persian /kāfad, Albanian kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, Old Norse skapt, Old Church Slavonic kopajǫ
*yeug-	yoke	Sanskrit yuj;yunakti, Avestan jug, Latin iūgum, Lithuanian jungas, Latvian jugt, English geoc/yoke, German joh/Joch, Old Norse ok, Gothic juk, Russian igo, Polish igo, Greek zugos, Gaulish Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Tocharian yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Armenian luc/ludz , Persian /yoġ, Hittite iukan, Old Church Slavonic igo

Dwelling

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂enk-	angle	German ango/, Ossetian ængur, Sanskrit aṅkas, Latin ancus, Lithuanian anka, Latvian āķis, Greek agkōn, Russian ugol, Old Norse angi, Avestan aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Irish ēcath/, Hittite hink
*bherǵh-	fort	Russian bereg, English burg/borough, Old Norse borg, Armenian bardzut'iun/partsut'iun, Sanskrit barhayati, Avestan bərəzant, Gaulish Bergusia, German berg/Burg, Hittite parku, Tocharian pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thracian bergas, Gothic baírgahī, Old Norse bjarg, Persian /burz, Irish brí/, Albanian burg, Illyrian Berginium, Ancient Macedonian Berga, Latin fortis, Welsh bera, Lycian prije;pruwa
*bhruH-	beam, bridge	Gaulish brīva, English brycg/bridge, German brugga/Brücke, Old Norse brú, Russian brevno, Old Church Slavonic brĭvŭno, Polish birzwno
*dem-	house	Sanskrit dama, Avestan dąm, Greek domos, Latin domus, Russian dom, English timber/timber, German zimbar/Zimmer, Old Norse timbr, Kamviri Umbrian dâmoa, Armenian tun/dun, Lithuanian namas, Latvian nams, Welsh tŷ, Tocharian tam/täm
*dhwer-	door	Armenian duṙn/duṙ/tuṙ, Russian dver', Sanskrit dvār, Avestan dvarəm, Albanian derë, Old Norse dyrr, English duru/door, Gaulish doro, Greek thura, Lithuanian durys, Latvian durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Latin fores, Umbrian furo, German tor/Tür, Irish dorus/doras, Tocharian --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Gothic daur, Polish drzwi, Persian duvaraya/dar, Thracian dur
*ghrendh-	beam	Lithuanian grindis, Latvian grida, Old Norse grind, Latin grunda, Polish grzęda, Russian grjada, Kamviri ugṛa, English grindel/, German grindil/
*kant-	corner	Greek kanthos, Latin cantus, Gaulish kantem, Gothic cant, Russian kut, Polish kąt, Lithuanian kampas
*pent-	road	Latin pontis, Greek pontos, Sanskrit panthā, Avestan pantå, Russian put', Gothic finþan, English findan/find, German findan/finden, Old Norse finna, Armenian hun, Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Irish /és, Old Church Slavonic pǫtĭ, Persian paθim/
*treb-	dwelling	Latin trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lithuanian trōba, Latvian traba, English þorp/thorp, German thorf/Dorf, Greek teremnon, Welsh treb; tref, Old Norse ðorp; þorp, Gothic þaúrp, Irish díthrub/

Social terms

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*teuteh₂-	tribe	Gaulish teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Irish túath/túath, Illyrian teuta, Hittite tuzzi, Lycian tuta, Lithuanian tauta, Latvian tauta, English þeoð/--, German diutisc/Deutsch, Gothic þiuda, Old Norse þjóð
*leudh-	people	Lithuanian liaudis, Latvian ļaudis, Russian liud, Greek eleutheros, Irish luss/, Latin Līber, Sanskrit rodhati, Avestan raoða, German liut/Leute, Polish lud, Old Norse ljóðr, Albanian lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Gothic liudan, Old Church Slavonic ljudĭje, English lēod/, Old Prussian ludis
*weiḱ-	village	German weihs/, Lithuanian viešas, Latvian viesis, Russian ves', Avestan vīs, Albanian vis, Sanskrit viś, Latin vīcus, Greek oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Tocharian /īke, Old Church Slavonic vĭsĭ
*h₃reǵ-	ruler	Latin rēx, Oscan regaturei, Gaulish Caturīx, Irish ríg/rígh, Welsh rhi, Sanskrit rājan, Avestan raz, Persian /rahst, Greek oregein, English riht/right, German reht/recht, Old Norse réttr, Gothic raihts, Thracian rhesus, Tocharian räk/räk, Armenian arcvi/ardzvi
*ner-	power	Welsh nerth, Albanian njer, Latin neriōsus, Sanskrit nar, Luwian anarummi, Lydian nãrś, Lithuanian noras, Russian nrav, Gaulish Nertobriga, Armenian air, Greek anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Irish nert/, Phrygian anar
*yewes	law	Sanskrit yos, Latin iūs, Avestan yaoždaðāiti, Irish huisse/
*peḱu-	wealth/cattle	Latin pecū, Greek pekō, Lithuanian pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Sanskrit paśu, Avestan pasu, Gothic faihu, English feoh/fee, Albanian pilë, German fihu/vieh, Old Norse fé, Armenian asr
*mizdho-	fee	Sanskrit mīḍha, Avestan mīžda, Gothic mizdō, Russian mzda, Greek misthos, German mieta/Miete, Persian /muzd, English mēd/meed, Old Church Slavonic mĭzda
*wesno-	price	Sanskrit vasna, Latin vēnus, Greek hōnos, Armenian gin/kin, Hittite uššaniya, Russian veno, Polish wiano
*ḱat-	battle	Gaulish catu, English heaþu, German hathu/, Old Church Slavonic kotora, Sanskrit śātayati, Old Norse hoð, Irish cath/cath, Welsh cad, Tocharian /keta
*koro-	war	Lithuanian karas, Latvian kaŗš, Greek koiranos, Irish cuire/, German heri/Heer, English herebeorg/harbour, Russian kara, Old Norse herr, Gothic harjis, Gaulish Tricorii, Persian kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis
*weik-	victory	Lithuanian veikti, Latvian veikt, Russian vek, Latin vincō, Old Norse veig, German wīgan/--, Irish fichim/, Gaulish Ordovices, Welsh gwych, English wīgan/--, Gothic weihan, Old Church Slavonic vĕkŭ, Armenian vēg/vēk, Latin vincere, Oscan vincter, Polish wiek
*deiw-os	god, i.e. 'shining'	Sanskrit deva, Avestan daēva, Lithuanian dievas, Latvian dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Latin deus, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaulish Dēvona, Greek theos-Zeus, Phrygian tios, Old Church Slavonic divo, Russian divo, Polish dziw, Kamviri di, English Tiw/Tuesday, German Ziu/--, Old Norse Týr, Gothic Tyz, Welsh duw, Irish día/día, Lycian ziw, Luwian tiwat-, Lydian Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Armenian tiv/--/--
*bel-	power, strength	Sanskrit bāla, Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian bol'šoj, Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, Low German pal

Verbs

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*bheue-	to be	Sanskrit bhū; bhavati, Lithuanian būti, Latvian but, Old Prussian būton, Russian byt', Irish buith/beith, English beon/be, German bim/bin, Latin fuī, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Old Church Slavonic byti, Greek phuomai, Old Prussian būton, Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Persian būmī/bum, Avestan bavaiti, Albanian buj, Armenian bois/pois, Illyrian Bumi, Thracian Kasibounon, Gothic bauan, Gaulish Vindobios, Tocharian pyotk/pyautk, Old Norse búa
*h₁es-	to be	Russian est', Lithuanian esmi, Latvian esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Greek esti, Irish am/, Sanskrit asti, Avestan asti, Latin est, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, English is/is, Armenian ē, Polish jest, Albanian është/âsht, German ist/ist, Gothic ist, Old Norse es, Old Church Slavonic jestĭ, Hittite asa, Lycian es, Luwian as, Lydian e-, Palaic aš-, Tocharian ṣe/ṣei, Persian astiy/ast,
*magh-	to be able	Persian magus/, Lithuanian magēti, Latvian megt, English meaht/might; mæg/may, Old Church Slavonic mogǫ, German mag/mögen, Polish mogę, Old Norse mega, Russian moč', Sanskrit magha, Tocharian mokats/, Greek mēkhos, Gothic magan, Armenian mart'ans
*dheh₁-	to set, put	Sanskrit dadhāti, Avestan daðaiti, Latin faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hittite dai, Persian adadā/, Greek tithēmi/, Lithuanian dėti, Latvian dēt, Polish dziac', Russian delat', English dōn/do, German tuon/tun, Gothic gadeths, Old Norse dalidun, Phrygian dak-, Gaulish dede, Thracian didzos, Albanian ndonj, Tocharian täs/täs, Welsh dall, Armenian ed/et, Lycian ta-
*(s)tai-	to hide	Sanskrit stāyat, Avestan tāyu, Russian tajt', Irish táid/, Hittite tayezzi, Greek tēusiē/, Tocharian /enestai
*leuǵ-	to break	Greek lugros/, Albanian lungë, Armenian lucanel/ludzanel, Latin lūgeō, Irish lucht/, German luke, Lithuanian laužti, Latvian lauzt, Sanskrit rujati, Avestan uruxti, Welsh llwyth, English tōlūcan/
*steg-	to cover	Greek stegō, Sanskrit sthagati, Lithuanian stōgas, Latvian stags, Latin tegō, Irish tech/teach, German thecken/decken, English þæc/thatch, Old Norse þekja, Russian stog, Old Prussian stogis, Umbrian tehteřim, Welsh ty
*h₂ereg-	to lock	Greek arkeō, Armenian argel/arkel, Latin arcēre, Gothic arka, Old Prussian arkan, Hittite ḫark, Tocharian --/ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Eastern Baltic raktas, Lithuanian užrakinti
*gwhen-	to strike, to kill	English bana/bane, Persian /zahr, Sanskrit han, Latin dēfendere, German pano/Bahn, Old Norse bani, Gothic banja, Avestan jainti, Armenian gan/kan, Greek theinō, Irish gonim/, Albanian gjah, Lithuanian ginti, Latvian dzit, Russian gnat', Old Church Slavonic gŭnati, Hittite kwen, Lydian qẽn-
*pleh₂k-	to hit	English flōk/fluke, Greek plēttō, Latin plangō, Russian plakat', Old Church Slavonic plakati, Polish płakać, Lithuanian plakti, Irish lén/, Gothic flōkan, Old Norse flókinn, German fluoh/Fluch, English flōcan/
*bhleh₁-	to bleat	Albanian blegë, Lithuanian bliauti, Latvian blēt, English blǣtan/bleat, Greek belazō, Latin fleō, Russian blejat'
*ǵher-	to enclose	Lithuanian žardas, Phrygian gordum, Latin hortus, Sanskrit harati, Welsh garth, English geard/yard, German garto/Garten, Old Norse garðr, Greek khortos, Irish /gort, Oscan herííad, Gaulish gorto, Hittite gurtas, Gothic garda, Albanian gardh
*weik-	to choose	Sanskrit vinakti, Avestan avavaēk, Latin victima, Gothic weihan, English wēoh/--, Old Norse vé, German wīhen/weihen

Physical aspects

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*gweiH-	to live	Sanskrit jīv, Lithuanian gyventi, Latvian dzivs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, Old Church Slavonic žiti, Russian žit', Latin vivere, English cwicu/quick, Old Norse kvikr, German quec/keck, Gothic quis, Greek bios, Irish bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaulish Biturīges, Persian gaiθā/zēstan, Avestan gaēθā;jiġaēsa, Tocharian śo/śai, Armenian keam/geam, Oscan bivus
*ǵenh₁-	to give birth	Greek genos, Latin genus, English cyn/kin; cyning/king, German kind/Kind; kuning/Köning, Russian zjat', Avestan zīzənti, Sanskrit jāti, Kamviri zut, Thracian zenis, Phrygian cin, Irish adgainemmar/geinim, Gothic kuni, Lithuanian gimdyti, Latvian znots, Welsh geni, Gaulish Cintugnātus, Old Norse kind; konungr, Persian /zāēdan, Hittite genzu, Armenian cnauġ/dznauġ, Tocharian kän/kän, Albanian dhëndër/dhândër, Oscan Genetaí, Umbrian natine, Old Church Slavonic zętĭ
*bheud-	to wake	Sanskrit bodhati; buddha, Lithuanian budinti, Latvian budit, Old Prussian budē, Avestan buiðyeiti, Irish buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, Old Norse bjóða, Greek pepusmai/, English bēodan/bid, Kamviri bidi, Russian budit', Polish budzić, Old Church Slavonic bljudo, German biotan/bieten, Gothic anabiudan, Persian /bēdār-šudan
*dlegh-	to engage oneself	Irish dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, English plegian/play; pliht/plight, German pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Latin indulgēre; plevium, Russian dolg, Old Church Slavonic dlŭgŭ, Polish dług
*dre(m)-	to sleep	Russian dremat', Sanskrit drāyati, Greek darthanō/, Armenian tartam/dardam, Latin dormiō, Polish drzemać, Old Church Slavonic dremlju
*dheh₁(i)-	to suck/suckle	Albanian djathë, Armenian diem/tiem, Lithuanian dėlė, Latvian det, Old Prussian dadan, Irish diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, English delu/--, German language tāen/--; tila/--, Gothic daddjan, Old Norse dilkr, Sanskrit dhā; dhayati, Avestan daēnu, Persian dadan/, Latin fēmina; fētus; fēlāre, Umbrian feliuf, Greek thēlē; thēlus, Russian doit', Old Church Slavonic doiti, Polish doić
*weid-	to see-> to know	Sanskrit vid, Avestan vaēða, Greek idei, Russian vedat', Latin vidēre, Phrygian wit-, English witan/wit, German wizzan/wissen, Armenian gitem/kidem, Kashmiri vūčhūn, Polish widzieć; wiedziec', Old Norse vita, Gothic weitan, Irish fis/fis, Gaulish Vindomagus, Welsh gwyn, Eastern Baltic išvysti, Lithuanian vaidinti, Old Prussian widdai, Old Church Slavonic vidĕti
*h₂eug-	to glance	Greek augē, Albanian agon, Russian jug, Old Church Slavonic jugŭ
*ḱleu-	to hear	Gaulish clu, Greek kleos, Illyrian cleves, Latin cluēre, Lithuanian šlovė, Latvian klausīt, Russian slovo, Sanskrit śru, Avestan surunaoiti, German hlut/laut, English hlud/loud, Tocharian klyos, Old Norse hljóðr, Gothic hliuþ, Tocharian klāw/klāw, Armenian lu, Albanian quhem, Old Church Slavonic slovo
*pneu-	to breathe	Greek pneuma, Old Norse fnysa, English fnēosan/ German fnehan/
*kwas-	to cough	Sanskrit kasāte, Irish /casachdach, Russian kašljat', Lithuanian kosėti, Latvian kāseju, German huosto/Husten, Old Norse hósta, Kamviri kâsa, Polish kaszleć, Albanian kollje, Welsh pas, Tocharian /kosi, English hwōsta/
*swergh-	to be ill	Gothic saurga, German soraga/Sorge, Sanskrit sūrkṣati, Irish serg/, Lithuanian sirgti, Latvian sirgt, Old Church Slavonic sraga, English sorg/sorrow, Old Norse sorg, Albanian dergjet, Russian soroga, Tocharian särk/sark, Armenian erk/erg
*mer-	to die	Russian meret', Lithuanian mirti, Latvian mirt, Sanskrit marati, Avestan miryeite, Latin mortŭus, Armenian meṙnil, Greek brotos, English morþor/murder, German mord/Mord, Old Norse morð, Gothic maurþr, Gaulish marvos, Kamviri mṛe, Ossetian maryn/, Polish umrzeć, Old Church Slavonic mrĭtvŭ, Irish marb/marbh, Welsh marw, Persian amariyata/mordan, Hittite mer
*h₁ed-	to eat	Lithuanian ėsti, Latvian est, Old Prussian ist, Old Church Slavonic jasti, Russian jest', Polish jeść, Sanskrit ad, Avestan ad, Armenian utel/udel, Hittite at, Luwian ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Latin edō, Oscan edum, Greek edō, English etan/eat, German essan/essen, Old Norse eta, Gothic itan, Irish esse/, Thracian esko-, Tocharian /yesti
*gras-	to gnaw	Greek graō, Sanskrit grasate, Latin grānem
*gwruHǵh-	to bite	Lithuanian graužti, Latvian grauzis, Russian gryzt', Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Albanian me gicë, Greek brukhō, Irish brón/brón, Armenian krcem/grdzem, Old Church Slavonic gryzǫ
*peh₃i-	to drink	Russian pit'ë, Sanskrit pā, Greek pinō, Albanian pi, Latin pōtōāre, Irish ibim/ibhim, Welsh yfed, Polish pić, Old Church Slavonic piti, Lithuanian puota, Old Prussian poutwei, Hittite pas, Thracian pinon, Armenian əmpelik'/əmbelik', Umbrian puni, Old Church Slavonic pitijĭ
*srebh-	to gulp	Armenian arbi/arpi, Albanian gjerbë, Greek rhopheō, Irish srub, Latin sorbēo, Lithuanian srėbti, Latvian surbju, Russian serbat'
*leiǵh-	to lick	Latin lingere, Sanskrit leḍhi, Irish ligim/, Greek leikhein, Armenian luzel, Russian lizat', German leckôn/lecken, English liccian/lick, Kamviri liza, Polish lizać, Albanian lëpij, Old Norse sleikja, Persian /lēsēdan, Avestan raēzate, Lithuanian laižyti, Latvian laizit, Welsh llywu, Gothic bilaigon
*eibh-	to copulate	German eiba/--, Sanskrit yabhati, Russian jebat', Illyrian Oibalos, Greek oiphō/, Polish jebać
*gerbh-	to scratch	Russian žrebij, Old Prussian gīrbin, Greek graphō, German kerban/kerben, English ceorfan/carve, Armenian kerel/gerel, Albanian gërvish, Latvian grīpsta, Old Church Slavonic žrĕbŭ
*sp(y)eu-	to spit	Latin spuere, Greek ptuein, Old Church Slavonic pljujǫ, Lithuanian spjauti, Latvian spļaut, English spiwan/spew, German spīwan/speien, Old Norse spýja, Gothic spiewan, Sanskrit ṣṭīvati, Avestan spāma, Armenian t'us, Persian /tuf, Ossetian thu, Russian pljuju
*reug-	to vomit	Russian rygat', Polish rzygać, Lithuanian riaugėti, Latvian raugietis, Greek ereugomai, Latin ructāre, English rēocan/reek, German rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, Old Norse reykja, Persian /āroġ, Armenian vorcam/vordzam,
*wem-	to vomit	Latin vomere, Greek emein, Sanskrit vamiti, Avestan vam, Lithuanian vemti, Latvian vemt, Old Norse váma, Old Prussian wynis, Persian /vātāk
*perd-	to fart	Russian perdet', Sanskrit pardate, Lithuanian persti, Latvian pirst, Phrygian perdomai, Albanian pjerth;pordh, English feortan/fart, German ferzan/furzen, Old Norse freta, Polish pierdzieć, Greek perdein, Avestan pərəðaiti, Welsh rhech
*dhrei-	to defecate	Russian dristat', Old Norse dríta, Lithuanian derkti, Greek dardainei, Latin foria, German trīzan/
*meigh-	to urinate	Sanskrit mehati, Avestan maēsati, Lithuanian myžti, Latvian mizt, Russian mezga, Armenian mizel, Tocharian --/miśo, Greek omeihein, Old Norse míga, Gothic maihstus, English māsc/mash, German /Maisch; miskan/mischen, Latin mingere

Mental Aspects

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*kob-	to succeed	Gaulish Vercobius, Irish cob/, English gehæp/, Old Norse happ, Russian kob', Old Church Slavonic kobĭ, Tocharian akappi/
*ǵen-	to know	Old Church Slavonic znati, Russian znat', Lithuanian žinōti, Latvian zinat, Sanskrit jñā, Avestan paitizānənti, English cnāwan/know, Tocharian knān/nān, Irish /gnath, Greek gignōmi, Latin cognoscō, Albanian njeh, Hittite kanes, Armenian canot'/dzanot', Kashmiri zānun, Ossetian zon, German kunnan/können; irchennan/kennen, Persian xšnāsātiy/, Old Norse kunna; kenna, Old Prussian posinnāts, Gothic kunnan; kannjan, Umbrian naratu, Welsh gnawd
*(s)mer-	to remember	English murnan/mourn, Sanskrit smarati, Avestan smaraiti, Latin memor, Irish airmmert/, Welsh armerth, Gaulish Smerius, Gothic maúrnan, Old Norse Mímir, German mornēn/, Greek mermeros, Armenian mormok'/mormos/mormos
*tong-	to think	Albanian tangë/tângë, English þencan/think, German thenken/denken, Latin tongēo, Oscan tanginúd, Old Norse þekkja, Tocharian tuṅk/taṅkw, Gothic þangkjan, Lithuanian dūmoti

Emotional Aspects

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*dhers-	to dare	Sanskrit dhṛṣṇoti, Russian derzkij, Old Prussian dyrsos, English dearr/dare, German giturran/--; gitar/, Greek thrasos, Old Church Slavonic drŭzŭ, Lithuanian drįsti, Latvian drošs, Persian adaršnauš, Avestan daršam, Latin infestus, Gothic gadars
*leubh-	to love	Russian ljubo', Sanskrit lubhyati, Latin libido, English lufu/love, Lithuanian liaupse, Albanian laps, German liob/Liebe, Polish lubić, Old Norse ljúfr, Gothic liufs, Oscan loufit, Old Church Slavonic ljubŭ
*prai-	to like	Sanskrit prīṇāti, Old Church Slavonic prĕjǫ, Russian prijat', Latvian priēks, Greek praos, Avestan frā/, Gothic freis, English frēond/friend, German friunt/Freund, Polish przyjaźnić się, Old Norse Frigg, Welsh rhydd, Irish ríar/
*smei-	to laugh	Russian smejat', Sanskrit smayate, Lithuanian smagintis, Latvian smaids, Tocharian smi/smi, Latin mīrus, Greek meidos, Irish míad/, Polish śmiać się, English smearcian/smirk, Old Church Slavonic smĕjǫ

Social Aspects

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*ǵeme-	to marry	Sanskrit jāmātar, Avestan zāmātar, Greek gambros, Latin gener
*h₁ewegwh-	to praise	Sanskrit vāghat, Avestan raštarəvaġənti, Latin vovēre, Greek eukhomai, Armenian gog/kok, Umbrian vufetes
*preḱ-	to ask, to pray	Latin poscō, Tocharian prak/prek, Sanskrit pṛcchati, Russian prosit', Lithuanian piršti, Latvian pirslis, German frāga/fragen, English frignan/--, Old Norse fregna, Gothic fraihnan, Old Church Slavonic prositi, Persian /pursēdan, Avestan pərəsaiti, Oscan aparsam/, Armenian harc'nel, Welsh archaf, Irish /arco, Tocharian pärk/pärk, Umbrian pepurkurent
*gwer-	to praise	Russian žrec, Albanian grish, Lithuanian girti, Latvian dzirt, Sanskrit gṛnāti, Latin grātēs, Irish bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Tocharian krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Avestan aibigərənte
*wekw-	to speak	Greek epos, Latin vōx, Sanskrit vakti, Avestan vačah, German giwahanen/erwähnen, Old Prussian wackītwei, Tocharian wak/wek, Old Norse váttr, Umbrian subocau, Irish foccul/, Welsh gwaethi, Gaulish Vepolitanos, Hittite ḫuek
*h₃engw-	to anoint	Latin unguō, Sanskrit anakti, Armenian aucanem/audzanem, Irish /imb, Umbrian umtu, Old Prussian anctan, German ancho/, Welsh ymenyn
*peh₂-	to protect	Sanskrit pāti, Tocharian pās/pāsk, Latin pāstum, Greek poimēn, German fuoten/Futter, English fēdan/feed, Lithuanian piemuo, Gothic fōdjan; fōdr, Avestan pāiti, Persian xšaθrapāvan/, Old Norse føða; fōðr
*h₁eu-	to dress	Avestan aoθra, Russian obut', Lithuanian auti, Latvian aut, Armenian aganum/akanum, Latin exuo;induo, Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Armenian aganim/akanim, Irish fuan/, Welsh gŵn, Old Church Slavonic obujǫ
*werh₃-	to speak	Latin verbum, Lithuanian vardas, Latvian vārds, English word/word, Russian vrat', Sanskrit vrata, Avestan urvāta, Hittite ueria, Greek eirō, German wort/Wort, Old Norse orð, Gothic waurd, Old Prussian wīrds, Irish fordat/, Umbrian uerfalem, Old Church Slavonic vračĭ
*med-	to advise	Welsh meddu, Latin meditor, Greek medomai, Old Norse meta, English ǣmtig/empty, Armenian mit/mid, Sanskrit masti, Avestan azdā, Persian azdā/, Umbrian meřs, Oscan meddiss, Avestan midiur/, Tocharian mem/maim, Gothic mitan, German mezzan/
*h₂eu-	to help	Sanskrit avati, Avestan avaiti, Armenian aviun, Gaulish Avicantus, Gothic ewyll, Greek -aones, Latin aveō, Lithuanian aušti, Latvian ataust, Irish con ói/, Tocharian olar/aulāre, Old Norse auð, English īþe/, German ōdmuoti/
*kan-	to sing	Greek kanakheō/, Latin canō, Irish canim/, Russian kanyuk, Gothic hana, English hen/hen, German hano/Hahn, Old Norse hani; hœna, Welsh canu, Persian /āvāz xāndan, Umbrian kanetu
*wes-	to feast	Hittite weši, Latin vescor, Avestan vastra, Sanskrit anuvāvase, Welsh gwest, German wist/, Irish fíach/, Gothic wisan, Old Norse vist, English wesan/ Lithuanian švest
*ghel-	to call	English gellan/yell, Greek khelidōn, Sanskrit pragalbhas, Gothic gōljan, German gellan/gellen, Lithuanian gulbinti/, Old Norse gjalla
*leugh-	to tell a lie	English lyge/lie, German liogan/lügen, Old Norse ljúga, Gothic liugan, Eastern Baltic lugoti, Russian lgat', Welsh llu, Irish luige/, Old Church Slavonic lŭgati
*dhreugh-	to deceive	Old Norse draugr, Sanskrit druhyati, Avestan družaiti, English drēam/dream, German troum/Traum, Persian drauga/, Irish aurddrach/
*gang-	to mock	Sanskrit gañjas, English canc/, Greek gaggainein/, Russian gugnja, Irish géim/, Old Church Slavonic gǫgŭnivŭ
*ghleu-	to joke	English glēo/glee, Lithuanian glauda, Latvian glaudat, Greek khleuē, Old Norse glý, Russian glum, Old Church Slavonic bezŭ gluma
*wadh-	to pledge	Latin vas;vadis, Gothic wadi, Old Norse veð, English weddian/wed, German wetti/Wette, Lithuanian vadas, Latvian vadot,
*dus-	to fail	Sanskrit duṣyati, Avestan duš, Greek deō, Irish do-/, Armenian t-/d-, Gothic tuz-, Old Norse tjón, English tēona/, German zur-/, Russian dožd', Old Church Slavonic dŭždĭ, Polish deszcz
*h₂eiḱ-	to be master of, to possess	English āgan/ought, Gothic aigan, German eigan/eigen, Old Norse eiga, Sansrkit īṣṭe, Avestan īšti

Motion and Transportation

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*steh₂-	to stand	Avestan hištaiti, Sanskrit tiṣṭhati, English standan/stand, Latin stō, Umbrian stahmei, Oscan staíet, Lithuanian stōti, Latvian stat, Old Prussian stacle, Old Church Slavonic stati, Russian stat', German stān/stehen, Polish stać, Phrygian eistani, Gothic standan, Old Norse stóð, Persian aištata/istādan, Albanian shtuara, Welsh gwastad, Tocharian ṣtām/stām, Greek histami, Irish tá/tá, Hittite išta, Luwian išta-, Armenian stanam/sdanam, Lycian ta-
*ḱlei-	to lean	Irish clóin/, Latin clīnō, Greek klinē, English hleonian/lean, Armenian leṙ, Lithuanian šlieti, Latvian sliet, Russian sloj, Sanskrit śrayati, Avestan srinu, German hlīnen/lehnen, Welsh clwyd, Old Prussian slayan, Tocharian kälyme/kälymiye, Gothic hlain, Old Norse hlein
*sed -	to sit	Old Church Slavonic sĕdĕti, Russian sidet', Polish siedzieć, Lithuanian sėdėti, Latvian sēdēt, Gaulish essedum, English sittan/sit, German sizzan/sitzen; sezzal/, Old Norse sitja, Gothic sitan, Latin sedeō, Greek hedzomai/, Irish saidim/suidh, Welsh seddu, Sanskrit sad, Avestan nišaðayeiti, Persian niyašayadan/nešastan, Armenian nstil/nsdil, Old Prussian sīdons, Umbrian sersitu, Tocharian sätk/
*legh-	to lie down	Russian ležat', Greek lekhethai/, Latin lectus, German liggan/liegen, Irish lige/luighe, Welsh gwely, English lecgen/lie, Old Church Slavonic ležati, Polish leżeć, Gaulish legasit, Old Norse liggja, Gothic ligan, Tocharian lake/leke, Lithuanian lagaminas, Latvian lagača
*h₁ei-	to go	Lithuanian eiti, Latvian iet, Old Prussian eit, Russian idti, Gothic iddja, English ēode/--, Sanskrit eti, Avestan aēiti, Greek eimi, Latin ire, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaulish eimu, Tocharian i/i, Irish ethaim/, Persian aitiy/, Old Church Slavonic idǫ, Luwian i-
*gwem-	to come	Latin veniō, Sanskrit gam, Avestan jamaiti, Tocharian kum/käm, English cuman/come, Armenian yeki/yegi, German coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, Old Norse koma, Persian jamijāh/, Gothic qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lithuanian gimti, Latvian dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Albanian pregjim, Greek batēn/
*leikw-	to leave	Lithuanian likti, Latvian likt, Irish léicid/, German līhan/leihen, Armenian lk'anem, Greek leipō, Latin linquō, Sanskrit riṇakti, Avestan raexnah, Persian /rēxtan, Old Prussian polijcki, Russian olek, English lǣnan/lend, Old Norse ljá, Gothic leiƕan
*deuk-	to lead	Albanian nduk, English tow/togian, German ziohan/ziehen, Gothic tiuhan, Old Norse toginn, Greek adeukēs/, Latin dūcō
*wedh-	to lead	Russian vedu, Lithuanian vesti, Latvian vads, Irish fedid/fedim, Avestan vāðayeiti, Hittite uwate, Old Church Slavonic vedǫ, Polish wieść, Welsh arweddu, Old Prussian west
*weǵh-	to ride	English wegan/weigh, Latin vehō, Oscan veia, Umbrian ar'veitu, Greek ekhos/, Sanskrit vahati, Avestan vazaiti, Russian vezti, Polish wieźć, Albanian vjedh;udhë, German biwegan/bewegen, Old Norse vega, Gothic gawigan, Irish fén/, Welsh gwain, Lithuanian vežti, Latvian vest, Old Prussian vessis, Umbrian ařveitu, Gaulish Uecturius, Tocharian wkäṁ/yakne, Old Church Slavonic vezǫ
*bher-	to bear	Sanskrit bharati, Avestan baraiti, Russian beru, Irish berim/beirim, Welsh cymmeryd, Armenian berel/perel, Albanian bie, Greek pherō, Latin fero, Umbrian fertu, English beran/bear, German burde/Burde, Tocharian pär/pär, Lithuanian baras, Latvian bars, Kamviri bor, Phrygian ber, Gothic bairan, Old Norse bera, Old Church Slavonic berǫ, Persian baratuv/bār, Polish brać
*dra-	to run	Sanskrit drāti, Russian drat', Greek apodrasis;dromos, Illyrian Dravos, Lithuanian drebėti, German /Trappel, Gothic anatrimpan, Avestan draonah
*ḱers-	to run	Gaulish carros, Latin currō, Greek epikouros, Welsh carrog, Irish carr/, Tocharian kursär/kwasär, German horsk/, Old Norse horskr, English horsc/
*serpe-	to creep	Albanian gjarpër/gjarpën, Greek herpō, Latin serpō, Sanskrit sṛp, Kashmiri so.rūph
*preu-	to jump	Russian prygat', Sanskrit pravate, German frosc/Frosch, English frogga/frog, Old Norse froskr, Lithuanian šokt
*ter-	to cross over	Latin terminus, Greek terthron, Albanian shtir, Hittite tarḫzi, Sanskrit tarati/, German dremil/, Kamviri târa, Avestan tar, Persian viyatārayāma/, Ossetian tærin, Illyrian Taros, Armenian t'arm, Umbrian termnome, Oscan teremenniú, Old Norse þrǫmr
*sekw-	to follow	Lithuanian sekti, Latvian sekt, Latin sequor, Greek hepomai, Irish sech/seach, Welsh hep, Old Norse seggr, Sanskrit sacate, Avestan hačaitē, English secg/--, Persian hačā/, Tocharian säk/, German beinsegga/
*h₂ep-	to reach	Avestan apayeiti, Sanskrit āptas, Greek apto, Armenian unim, Latin apex, Hittite apanzi, Tocharian oppäśśi/
*pet-	to open arms	Greek petalon, Latin pandō, Avestan paθana, English fæðm/fathom, Old Norse faðmr, German fadam/Faden, Scottish Gaelic aitheamh
*gwhen-	to press	Sanskrit hanti, Avestan jainti, Lithuanian ginti, Latvian dzit, Old Prussian guntwei, Russian gnat', Polish gnac', Albanian gjanj, Armenian gan/kan, Irish gonim/gonadh, Old Norse gunnr, Greek theinō, Latin dēfendō, Hittite kwen, Persian ajanam/, English gūþ/--, German gundfano/--, Old Church Slavonic gŭnati
*swep-	to throw	Sanskrit svapū, Lithuanian supti Latvian šupat, Russian sypat', Latin supāre, Old Church Slavonic svepiti sę, Old Norse sófl, Polish sypać
*treud-	to press	Albanian treth, Latin trūdō, Welsh trym, Irish tromm/trom, English þrēat/threat, German firthriogan/verdrießen, Old Norse þrjóta, Gothic usþriutan, Old Church Slavonic trudŭ, Russian trud
*pet-	to fly	English feðer/feather, German fedarah/Feder, Old Norse fjǫðr, Sanskrit patati, Latin petō, Hittite pattar, Greek pteruks, Welsh eterin, Persian udapatatā/, Armenian t'ṙč'im, Irish ette/iteóg, Welsh aden, Avestan pataiti, Latvian pētit
*tark-	to twist	Sanskrit tarku, Old Prussian tarkue, Russian torok, Tocharian tark/tärk, Greek atraktos, Latin torqueō, German drahsil/drechsein, Albanian tjerr, Irish /trochal, Welsh torri, English þrǣstan/, Polish troki
*leig-	to jump	Greek elelizdō/, Eastern Baltic laigyti, Lithuanian liuoksėti, Gothic laiks, German leih/Leich, Sanskrit rejati, Persian /ālēxtan, English lāc/--, Old Norse leikr
*bhred-	to wade	Albanian bredh, Latvian brist; bridu, Lithuanian bristi; bredu, Russian bredu, Polish brnąć, Thracian Bredai
*steigh-	to stride, to step	Albanian shteg, Lithuanian stigti, Latvian steigt, Irish techt/teachd, Welsh taith, Gothic steigan, Old Norse stígan, English stǣger/stair, German stīgan/steigen, Greek stikhos, Sanskrit stighnoti, Russian dostigat', Polish ścignąć, Old Church Slavonic postigǫnti
*seh₂g-	to seek out	Hittite šak(k), English sǣcan/beseech, German suohhen/suchen, Gothic sōkjan, Old Norse sǿkja, Greek hēgesthai, Irish saigim/, Welsh haeddu, Latin sagīre

Work

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂ere-	to plow	Tocharian āre/āre, Greek arotēr, Latin arō, Lithuanian arti, Latvian art, Russian orat', Armenian araur, Irish airim/, Polish orać, Gothic arjan, English erian/--, Old Norse arðr, Welsh arddu, Old Church Slavonic orati, Old Prussian artoys, German erien/
*deh₁-	to bind	Albanian duaj, Greek desmos, Snaskrit dyati, Avestan nīdyātąm
*deme-	to tame	Sanskrit dāmyati, Greek damnanai, Irish damnaim/, Hittite damaašzi, Avestan dam, Latin domāre, English tam/tame, German zemmen/zähmen, Gothic gatamjan, Old Norse temja, Ossetian domun, Persian /dām, Welsh addef
*dheiǵh-	to mold	Greek teikhos, Irish digen/, Russian deža, English dāg/dough, Gothic daigs, Old Norse deig, German teig/Teig, Latin fingere, Sanskrit dih;degdhi, Avestan pairidaēza, Persian didā/dēz, Armenian dizanem, Thracian -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lithuanian žiest, Latvian ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Tocharian tsek/tsik
*ghedh-	to join, to unite	Lithuanian guodas, Latvian gods, English gōd/good, German guot/gut, Gothic gōþs; gōds, Old Norse gōðr, Sanskrit gadhyas, Russian god, Old Church Slavonic godŭ, Polish gody, Tocharian kātk/kātk
*ǵhwel-	to bend	Latvian nuožvelnus, Latvian zveļu, Russian zloj, Polish zły, Old Church Slavonic zŭlŭ, Sanskrit hvarati, Avestan zbarəmnəm, Persian /zūr
*gweh₂dh-	to sink	Greek bathos, Sanskrit gāhate, Avestan vigāθō, Irish bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi
*kerp-	to pluck	Greek karpos, Latin carpere, English hærfest/harvest, Irish carr/, Welsh par, Gothic ƕaírban, Old Norse hverfa, Tocharian kārp/kärp, German hwerban/werben, Lithuanian kirpti
*lowa-	to wash	Greek lousis, Gaulish lautro, Latin lavare, Armenian loganam/lokanam, Hittite lauzi, German louga/Lauge, English lēðran/lather, Old Norse laug, Irish lóathar/, Welsh luddw
*mele-	to grind	Russian melju, Lithuanian malti, Latvian malt, Tocharian malyw-/mely-, English melo/meal, Albanian miell, Latin molere, Armenian malem, Greek mulos, Gothic malan, Old Norse mala, German malan/mahlen, Umbrian kumaltu, Welsh malu, Irish melim/meilim, Hittite malla, Umbrian kumaltu, Old Church Slavonic melję, Polish mleć
*melǵ-	to milk	English melcan/milk, German melcan/melken, Gothic miluks, Old Norse mjölk, Tocharian malke/malkwer, Greek amelgō, Latin mulgeō, Irish bligim/, Welsh blith, Lithuanian melžti, Russian molozivo, Sanskrit marjati, Albanian miel
*neigw-	to wash	Irish nigim/nighim, Latin noegeum, Old Norse nykr, German nihhus/Nix, Greek niptō, Sanskrit nenekti, Welsh enneint, English nicor/
*neik-	to winnow	Lithuanian niekōti, Latvian niekat, Greek neiklon, Welsh nithio
*h₃erbho-	work	Armenian orb/orp, Irish orbe/, Latin orbus, Sanskrit arbha, Hittite arpa, Greek orphanos, German arbeit/Arbeit, English earfoð/--, Old Church Slavonic rabŭ, Polish robota, Russian rebënok, Gaulish Orbius, Gothic arbi, Old Norse arfr, Lithuanian irbu
*pekw-	to cook	Albanian pjek, Russian peku, Sanskrit pacati, Tocharian päk/päk, Welsh poeth, Greek pepsis, Kamviri puk, Latin coquere, Lithuanian kepti, Latvian cept, Old Church Slavonic pekǫ, Persian /puxtan, Polish piekę, Old Prussian pektis, English āfigen/
*plek-	to plait/braid	Latin plectere, Greek plekein, Old Norse flétta, Gothic flahto, German flehtan/flechten, English fleohtan/--, Old Church Slavonic plesti, Sanskrit praśna, Avestan ərəzato frašnəm, Russian pletu, Polish pleść, Albanian plaf, Lithuanian pinti
*rebh-	to roof	Greek erephō, Russian rebro, English ribb/rib, Old Norse rif, German ribba/Rippe, Old Church Slavonic rebro, Polish żebro
*rezg-	to plait	Lithuanian regsti, Latvian režģit, Russian rozga, Latin restis, Sanskrit rajju, English resc/, Old Church Slavonic rozga, Polish rózga
*seh₁-	to sow	Russian seyat', Lithuanian sėti, Latvian set, Latin serere; sēmen, English sāwan/sow, Old Prussian semen, Russian semja, German sāen/säen, Old Norse sá, Gothic saian, Old Church Slavonic sĕti, Umbrian semenies, Polish siać, Welsh hil, Irish sí/síol, Tocharian sāry/, Hittite sai, Sanskrit sāyaka, Umbrian semenies
*sēi-	to sift	Albanian shosh, Lithuanian sietas, Latvian siets, Irish sithlad/síolthughadh, Welsh hidl, Old Norse sáld, Greek ēthō, Russian sito, Polish sito, Old Church Slavonic sito
*sne-	to spin	Latvian snāte, Sanskrit snāyati, Irish snáthat/snáthad, English nǣdl/needle, German nādala/Nadel, Gothic nēþla, Old Norse nál, Russian nit', Latin neō, Greek nēθō, Welsh nodwydd
*syu-	to sew	Sanskrit sīvyati, Latin suere, English seowian/sew, Lithuanian siūti, Latvian šudinat, Russian šit', Polish szyć, Old Norse sýja, Gothic siujan, Greek humēn, Old Prussian schumeno, German siuwen/Saum, Old Church Slavonic šijǫ, Hittite suel
*teḱs-	to plait	Latin textō, Lithuanian tašau, Latvian tešu, Greek tektōn, Russian tesla, German dehsa/, Sanskrit takṣati, Avestan tašaiti, Persian ustašana/taš, Old Church Slavonic tešǫ, Hittite takš, Old Norse þexla, Irish tál
*webh-	to weave	English wefan/weave, German weban/weben, Old Norse vefa, Greek huphē, Persian baftan/, Sanskrit ubhnāti, Tocharian wäp/wāp, Avestan ubdaēna, Persian /bāfad, Albanian vegjë
*wes-	to dress	Albanian vesh, English werian/wear, German werian/Wehr, Gothic wasjan, Old Norse verja, Latin vestis, Greek hennunai, Armenian zgenum/zkenum, Sanskrit vaste, Avestan vastē, Hittite waš, Tocharian wäs/wäs

Economy and Trade

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂eug-	to increase	Lithuanian augti, Latvian augt, Latin auctis, Greek auksōn, Sanskrit ugra, Tocharian ok/auk, English eacan/eke, German wahsan/wachsen; ouh/auch, Old Norse auka, Gothic aukan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur
*deh₃-	to give	Russian dat', Armenian tal/dal, Lithuanian duoti, Latvian dot, Sanskrit dā;dadāti, Avestan dadāiti, Ossetian daettyn, Albanian dhashë, Greek didō, Kashmiri dẏyūn, Polish dać, Phrygian dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Latin dare, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Irish dán/, Welsh dawn, Hittite dā, Lycian da, Luwian da-, Lydian da-, Old Church Slavonic dati, Gaulish doenti, Persian dadātuv/dādan
*ghabh-	to take	English giefan/give, Sanskrit gabhasti, Old Church Slavonic gobino, Latin habēre, German geban/geben, Old Norse gefa, Gothic giban, Oscan hafíar, Umbrian habe, Irish gaibid/, Welsh gafael, Eastern Baltic grobti, Lithuanian gabana, Latvian gabana, Gaulish gabi
*ḱlep-	to steal	Greek kleptō, Armenian goġnal/koġnal, Latin clepō, Gothic hlifan, Irish cluain/, Old Prussian auklipts, Lithuanian slėpti, Latvian slept
*kwrei-	to buy	Sanskrit krīṇāti, Lithuanian kraitis, Latvian kriens, Irish crenaim/, Russian krenut', Tocharian kuryar/käry, Greek priamai, Armenian gnel/knel, Welsh prynu
*lāu-	to acquire	Greek leia, Gothic laun, Russian lovit', Irish lúag/, Latin lucrum, Welsh llawen, German lōn/Lohn, Old Church Slavonic lovŭ, Lithuanian lavinti, Old Norse laun, English lēan/, Sanskrit lotam, Polish łowić
*mei-	to change	English gemǣne/mean, German gimeini/gemein, Gothic gamains, Sanskrit menis, Russian menjat', Lithuanian mainyti, Latvian mains, Irish móin/, Latin mūnus, Sanskrit mayaite, Welsh mwyn, Old Church Slavonic mĕna, Polish zmiana, Avestan maēni
*nem-	to allot/distribute	Irish nem/nimh, German neman/nehmen, Greek nemō, Gothic niman, Old Norse nema, Lithuanian nuomas, Latvian noma, Latin numerus, English niman/numb, Avestan nəmah, Tocharian /ñemek

Natural Phenomena

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*bhel-	to bloom	Latin folium, Greek phullon, English blōstm/blossom, Irish bláth/, German bluomo/Blume, Old Norse blómi, Tocharian pält/pilta, Welsh blawd, Gothic blōma, Oscan Fluusaí
*bhlēiǵ	to shine	Latvian bližģet, Lithuanian blaikštytis, English blīcan/, German blīhhan/Blech, Old Norse blíkja, Russian blesk, Old Church Slavonic bliskŭ
*dhal-	to blossom	Albanian dal, Armenian dalar/talar, Greek thallō, Welsh dail, Irish duille/
*dhegwh-	to burn	Lithuanian degti, Latvian degt, Russian žgučij, Albanian djek, Irish daig/, Sanskrit dahati, Avestan dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Persian /dāġ, Greek theptanos/, Tocharian tsäk/tsäk, Latin fovēre, Old Church Slavonic žešti, Polish żgę
*h₁eus-	to burn	Albanian ushël, Lithuanian usnis, Latvian usna, Greek heuō/, German eimuria/, English ǣmerge/ember, Latin ūrō, Old Norse usli, Sanskrit oṣati,
*ǵhel-	to shine	Lithuanian gelta; žalias; želta, Latvian dzeltans; zaļš; selts, Russian žëltyj;zelënyj;zoloto, German gelo/gelb;gold/Gold, Latin helvus;fel, Phrygian zelkia, English geolu/yellow;gold/gold, Albanian dhelpër, Welsh glan, Irish gel/gealach, Polish żółty;zielony;złoto, Greek khlōros, Old Norse gulr;gull, Persian /zard;daraniya/, Avestan zaray;zaranya, Gothic gulþ, Sanskrit hari;hiraṇya, Old Prussian gelatynan;saligan;sealtmeno, Old Church Slavonic zlĭtŭ;zelenŭ;zlato
*ǵhwen-	to sound	Russian zvon, Armenian dzayn/cayn, Albanian zë/zâ, Tocharian kaṁ/kene, Old Church Slavonic zvonŭ, Polish dzwon, Eastern Baltic žvangėti, Lithuanian žvengti, Latvian zviegt
*ghreh₁-	to grow, to become green	English grōwan/grow; grēne/green; græs/grass, German gruoen/-- , gruoni/grün, gras/Gras, Gothic gras, Old Norse groa; grænn; gras
*ked-	to fume	Greek kedros, Sanskrit kadru, Lithuanian kadegīs, Latvian kadags, Russian čad, Old Church Slavonic kadilo, Old Prussian kadegis
*bher-	to boil	Albanian burmë, Gaulish Voberā, Irish bréo/, Welsh beru, English brǣþ/breath, German brādam/Brodem, Old Norse bráðr, Greek phurdēn-migdēn, Sanskrit bhurati
*kuep-	to boil	Sanskrit kupyati, Lithuanian kupėti, Latvian kvepet, Latin cupere, Russian kipet', Albanian kapit, Greek kapnos, Old Norse hvap, Tocharian kāp/kāp, Old Prussian kupsins, Old Church Slavonic kypĕti, afƕapjan, Hittite kup
*saus-	to dry	Albanian tha, Lithuanian sausa, Latvian sauss, Old Prussian sausā, English sēar/sear, German sōrēn/--, Sanskrit śuṣyati, Avestan haoš, Persian uška/xošk, Russian suxoj, Greek hauos/, Latin sūdus
*swei-	to whistle	Russian svist, Lithuanian švilpti, Latvian svilpiens, Sanskrit kṣveḍati, Irish ind fet/fead, Welsh chwythu, Polish świst, Greek sizō/, Latin sibāre, Gothic swiglōn, German swegala/, English swegalōn/, Old Church Slavonic svistati
*swel-	to burn	Latvian svelt, Lithuanian sveltu, Gothic swiltan, Old Norse svalr, English swelan, Greek hēlios, Sanskrit svarati, Tocharian slam/sleme
*swonos-	to sound	Sanskrit svanati, English swan/swan, German swan/Schwan, Old Norse svanr, Latin sonāre, Avestan xvanatčaxra, Irish senim/seinm
*tau-	to melt	Russian tajat', Ossetian thayun, English þawian/thaw, German thouwen/verdauen, Armenian t'anam, Latin tabēre, Greek tēkō, Old Norse þeyja, Old Church Slavonic tajetŭ, Welsh tawdd, Irish tám/, Sanskrit toyam, Lithuanian tyras, Latvian tīrelis, Polish tajać
*weh₁-	to blow	English weder/weather, German waian/wehen, Old Norse vindr, Latin ventus, Sanskrit vāti, Greek aemi, Old Church Slavonic vĕjetŭ, Avestan vāiti, Hittite ḫuwantiš, Lithuanian vėjas, Latvian vejš, Old Prussian wins, Gothic winds, Tocharian want/yente, Russian vejat', Polish wiać, Welsh awel
*wet-	to blow, inspire	English Wōden/Wednesday, Old Norse Ōðinn, German Wuotan/Wotan, Greek atmos, Irish fáith/, Latin vannus

Adjectives

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂eig-	sick	Latin aeger, Tocharian /aikare, Old Norse eikenn, Lithuanian ingas, Latvian angus, Russian jaga, Polish jędza, Old Church Slavonic jęsa, English inca/, Armenian yekro/yegro
*h₂wap-	bad, evil	Hittite ḫuwapp, English yfel/evil, German ubil/Übel, Gothic ubils
*bheres-	lively	Russian borzoj, Lithuanian bruzdu, Gaulish brys, Latin festīnō, Irish bras/, Old Church Slavonic brŭzŭ, Polish bardzo
*kaiko-	one-eyed	Sanskrit kekara, Lithuanian keikti, Greek kaikias, Latin caecus, Irish caech/, Welsh coeg, Gothic haihs
*kal-	handsome	Sanskrit kalya, Greek kallos
*ḱleu-	clean	Greek kludōn, Gaulish Cluad, Latin cloāca, English hlūttor/, Lithuanian šluoti, Latvian slaumi, Russian sleza, Welsh clir, German hlūttar/lauter, Gothic hlūtrs, Old Norse hlér, Old Church Slavonic slĭza
*ḱwen-	holy	Lithuanian šventas, Latvian svinet, Russian svjatoj, Avestan spanyah, Gothic hunsl, Polish święty, Old Prussian swints, Old Norse hunsl, English hūsel/housel, Old Church Slavonic svętŭ
*kweyH-	quiet	Old Norse hvīla, English hwil/while, German hwila/Weile, Gothic ƕeila, Latin quiēs, Old Church Slavonic počiti, Russian počit', Sanskrit ciram, Avestan šāitiš, Persian šiyātiš/šāh, Lycian tezi, Tocharian /śāte, Polish odpoczywać, Armenian hangč'im/hankč'im, Lithuanian tylus
*las-	eager	Sanskrit laṣati, Russian laska, Latin lascīvus, Lithuanian lokšnus, English lust/lust, German lust/Lust, Gothic lustus, Old Norse lyst, Greek lilaiomai, Irish lainn/
*meǵ-	great	Greek megas, Latin magnus, Armenian mec/medz, Illyrian mag, Gaulish Magiorīx, Albanian madh, Sanskrit mahayati, Tocharian māk/mākā, Gothic mikils, Phrygian meka-, English micil/much, Old Norse mikill, Avestan mazant, Hittite makkes, Irish mochtae/, Welsh Maclgwn, German mihhil/--
*eh₃ḱus	quick	Greek ōkupous, Latin ōcior, Welsh diog, Avestan āsu, Sanskrit āśu, Russian jastreb, Old Church Slavonic jastrębŭ
*ster-	sterile	Latin sterilis, Greek steira, Armenian sterj/sderč, Albanian shtjerre, German stero/, Sanskrit starī, Gothic stairō, English stierc/, Bulgarian sterica
*weǵ-	lively	Latin vegeō, English wacan/wake, Sanskrit vāja, Avestan vazra, Tocharian wasir/wasir, German wahhēn/wachen, Gothic wakan, Old Norse vaka, Persian vazrka/buzurg
*wesu-	good	Sanskrit vasu, Gaulish Uisurix, Tocharian wṣe/yaṣi, Illyrian Veselia, Russian vesëlyj, Latvian vesels, Avestan vaṅhu, Phrygian vasu, Hittite wasu, Lydian viśi-, Gothic iusiza, German Wisurīh/, Welsh gwych, Greek eu/, Old Church Slavonic veselŭ

Age

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*maghos	young	Gothic magus, Gaulish Magurīx, Irish maug/, Avestan maġava, Albanian makth, Latvian mač, German magad/Magd, English mægð/maid, Welsh meudwy, Old Norse mǫgr
*newo-	new	Latin novus, Russian novyj, Greek neos, Hittite newa, English nīwe/new, Sanskrit nava, Avestan nava, Lithuanian naujas, Latvian naujš, Gaulish Noviodūnum, Armenian nor, German niuwi/neu, Kamviri nuĩ, Kashmiri nōv, Ossetian nog/, Polish nowy, Welsh newydd, Persian /now, Tocharian ñu/ñuwe, Old Prussian nauns, Oscan Núvellum, Gothic niujis, Irish nue/nua, Old Norse nýr, Thracian neos, Old Church Slavonic novŭ, Luwian nāwa
*nu-	now	Albanian tani, Lithuanian nu, Latvian nu, German nu/nun, English nū/now, Greek nu/, Hittite nu, Luwian nanun, Latin nunc, Old Norse nū, Persian nūra/ Old Prussian teinu, Sanskrit nū, Tocharian nuṃ/nano, Gothic nu, Old Church Slavonic nu
*sen-	old	Lithuanian senas, Latvian sens, Latin senex, Gaulish Senognatus, Old Norse sina, Sanskrit sana, Avestan hana, Armenian hin, Greek henos, Welsh hyn, Gothic sineigs, Irish sen/
*yeu-	young	Russian junyj, Sanskrit yuvan, Gaulish Jovincillus, Lithuanian jaunas, Latvian jauns, English geong/young, Avestan yavan, Latin juvĕnis, Umbrian iuengar , German jung/jung, Welsh ieuanc, Old Norse ungr, Gothic juggs, Old Church Slavonic junu, Welsh ieuanc, Irish óc/óg, Persian /javān

Colour

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₃ei-	multicolored, reddish	Lithuanian ieva, Latvian ieva, English īw/yew, German īwa/Eibe, Old Norse ýr, Greek oiē, Gaulish ivo, Irish éo/eó, Welsh iwen, Russian iva
*h₂elbho-	white	Latin albus, Umbrian alfu, Hittite alpas, German Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russian lebed', English ælf/elf, Greek alphos, Lycian alb-, Old Norse alfr
*h₂erǵ-	white, shine->silver	Greek arguros, Latin arguō, Hittite ḫarkiš, Tocharian ārki/arkwi, English eorcnanstān/--, Greek erchan/--, Sanskrit arjuna, Irish argat/airgead, Avestan arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Armenian arcat'/ardzat', Phrygian arg, Thracian arzas, Gaulish Argentoratum, Gothic unairkns
*bhel-	light, bright	Russian bely, Gaulish Belenos, Lithuanian blagnytis; baltas, Latvian balts, Sanskrit bharga;bhālam, Phrygian falos, Albanian ballë, Illyrian balta, Armenian bal/pal, Greek phlegein; phalos, Old Norse bāl; blár; bleikr, Russian belyj, Polish biały, English blæcern/; blǣcan/bleach; blǣwen/, German blecken/bleckhn; bleich/bleich; blāo/blau, Gothic bala, Irish beltene/bealtaine; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Latin flagrāre; flāvus, Thracian balios, Old Prussian ballo, Old Church Slavonic bĕlŭ, Oscan Flagiúi;Flaviies, Tocharian pälk/pälk
*bher-	brown, shining	Latvian bers; bebrs, Lithuanian bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaulish Bibrax, Welsh befer, English brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, German brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, Old Norse brúnn; bjǫrn; bjórr, Sanskrit bhallas; babhrus, Avestan bawra, Latin fiber, Polish bóbr, Russian bobr, Tocharian parno/perne; paräṁ/perne
*dhel-	light	Albanian diell, Armenian dełin/deġin/teġin, English deall/, Old Norse Dellingr, Irish dellrad/
*ḱas-	gray	Sanskrit śaśa, German hasu/; haso/Hase, Old Prussian sasins, Latin cānus, English hasu/; hara/hare, Old Norse hǫss; heri, Welsh ceinach, Pashto soe
*ḱerbero-	piebald	Greek kerberos, Sanskrit śarvara, Russian sobol', Irish corbaim/, Lithuanian kirba
*gwhh₂i-	bright, shining	Lithuanian giedras, Latvian dziedrs, Greek phaidros
*pel-	gray	Albanian plak, Armenian alik', Sanskrit palita, Avestan pouruša, Persian /pūrū, Ancient Macedonian pellus, Greek pelitnos, Latin palleō, Irish laith/, Welsh llwyd, Lithuanian pelekas, Latvian pelēks, Old Prussian pele, Russian pelësyj, Old Norse fǫlr, German falo/, English fealo/
*reudh-	red	English rēad/red, Lithuanian raudonas, Latvian ruds, Sanskrit rudhira, Russian rdet', Greek eruthros, Tocharian rtär/ratre, Latin ruber, Avestan raoðita, Gothic rauþs, Old Norse rjóðr, German rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Irish ruad/ Welsh rhudd, Gaulish Roudos
*swordo-s	black	Latin sordēre, English sweart/swarthy, German swarz/schwarz, Gothic swarts, Old Norse svartr
*tem-	dark	Sanskrit tamas, Lithuanian temti, Latvian timt, Avestan təmah, Russian tëmnyj, Irish temel/, Latin tenebrae, German themar/Dämmerung, Polish ciemny, Albanian terr, Irish temel/, Persian /tār, Tocharian /tamāsse, Illyrian Tomaros, Old Church Slavonic tĭmĭnŭ, Greek Temmikes/

Direction

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*deḱs-	right	Gaulish Dexsiva, Latin dexter, Umbrian destrame, Old Church Slavonic desnaya, Lithuanian dešinė, Avestan dašina, Albanian djathtë, German zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Greek deksios, Sanskrit dakṣina, Gothic taíhswa, Irish dech/, Tocharian täk/, Russian desnica, Old Church Slavonic desnŭ, Kashmiri dạchūn
*layuo-	left	Latin laevus, Greek laios, Russian levyj, Illyrian Levo, English lǣw/, Lithuanian išlaivoti, Polish lewy, Old Norse lǽn, German lēwes/, Old Church Slavonic lĕvŭ
*sewio-	left	Old Church Slavonic šujĭ, Sanskrit savya, Welsh aswy, Avestan haoya, Tocharian --/saiwai, Russian šuj

Nudeness

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*bhosos	naked	Russian bosoj, Lithuanian basas, Latvian bass, Armenian bok/pog, English bær/bare, Old Norse berr, Gothic bazis, Greek psilos, Polish boso, German bar/bar, Old Church Slavonic bosŭ
*gal-	naked	German kalo/kahl, Russian golyj, Lithuanian galva, Latvian galva, Old Church Slavonic glava, Polish goły, Old Prussian gallū, English calu/callow
*koilo-	naked	Irish cóil/, Welsh cul, Latvian kails
*nogw-	naked	English nacod/naked, Gothic naqaþs, Sanskrit nagna, Hittite nekumant, Latin nūdus, Greek gumnos, Lithuanian nuogas, Latvian nogs, Old Church Slavonic nagŭ, Irish nocht/, German nackot/nackt, Polish nagi, Old Norse nakinn, Avestan maġna, Welsh noeth, Russian nagoj, Kashmiri naṅgay

Physical State

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂eḱ-	sharp	Greek akros, Latin ācer, Sanskrit aśris, Russian ostryj, Irish aicher/, Lithuanian aštrus, Latvian asmens, Gothic ahs, Russian ost', Persian /ās, Gaulish Akrotalus, Welsh eithiw, Oscan akrid, Umbrian peracri, Armenian asełn/aseġ/aseġ, Albanian athët, Tocharian āk/āke, English ecg/edge, Old Norse egg, German egga/Ecke, Old Church Slavonic ostrŭ, Polish ostry, Ancient Macedonian akrounoi
*dheub-	deep	Lithuanian dubti, Latvian dubens, Gaulish Dubnorīx, Illyrian dubris, Gothic diups, Old Norse diupr, English dēop/deep, Greek buthos, German tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Irish domain/, Russian dno; duplo, Polish dno
*h₁edh-	sharp	Russian jel', Lithuanian eglė, Latvian egle, Latin ebulus, Gaulish odocos, Old Prussian addle, German attuh/, Polish jodła
*ǵhers-	rigid	Albanian derr, Sanskrit harṣate, Avestan zaršayamna, Armenian dzar/car, Greek khersos, Latin horrēo, Irish garb/garbh, Welsh garw, English gorst/
*ǵheu-	liquid	Greek khunō, Sanskrit juhoti, Gothic giutan, German giozan/giessen, English guttas/gut, Old Norse gjóta, Armenian dzulel/culel, Avestan zaotar, Persian /zōr, Latin fūtis, Tocharian ku/ku, Phrygian Zeuman
*kailo-	whole	Welsh coel, German heil/heil, English hālig/holy, Old Norse heilagr, Gothic hailags, Russian celyĭ, Old Prussian kailūstiskan, Old Church Slavonic cĕlŭ, Polish cały
*melk-	wet->milk	Lithuanian malkas, Latvian malks, Greek melkion, Old Church Slavonic mlĕko, Russian moloko, Polish mleko
*pasto-	solid	Sanskrit pastyam, German festi/fest, English fæst/fast Armenian hast/hasd, Gothic fastan, Old Norse fastr
pelh₂-	flat	Hittite palḫiš, Armenian lain, Lithuanian plōna, Latvian plāns, Old Prussian plonis, Gaulish Arelicca, Irish lár, Welsh llawr, English feld/field, German feld/feld, Greek planēs; plassō, Sansrkit pṛthu, Avestan fraθah, Latin plānus, Polish płaski, Russian ploskij, Old Church Slavonic ploskŭ

Size

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*h₂enǵh-	narrow	Greek ankhō/, Sanskrit aṁhu, Avestan ązaṅhē, Russian uzkij, Gothic aggwus, Old Norse aungr, Armenian anjuk/ančug, German engi/eng, Hittite hamenk, Old Church Slavonic ǫzŭkŭ, Polish wązki, Eastern Baltic anga, Lithuanian ankšta, Tocharian eṁts/entse, English enge/, Welsh ehang, Irish /cumung
*bhenǵh	thick	German bungo/, Latvian biezs, Tocharian /pkante, Hittite panku, Greek pakhus/, Sanskrit bahu, Avestan bązah, Old Norse bingr
*dheb-	fat	Russian debelyj, Old Prussian debīkan, Tocharian tpär/täpr, Old Norse dapr, German taphar/tapfer, Latvian dabļš, Old Church Slavonic debelŭ
*del-	long	Hittite dalugaes, Russian dolgij, Lithuanian ilgas, Latvian ilgs, Sanskrit dīrgha, Avestan darəga, Welsh dala, Latin longus, Gaulish Loggostalētes, Persian darga/dirang, English lang/long; lencten/lent, German lang/lang, Old Norse langr, Gothic laggs, Albanian gjatë, Polish długi, Greek dolikhos, Old Prussian ilgi, Irish long/, Old Church Slavonic dlŭgŭ, Polish długi, Welsh dal, Ksahmiri dūr
*gwerh₃-	heavy	English cweorn/quern, Sanskrit guru, Avestan gouruzaθra, Lithuanian gurstu, Latvian gurstu, Latin gravis, Tocharian krāmärts/krāmär, Greek baros, Old Norse kvern, Gothic kaúrjōs, Persian /girān, Welsh bryw, Irish bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, German quirn/, Old Church Slavonic žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russian žërnov
*lengwh-	lightweight	Albanian lehtë, Greek elakhistos, Sanskrit laghu, Avestan ragu, Russian lëgkij, Lithuanian lengva, Latvian liegs, Old Prussian lāngiseilingins, Gothic līhts, English lēoht/light, German līht/leicht, Old Norse lēttr, Tocharian /lankŭtse, Irish lugu/lugha, Welsh llai, Latin levis, Old Church Slavonic lĭgŭkŭ, Polish lekki, Russian lëgkij, Welsh lai, Kashmiri lo.t
*mei-	small	Hittite meiu-, Greek meiōn, Latin minor, Russian menee, German min/minder, Gothic mins, Old Norse minnr, Sanskrit mināti, Oscan menvum, Old Church Slavonic mĭnii, Tocharian /maiwe, English min/, Luwian mawa
*mreǵhu-	short	Avestan mərəzujiti, German murgi/, English mirige/merry, Greek brakhus, Latin brevis, Greek gamaúrgjan
*tenu-	thin	Latin tenuis, Irish tanae/tana, Russian tonkij, Sanskrit tanu, Greek tanus, English þynne/thin, German thunni/dünn, Polish cienki, Old Norse þunnr, Avestan tanū, Persian /tan, Old Church Slavonic tĭnŭkŭ, Lithuanian teva, Latvian tievs

Taste

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*kwat-	sour	Sanskrit kvathas, Russian kvas, Latvian kusat, Latin cāseus, Albanian cos, Polish kwas, Old Church Slavonic kvasŭ, Gothic ƕaþō, English hwaþerian/
*h₃em-	bitter	Greek ōmos, Armenian hum, Latin amārus, Sanskrit amla, English ampre/, Old Norse apr, Latvian amols, Albanian ëmblë, Ancient Macedonian abro-
*sweh₂d-	sweet	English swēte/sweet, Greek hēdus, Latin suāvis, Gaulish Suadurīx, Polish słodki, German suozi/süss, Old Norse sötr, Welsh chwant, Irish sant/, Sanskrit svādu, Eastern Baltic saldus, Lithuanian sūdyti, Avestan xwāsta, Gothic sutis, Tocharian swār/swāre

Temperature

Root	Meaning	Derivatives
*gel-	cold	Old Church Slavonic hlad, Russian holod, Latin gelū, Oscan gelan, English ceald/cold, Lithuanian gelmenis, German kalt/kalt, Polish chłód, Greek gelandron, Old Norse kaldr, Gothic kalds
*ghwer-	warm	Albanian zjarr, Russian požar, Lithuanian garas, Latvian gars, Phrygian germe, Armenian jerm/čerm, English bearnan/burn, Old Norse brenna, German brinnan/brennen, Gothic brinnan, Latin furnus, Greek thermos, Sanskrit ghṛṇa, Kashmiri germi, Thracian germas, Persian garmapada/garm, Irish fogeir/, Hittite war, Old Prussian goro, Avestan garəma, Welsh gori, Kashmiri garū'm
*ḱel-	warm, cold	Latvian silt, Lithuanian šilti, Irish clithe/, Welsh clyd, Old Norse hlǽr, English hlēow/lukewarm, German lāo/lau, Sanskrit śiśira, Avestan sarəta, Ossetian sald, Persian /sard, Latin calēre
*tep-	warm	Albanian ftoh/ftof, Hittite tapašša, Irish té/, Welsh tan, Old Norse þefr, English þefian/, Sanskrit tapati, Avestan tāpaiti, Persian /tāftan, Latin tepēre, Polish ciepły, Russian tëplyj, Old Church Slavonic teplostĭ

References

• Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots: Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin, September 14, 2000 - ISBN 0395986109

• Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages: A contribution to the history of ideas, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (June 15, 1988) - ISBN 0226079376

See also

• Comparative method
• Indo-European sound laws

External links

• American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
• Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary of Russian language
• Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary