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Valse triste
Concert piece by Jean Sibelius
The composer (c. 1902)
CatalogueOp. 44/1
TextKuolema by Arvid Järnefelt
Composed1903 (incidental music), rev. 1904
PublisherBreitkopf & Härtel (1904)
DurationApprox. 5 mins.
Premiere
Date2 December 1903 (1903-12-02)
LocationHelsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland
ConductorJean Sibelius
PerformersHelsinki Philharmonic Society

Valse triste (literal English translation: Sad Waltz), Op. 44/1, is a concert piece for orchestra by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, who in 1904 excerpted the piece from the incidental music he had written the previous year to Death (Kuolema), a three-act Symbolist play by his brother-in-law Arvid Järnefelt.

The revised version of Valse triste premiered in Helsinki on 25 April 1904, with Sibelius conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Society.[1]

History

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Sibelius's brother-in-law Arvid Järnefelt

Composition

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In 1898, Sibelius composed his first music for theatre, King Christian II (Kuningas Kristian II; Op. 27) to a play by his friend, the Finnish playwright Adolf Paul. After the play's premiere at the Swedish Theatre in Helsinki, Sibelius excerpted a five-number orchestral suite from his incidental music, which eventually became one of his most popular pieces. Following the success of King Christian II, Sibelius was a natural choice to provide music for a play by his brother-in-law, Arvid Järnefelt. In 1903, he was attempting to stage his third play, the three-act Death (Kuolema).

Premiere and revision

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Following the Helsinki premiere, Valse triste was again performed in the city on 30 April, albeit this time under the baton of Robert Kajanus—the Philharmonic Society's founder and permanent conductor—at the final popular concert of the season; according to Merikanto's review, the "strangely charming" piece had to be encored for the at-capacity audience.[2] That same day, at a concert of Sibelius's music in Viipuri (Vyborg), Valse triste and the Romance were removed from the program; apparently, this was done at Sibelius's request, who was not present for the concert and intended to conduct these novelties in Viipuri next autumn. Instead, a excerpt from Erkki Melartin's incidental music for Hannele (EM060) was played as a substitute.[3]


Publication

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In preparation for publication, Sibelius also made a piano arrangement of Valse triste.[a]

In 1904, Sibelius sold Valse triste outright to the Finnish publishing house Fazer & Westerlund [fi] for 500 Finnish marks: 100 for the orchestral score, 100 for the piano arrangement, and an advance of 300 marks for the complete incidental music to Death (when this failed to materialize, the publisher deducted the advance sum from Sibelius's royalty payments).[4] A year later, Fazer & Westerlund sold their entire Sibelius holdings—including Valse triste—to the German publisher Breitkopf & Härtel. .

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Synopsis

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Death Visitor (1844) by the German painter Adolph von Menzel; Arvid Järnefelt's play similarly personifies Death as a late-night caller, arriving to claim a soul.

A young boy named Paavali[b] keeps watch over his mother's sick bed; exhausted, he falls asleep in the darkened bedchamber. The mother—delirious with a fever—also slumbers, and her dream-visions fill the stage.[5] A waltz melody—initially faint—grows in volume as the room fills with red light.[6] Paavali's mother rises and begins to sway slowly back and forth in her white nightgown, recalling the memory of a ball she once attended;[7] in time with the music, she beckons with her arms. Suddenly, several ghostly couples fill the bedchamber and begin waltzing to the music. Mingling with the shadowy guests, the mother tries to make eye contact, but all avoid her glance. Shortly thereafter, she collapses in her bed due to weariness; the music stops and the dancers begin to depart. Although the life drains from her body, she gathers her strength and dances once more; the music resumes and the phantoms return. As the tempo quickens, the waltzing becomes increasingly frenetic until it abruptly ends as three knocks sound at the door: Death has come to claim the mother, in the guise of her late husband.[8] Death, who too is dressed in white, leaves his scythe in the hallway and enters the room.[6] The mother is repulsed by him but pleads for mercy: cannot Death spare her for Paavali's sake?—or at least allow her to say farewell?[6]

Music

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Valse triste is scored for flute, clarinet (in A), 2 horns (in F), strings, and timpani (in D).[9] The piece is loosely in the key of G major;[10] the time signature is the waltz standard of 3
4
.[11] Following the Viennese waltz tradition, Sibelius weaves several continuous sections into Valse triste.[12]

The string section begins the waltz begin with a slow and grim opening evocative of the work's title.[12] First the double basses mark the downbeat with pizzicato (plucked strings) until they continue under the second violin and viola, which annuciate beats two and three (for measures 1–4, they too play pizzicato, before switching to arco).[13] Both the violin and cello sections enter with the main theme (see below)—an octave apart—while the texeture alternates between major and minor modes, creating an uncertain tonal center.[13] Although marked in G major, the opening melody appears in the somewhat distant key of F-sharp minor.[10] The writer Richard Rodda characterizes this as a "quiet, introspective paragraph":[12]

 {\new PianoStaff {<<

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"violin" \time 3/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Lento" 4=120 \autoBeamOff \clef treble \key e \minor ^"Violin I"|^\markup {\italic "espress."} \p -\markup {\italic "dolce"} fis2.(|eis2.)|\< fis2.~(|fis2 gis4)\!|a2.(|\> gis2.)|g2.~|g2.\!|g2.|fis2.~|fis4 e2~(|e2 d4)|d2.|d2.|d2.(|d2) r4|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"violin" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef treble \key e \minor ^"Violin II" |\p r4 e4 d4|r4 d4 cis4|r4 f4 d4|r4 e4 d4|r4 fis4 e4|r4 fis4 e4|r4 fis4 e4|r4 fis4 e4|r4 fis4 e4|r4 d!4 c!4|r4 c4 b4|r4 c4 b4|r4 b4 b4|r4 c4 c4|r4 b4 b4|r4 b4 b4|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"viola" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef alto \key e \minor ^"Viola" |\p r4 b4 b4|r4 b4 b4|r4 cis4 b4|r4 cis4 b4|r4 cis4 cis4|r4 b4 b4|r4 b4 b4|r4 b4 b4|r4 b4 b4|r4 a4 a4|r4 g4 g4|r4 g4 g4|r4 g4 g4|r4 a4 a4|r4 g4 g4|r4 g4 g4|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"cello" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef bass \key e \minor ^"Cello" |^\markup {\italic "espress."} \p -\markup {\italic "dolce"} fis,2.(|eis2.)|\< fis2.~(|fis2 gis4)\!|a2.(|\> gis2.)|g!2.~|g2.\!|g2.|fis2.~|fis4 e2~(|e2 d4)|^\markup {\italic "espress."} \< d2.(|e4 g4 fis4)\!|\> g2.(|g2) r4 \!|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"pizzicato strings" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef bass \key e \minor ^\markup {Bass \italic "pizz."} |\p gis2.|cis2.|b2.|e,2.|a2.|b2.|cis2.|cis2.|cis,2.|dis2.|e2.|e2.|d!2.|d2.|g2.|g2.|}>>}}
Measures 9–24 (beginning at marker A)[14]

Although the opening melody briefly lands in its intended key of G major, it soon moves chromatically upwards to A-flat major.[10] The music of the next section is firmly in G major and includes a contrasting string theme at the tip of the bow (marked Spitze).[13] There is an increased rhythmic urgency, variously characterized as a "gossamer strain"[12] and a "a hesitation waltz".[10]

Subject B—again, for strings alone—introduces the actual dance, which contains "glimpses of past happiness":[15]

 {\new PianoStaff {<<

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"violin" \time 3/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "a tempo" 4=140 \autoBeamOff \clef treble \key e \minor ^"Violin I"|^\markup {Spitzen. \italic "deciso"}d4-. d4-. r8 d8|d4-. d4-. d4-.|d4-. d4-. r8 d8|d4-. d4-. d4-.|d4-. e4-. fis4-.|g4-. fis4-. e4-.|fis4-. e4-. fis4-.|d2 d4|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"violin" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef treble \key e \minor ^"Violin II" |b!4-. b4-. r8 b8|b4-. b4-. b4-.|c4-. c4-. r8 c8|c4-. c4-. c4-.|b4-. b4-. b4-.|b4-. b4-. b4-.|c4-. c4-. c4-.|r4 c4-. c4-.|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"viola" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef alto \key e \minor ^"Viola" |g4-. g4-. r8 g8|g4-. g4-. g4-.|fis!4-. fis4-. r8 fis8|fis4-. fis4-. fis4-.|g4-. g4-. g4-.|g4-. g4-. g4-.|d4-. d4-. d4-.|r4 fis4-. fis4-.|}

\new Staff \relative c'{\set Staff.midiInstrument=#"cello" \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff \clef bass \key e \minor ^"Cello" |\pp d,4-. d4-. r8 d8|d4-. d4-. d4-.|d4-. d4-. r8 d8|d4-. d4-. d4-.|d4-. e4-. fis4-.|g4-. fis4-. e4-.|fis4-. e4-. fis4-.|d2 d4|}>>}}
Measures 41–48 (beginning at marker C)[14]


https://orchestrasounds.com/tag/valse-triste/page/2/

https://www.ncsymphony.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Firebird-EXPANDED-Program-Notes.pdf

https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/musicdb/pieces/4946/valse-triste


@Aza24: You'll want to take a look at the Cunningham source below (link under Websites), because he analyzes the music more than any other source I've found.


Tempo marking: Lento—Poco risoluto—Più risoluto e mosso—Stretto—Lento assai

Context and analysis

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Global popularity

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"... Sibelius's music tries to mirror an interplay between this vivid memory [the mother relives a ball scene from her youth] and the sense of on-coming death ... In Valse triste Sibelius touched on a responsive chord, much in the same way as Strindberg or Munch had done, and uncovered sympathetic resonances that were in the air at the time".[16]

Later opinion's of Sibelius's music

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  • "It is difficult to imagine the effect this seductive piece made on its first appearance, so hackneyed has it become."[17]
  • "Valse triste soon became even more maligned than Finlandia. Many have been at a loss to explain why it should have made the composer's name known to the many and injured his reputation in the eyes of the few."[18]
  • "... less sad than macabre[19] ... The blameless but shallow bit of salon music[20] ... it is a medley of waltz tunes deftly [sic] scored for theatre (small) orchestra[19] ... Sibelius is certainly no 'difficult' modern, overturning one's expectations of what is beautiful or useful in music. Some of his output is 'easier' than the rest, beautiful to the lay ear—and useful to the lazy mind".[21]
  • "There is more apparent reason for its [Finlandia's] popularity than for that of the Valse triste, which is simply a respectable waltz that could have been written by any one of a hundred composers".[22]
  • "Though this sentimental and often mawkish piece of music took Continental Europe by storm a few decades ago, it is one of the least creditable of Sibelius's works".[23]
  • "Yet many professionals after World War II found Sibelius a dated bore ... Professionals look for consistency in a composer. They distrust a creator who constantly turns out music that is not on a high level, and are apt to regard as freaks those few works that do cause a ripple. How could the composer of Valse Triste ... be taken seriously? It cannot be denied that a large quantity of Sibelius's work—and he was a prolific composer—consists of ephemera ..."[24]

Seventh Symphony's quotation of

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Discography

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The sortable table below lists select commercially available recordings of Valse triste:

No. Conductor Ensemble Rec.[c] Time Recording venue Label Ref.
1 Sir Thomas Beecham London Philharmonic Orchestra 1938
2 Hans Rosbaud Berlin Philharmonic (1) 1954 4:20 Jesus-Christus-Kirche, Berlin [de] Deutsche Grammophon, Decca
3 Eduard van Beinum Concertgebouw Orchestra 1957 4:47 Concertgebouw Decca
4 Herbert von Karajan (1) Philharmonia Orchestra (1) 1958 5:59 Kingsway Hall EMI Classics
5 Sir Charles Mackerras London Proms Symphony Orchestra 1958 4:57 Walthamstow Assembly Hall RCA, Decca
6 Eugene Ormandy (1) Philadelphia Orchestra (1) 1959 4:52 Broadwood Hotel RCA Red Seal
7 Antal Doráti London Symphony Orchestra 1960
8 Morton Gould Morton Gould Orchestra 1962
9 Sir John Barbirolli The Hallé 1966 5:31 Abbey Road Studios EMI Classics
10 Gennady Rozhdestvensky (1) Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra 1966 4:56 [Unknown] Melodiya
11 Herbert von Karajan (2) Berlin Philharmonic (2) 1967 6:16 Jesus-Christus-Kirche, Berlin [de] Deutsche Grammophon
12 Leonard Bernstein New York Philharmonic 1969 Sony Classical
13 Paavo Berglund (1) Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra 1972 4:52 Southampton Guildhall EMI Classics
14 Eugene Ormandy (2) Philadelphia Orchestra (2) 1973 4:12 ? RCA Red Seal
15 Jussi Jalas Hungarian State Symphony Orchestra 1974 4:20 Decca
16 Sir Neville Marriner Academy of St Martin in the Fields 1977 4:33 Kingsway Hall Decca
17 Kazimierz Kord New Philharmonia Orchestra 1977 5:33 Decca
18 Sir Colin Davis (1) Boston Symphony Orchestra (1) 1980 5:56 Symphony Hall, Boston Decca
19 Herbert von Karajan (3) Berlin Philharmonic (3) 1980 6:03 Berliner Philharmonie EMI Classics
20 Paavo Berglund (2) Philharmonia Orchestra (2) 1982 4:55 St. John's, Smith Square EMI Classics
21 Kurt Sanderling Berlin Symphony Orchestra 1983 5:32 Jesus-Christus-Kirche, Berlin [de] Brilliant Classics
22 Herbert von Karajan (4) Berlin Philharmonic (4) 1984 5:59 Berliner Philharmonie Deutsche Grammophon
23 Lawrence Foster Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo 1984 5:50 Palais des Congrès, Monte Carlo Erato
24 Gennady Rozhdestvensky (2) London Symphony Orchestra 1985 4:58 Abbey Road Studios Cirrus
25 Owain Arwel Hughes The Hallé 1985 4:56 BBC Studio 7 Classics for Pleasure
26 Neeme Järvi (1) Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (1) 1985 5:14 Gothenburg Concert Hall BIS
27 Pekka Helasvuo [fi] Finlandia Sinfonietta [fi] 1987 4:52 Kulttuuritalo Finlandia
28 Kenneth Schermerhorn Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra 1988 5:21 Bratislava Radio Concert Hall Naxos
29 William Boughton English String Orchestra 1988 5:20 Great Hall, Birmingham University Nimbus
30 Jukka-Pekka Saraste Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra 1988 5:03 Kulttuuritalo RCA Red Seal
31 Esa-Pekka Salonen Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra 1990 4:26 Berwald Hall Sony Classical
32 Leif Segerstam (1) Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra 1991 6:15 Danish Radio Concert Hall Chandos
33 Herbert Blomstedt San Francisco Symphony 1991 4:56 Davies Symphony Hall Decca
34 Lorin Maazel (2) Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra 1992 4:23 Heinz Hall Sony Classical
35 Mariss Jansons Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra 1992 5:11 Oslo Concert Hall EMI Classics
36 Vladimir Ashkenazy (1) Boston Symphony Orchestra (2) 1992 5:23 Symphony Hall, Boston Decca
37 James Levine Berlin Philharmonic (5) 1992 6:36 Berliner Philharmonie Deutsche Grammophon
38 Leif Segerstam (2) Finnish National Opera Orchestra 1993 5:54 FNO Recording Studio Ondine
39 Sir Colin Davis (2) London Symphony Orchestra 1994 6:04 Blackheath Halls RCA Red Seal
40 Ari Rasilainen [fi] Norwegian Radio Orchestra 1995 5:16 Lindeman Hall Finlandia
41 Neeme Järvi (2) Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (2) 1995 5:33 Gothenburg Concert Hall Deutsche Grammophon
42 Tuomas Hannikainen [fi] Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra 1995 4:47 Tampere Hall Ondine
43 Jorma Panula Turku Philharmonic Orchestra 1995 4:36 Turku Concert Hall Naxos
44 Ole Schmidt Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 1996 4:58 CTS Studios, Wembley Regis
45 Osmo Vänskä (1) Lahti Symphony Orchestra (1) 1997 4:42 Ristinkirkko BIS
46 Paavo Järvi Estonian National Symphony Orchestra 2001 4:47 Estonia Concert Hall Virgin Classics
47 Joseph Swensen Scottish Chamber Orchestra 2003 5:54 Usher Hall Linn
48 Vladimir Ashkenazy (2) Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra 2007 5:01 Stockholm Concert Hall Exton
49 Osmo Vänskä (2) Lahti Symphony Orchestra (2) 2007 4:22 Sibelius Hall BIS
50 Leif Segerstam (3) Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra 2007 5:41 Finlandia Hall Ondine
51 Pietari Inkinen New Zealand Symphony Orchestra 2007 5:05 Michael Fowler Centre Naxos
52 Arvo Volmer Adelaide Symphony Orchestra 2008 4:49 Adelaide Town Hall ABC Classics
53 Petri Sakari [fi] Turku Philharmonic Orchestra 2010 Turku Cathedral Sony Classical
54 Andrew Davis Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra 2013 5:03 Grieg Hall Chandos
55 Michael Tilson Thomas San Francisco Symphony 2014 5:29 Davies Symphony Hall SFSmedia
56 Thomas Søndergård BBC National Orchestra of Wales 2018 4:18 BBC Hoddinott Hall Linn

Notes, references, and sources

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Notes
  1. ^ All other arrangements of Valse triste—of which Breitkopf & Härtel made many over the years—are not by Sibelius.
  2. ^ Paavali, although a side character in the act during which Sibelius's Valse triste is heard, is nevertheless the main character in Järnefelt's play.
  3. ^ Refers to the year in which the performers recorded the work; this may not be the same as the year in which the recording was first released to the general public.
  4. ^ [ T. Beecham–name () yyyy]
  5. ^ H. Rosbaud–Decca (0289 478 8589 4) 2015
  6. ^ E. Beinum–Decca (0289 478 8589 4) 2015
  7. ^ [ H. Karajan–EMI Classics () yyyy]
  8. ^ C. Mackerras–Decca (0289 478 8589 4) 2015
  9. ^ E. Ormandy–RCA Red Seal (88875 108582) 2015
  10. ^ [ A. Doráti–name () yyyy]
  11. ^ [ M. Gould–name () yyyy]
  12. ^ J. Barbirolli–EMI Classics (5 67299 2) 2000
  13. ^ G. Rozhdestvensky–Melodiya (SR–40031) 1967
  14. ^ H. Karajan–DG (423 208–2) 1988
  15. ^ [ L. Bernstein–Sony Classical () yyyy]
  16. ^ P. Berglund–EMI Classics (50999 9 73600 2 5) 2013
  17. ^ E. Ormandy–RCA Red Seal (88875 108582) 2015
  18. ^ J. Jalas–Decca (448 267–2) 1996
  19. ^ N. Marriner–Decca (411 933–2) 1984
  20. ^ K. Kord–Decca (436 518–2) 1992
  21. ^ C. Davis–Decca (478 3696) 2012
  22. ^ H. Karajan–EMI Classics (4 76846 2) 2005
  23. ^ P. Berglund–EMI Classics (CDC 7 45484 2) 1983
  24. ^ K. Sanderling–Brilliant Classics (6899) 2002
  25. ^ H. Karajan–DG (413 755–2) 1984
  26. ^ L. Foster–Erato (ECD 88103) 1985
  27. ^ G. Rozhdestvensky–Cirrus (CICD 1002) 1986
  28. ^ O. Hughes–CFP (CD–CFP 4496) 1985
  29. ^ N. Järvi–BIS (CD–311) 1986
  30. ^ P. Helasvuo–Finlandia (4509–95844–2) 1991
  31. ^ K. Schermerhorn–Naxos (8.550103) 1988
  32. ^ W. Boughton–Nimbus (NI 5169) 1989
  33. ^ J. Saraste–RCA Red Seal (19439704812) 2020
  34. ^ E. Salonen–Sony Classical (SK 46 668) 1991
  35. ^ L. Segerstam–Chandos (CHAN 9055) 1992
  36. ^ H. Blomstedt–Decca (475 7677) 2003
  37. ^ L. Maazel–Sony Classical (SK 61963) 1996
  38. ^ M. Jansons–EMI Classics (0777 7 54804 2 9) 1993
  39. ^ V. Ashkenazy–Decca (473 590–2) 2003
  40. ^ J. Levine–DG (437 828–2) 1993
  41. ^ L. Segerstam–Ondine (ODE 815–2) 1993
  42. ^ C. Davis–RCA Red Seal (88765431352) 2013
  43. ^ A. Rasilainen–Finlandia (0927–46661–2) 2002
  44. ^ N. Järvi–DG (477 6654) 2007
  45. ^ T. Hannikainen–Ondine (ODE 871–2) 1996
  46. ^ J. Panula–Naxos (8.555773) 2001
  47. ^ O. Schmidt–Regis (RRC 1216) 2005
  48. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (CD–1125) 2000
  49. ^ P. Järvi–Virgin Classics (7243 5 45493 2 8) 2002
  50. ^ J. Swensen–Linn (CKD 220) 2003
  51. ^ V. Ashkenazy–Exton (OVCL–00293) yyyy
  52. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (SACD–1645) 2009
  53. ^ L. Segerstam–Ondine (ODE 1112–2) 2007
  54. ^ P. Inkinen–Naxos (8.570763) 2008
  55. ^ A. Volmer–ABC Classics (476 3943) 2010
  56. ^ P. Saraki–Sony Classical (886978355324) 2001
  57. ^ A. Davis–Chandos (CHSA 5134) 2014
  58. ^ M. Tilson Thomas–name (SFS 0060) 2014
  59. ^ T. Søndergård–Linn (CKD 566) 2018
References
  1. ^ Virtanen 2019, p. x.
  2. ^ Päivälehti, No. 77 1904, p. 4.
  3. ^ Viborgs Nyheter, No. 100 1904, p. 2.
  4. ^ Johnson 1959, p. 112.
  5. ^ Burton 2014, p. 9.
  6. ^ a b c Järnefelt 1927.
  7. ^ Franklin 1992, p. 4.
  8. ^ Kurki 1997, p. 12.
  9. ^ Rodda 2019, § "Instrumentation".
  10. ^ a b c d Cunningham 2018.
  11. ^ Yasner 2014, § "20. Triple Time 3".
  12. ^ a b c d Rodda 2019, § "What To Listen For".
  13. ^ a b c Yasner 2014, § "A Happy Part of Valse Triste".
  14. ^ a b Fennica Gehrman 2015.
  15. ^ Tawaststjerna 2008a, p. [page needed].
  16. ^ Tawaststjerna 2008a, pp. 288–289.
  17. ^ Layton 1993, p. 128.
  18. ^ Johnson 1959, p. 113.
  19. ^ a b Mordden 1980, p. 364.
  20. ^ Mordden 1980, p. 363.
  21. ^ Mordden 1980, p. 351.
  22. ^ Brockway & Weinstock 1958, p. 581.
  23. ^ Ewen 1954, p. 572.
  24. ^ Schonberg 1970, p. 387.
Sources
Books
  • Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16397-1.
  • Ewen, David (1954) [1944]. "Sibelius". Ewen's Musical Masterworks: The Encyclopedia of Musical Masterpieces (2nd ed.). New York: Bonanza. p. 568–575.
  • Mordden, Ethan (1980). "Jean Sibelius (1865 – 1957)". A Guide to Orchestral Music: The Handbook for Non-musicians. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 351–364. ISBN 0-19-502686-1.
  • Rickards, Guy (1997). Jean Sibelius. (20th-century Composers Series). London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-714-83581-5.
  • Virtanen, Timo, ed. (2019). "Introduction". Finlandia Op. 26 / Valse triste Op. 44 No. 1 / Scen med tranorna Op. 44 No. 2 / Canzonetta Op. 62a / Valse romantique Op. 62b / Valse lyrique Op. 96a / Valse chevaleresque Op. 96c. (Urtext from the Complete Edition of Jean Sibelius Works, Series I – Orchestral Works, Volume 22. National Library of Finland and the Sibelius Society of Finland. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. p. viii–xv. ISMN 979-0-004-80357-8. SON 630.
Liner notes
  • Achenbach, Andrew (2018). Sibelius: Finlandia / Swan of Tuonela / Oceanides / En saga / Valse triste / King Christian II Suite (CD booklet). Thomas Søndergård & BBC National Orchestra of Wales. Linn. p. 1–9. CKD 566. 
  • Anderson, Keith (2008). Sibelius: Night Ride and Sunrise / Belshazzar's Feast / Kuolema (CD booklet). Pietari Inkinen & New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. Naxos. p. 2–3. 8.570763. 
  • Burton, Anthony (2014). Sibelius: Villin Concerto / Karelia Suite / Finlandia / Valse triste /Andante festivo / Valse lyrique / The Swan of Tuonela (CD booklet). Andrew Davis & Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra. Chandos. p. 5–10. CHSA 5134. 
  • Franklin, Peter (1992). Symphony No. 5 Op. 82 / Symphony No. 7 Op. 105 / Valse triste Op. 44/1 (CD booklet). Leif Segerstam & Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra. Chandos. p. 3–4. CHAN 9055. 
  • Kurki, Eija (1997). Jean Sibelius: Karelia—Complete score / Kuolema—Incidental music, including original version of Valse triste (CD booklet). Translated by Barnett, Andrew. Osmo Vänskä & Lahti Symphony Orchestra. BIS. p. 11–13. CD–915. 
  • McEwan, Roy (2003). Jean Sibelius: Pelleas and Melisande / Kuolema: Valse triste / Belshazzar's Feast / The Tempest: Suite No. 2 / Andante festivo (CD booklet). Joseph Swensen & Scottish Chamber Orchestra. Linn. p. 3–7. CKD 220. 
Journal articles
  • Stoeckel, Carl (1971). "Some Recollections of the Visit of Sibelius to America in 1914". Scandinavian Studies. 43 (1). University of Illinois Press: 53–88. JSTOR 40917124. (subscription required)
Newspapers (by date)
  • X. [???] (2 May 1904). "Sibelii promotionskantat" [Sibelius's promotional cantata]. Viborgs Nyheter (in Swedish). No. 100. p. 2.
Websites
  • Yasner, Matthew (2014). "Valse Triste". orchestrasounds.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.