User:Zleitzen/Citations criteria

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Below are two examples of sections on wikipedia used to demonstrate the frequency of citations I expect from wikipedia articles. The first Middle ages, from the article Paris is uncited and I have added extra bold citation needed tags to where I would expect to see citations. The second section, Cuba under attack, uses only two sources, but the citations are spread across the section in the frequency I would expect from well cited material. This is the standard I believe should be present in all articles. Especially featured article candidates. It should be assumed that featured article candidates have no unreferenced details when they are presented for approval.

Standard frequency of citations[edit]

Where I expect to find citations[edit]

  • The section Middle ages, from the article Paris is uncited. I have added extra bold citation needed tags at the points where I would expect to see citations on good articles. This is presented as an example of the frequency of citations required in a normal section of text that carries a lot of claims.
Around AD 500, Paris was the capital of the Frankish king Clovis I, who commissioned the first cathedral and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later patron saint of the city, Saint Geneviève.(CITATION NEEDED) On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state.(CITATION NEEDED) By the time of the Carolingian dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold.(CITATION NEEDED) The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of Francia occidentalis. Odo, Count of Paris was elected king in place of the incumbent Charles the Fat, namely for the fame he gained in his defence of Paris during the Viking siege (Siege of Paris (885-886)).(CITATION NEEDED) Although the Cité island had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected Left Bank city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the Right Bank.(CITATION NEEDED) In 987 AD, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the Capetian dynasty which would raise Paris to become France's capital.(CITATION NEEDED)
From 1190, King Philip Augustus enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the Louvre as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the University of Paris which brought visitors from across Europe.(CITATION NEEDED) It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and colleges, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central Les Halles marketplace.(CITATION NEEDED)
Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-ally Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII reclaimed the city in 1437; although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its Loire Valley castles.(CITATION NEEDED) During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). King Henry IV re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he captured the city from the Catholic party.(CITATION NEEDED) During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792.(CITATION NEEDED)

Cuba under attack - Where I placed citations[edit]

  • This section; Cuba under attack, from the article History of Cuba contains the minimum acceptable frequency of citations. Though only two sources are used in the section, they are spread throughout the text and verify the information given.
Cuba had long been a target of buccaneers, pirates and French corsairs seeking Spain's new world riches.[1] Repeated raids meant that defences were bolstered throughout the island during the 16th century and Havana was furnished with the Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro (El Morro fortress) to deter potential invaders which included English privateer Francis Drake, who sailed within sight of Havana harbour but did not disembark on the island.[1] Havana's inability to resist invaders was dramatically exposed in 1628, when a Dutch fleet led by Piet Heyn plundered the Spanish fleet in the city's harbor.[2] In 1662, on the eastern part of the island, English admiral and pirate Christopher Myngs captured and briefly occupied Santiago de Cuba in an effort to open up Cuba's protected trade with neighbouring Jamaica.[2]
Nearly a century later, the English were to invade in earnest taking Guantánamo Bay during the War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain. Edward Vernon, the British Admiral who devised the scheme, saw his 4,000 occupying troops capitulate to local guerrilla resistance and, more critically, debilitating disease. Vernon was forced to withdraw his fleet to British owned Jamaica.[3] Seven years later, in 1748, tensions between the three dominant colonial powers; Britain, France and Spain, were transported to the Caribbean. A skirmish between a British squadron and a Spanish squadron of the coast of Cuba became known as the Battle of Havana.[3]
The Seven Years' War, which erupted in 1754 in three continents, eventually arrived at the Spanish Caribbean. Spain's alliance with the French pitched them in direct conflict with the British, and in 1762 an expedition set out from Portsmouth of 5 warships and 4000 troops to capture Cuba. The English arrived on June 6, and by August had Havana under siege.[4] When Havana surrendered, British Admiral of the fleet George Keppel, the 3rd Earl of Albemarle, entered the city as conquering new governor, taking control of the whole western part of the island.[4]
The arrival of the British immediately opened up trade with their North American and Caribbean colonies, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society. Food, horses and other goods flooded into the city, and thousands of slaves from West Africa were transported to the island to work on the under manned sugar plantations. [4] Though Havana, which had become the third largest city in the Spanish empire,[5] was to enter an era of sustained development and closening ties with North America, the British occupation was not to last. Pressure from London by sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the Peace of Paris was signed by the three warring powers thus ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for Cuba on the recommendation of the French, who advised that declining the offer could result in Spain losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British. [4]

Sections that need many citations[edit]

  • Below is a more detailed section which needs 8 citations in 5 lines of prose. Every claim in the section is rightly cited and verifiable in the footnotes. There are two ways of doing this, method A is more accurate and cites directly to the wording. Method B allows the material to be verified, but is less obtrusive.

Method A

As the policies became more visible to both Cubans and international observers, the term "tourist apartheid" entered common currency. In addition to evidence of the term being used by Cubans,[6] the phrase has been widely used by non-Cuban sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica, [7] United States Department of State, [8] the United States Agency for International Development, [9] members of the United States Congress opposed to the Cuban government, [10] and political columnists.[11] Human Rights Watch condemned the practice, [12] Paul Hare, British Ambassador to Cuba from 2001 to 2004, viewed "tourist apartheid" as a "particularly distasteful" aspect of Cuban society. [13]

OR Method B

As the policies became more visible to both Cubans and international observers, the term "tourist apartheid" entered common currency. In addition to evidence of the term being used by Cubans, the phrase has been widely used by non-Cuban sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica, United States Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, members of the United States Congress opposed to the Cuban government, and political columnists.[14] Human Rights Watch condemned the practice, Paul Hare, British Ambassador to Cuba from 2001 to 2004, viewed "tourist apartheid" as a "particularly distasteful" aspect of Cuban society.[14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Gott, Richard (1905). Cuba: a New History (Yale Nota Bene). New York: Yale University Press. pp. p.32. ISBN 0300111142. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Gott. p 34-35
  3. ^ a b Gott. p 39-41
  4. ^ a b c d Thomas, Hugh (1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. pp. Chapter one. ISBN 0060142596. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Introduction to Havana. New York Times. Retrieved 25 March2007
  6. ^ "Cubans refer to the disparity between the high life of tourists and their own austere, declining standard of living as “tourism apartheid.” Foreign tourists frequent dollar restaurants and dollar stores, use dollar taxis, eat food and use transportation that Cubans cannot, and spend no time standing in lines for goods and services. The government’s need for hard currency has led it to reverse its anti-tourist stance and to give foreigners preferential treatment." Facio, Elisa, Toro-Morn, Marua, and Roschelle, Anne R. "Tourism, Gender, and Globalization: Tourism in Cuba During the Special Period" (PDF). (134 KiB) , Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 14, Spring 2004. pp. 120-142.
    ° "Cubans, who earn an average of £8 a month, not afford to enter Havana's new five-star hotels. Even if they have dollars - either from working with tourists or from remittances sent by relatives overseas - they are barred from tourist hotels or resorts. There are no signs on hotel doors, but the ban is very real - thanks to a catch-all law against 'harassment of tourists'. Cubans call it 'tourism apartheid'." Rennie, David. Cuba 'apartheid' as Castro pulls in the tourists, The Daily Telegraph, 08/06/2002.
    ° "Along the way, the vagaries of what one young Cuban described, rather nervously, as tourist apartheid were at least as stunning and abundant as the towering royal palms." Karaeulter, Kirk. In Cuba, 2 Worlds Bridged by a Dollar Sign, The New York Times, June 11, 2000.
  7. ^ "However, the increased dependence on foreign tourism has been accompanied by growing concern over illegal activities (notably prostitution and drug trafficking) and socioeconomic inequalities, wherein tourist areas are provided with many comforts and conveniences that are unavailable to the general public—a situation sometimes described as a “tourism apartheid.”" Cuba, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.
  8. ^ "Moreover, workers in Cuba’s tourist sector--at resorts where native Cubans are prohibited unless they are on the job--have been prohibited by a Ministry of Tourism regulation from accepting gifts, tips, or even food from foreigners, in a further attempt at increasing the tourist apartheid that exists on the island." Background Note: Cuba, United States Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, December 2005.
  9. ^ "If Castro is sincere in his desire for international respect, he must earn that respect. He must stop throwing Cuban journalists and peaceful activists into prison, stop tolerating sexual tourism, stop promoting tourist apartheid, stop religious discrimination, abandon censorship, end his internal embargo of information, stop panhandling for international credits and other hand-outs, and permit others to carry forward a true transition to democracy in Cuba." Remarks by Adolfo A. Franco, Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean, USAID, University of Miami Cuba Transition Seminar, October 17, 2002.
  10. ^ "Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, R.-Fla., an outspoken Castro opponent, said she would oppose the National Trust's effort. "I will first verify how the permission process took place, then why the U.S government believes that historic preservation in a terrorist country is of our national interest, why U.S. citizens should want to use monies to refurbish a tourist site in a tourist apartheid society," she said." Dart, Bob. "Bell Tolls for Hemingway House in Cuba?" (PDF). (35.6 KiB) , COX Newspapers, June 2, 2005.
  11. ^ "...the result, in part, of Cuba's 'tourist apartheid,' which bars ordinary Cubans from mixing with foreigners in hotels, restaurants, and beaches." Jacoby, Jeff. The U.S. embargo and Cuba's future, Jewish World Review, March 22, 2002.
    ° "Quite simply, Castro cannot allow the distribution of a book in Cuba that talks about how blacks were not allowed equal access to restaurants, beaches and clubs in the United States. It would remind Cubans of their own tourist apartheid policy, which bans them from places built for foreigners who pay in dollars or euros." Martinez, Guillermo I. No more fuel on fire, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, June 15, 2006.
    "And the signs in hotels reading 'Solamente Turistas' ['Only Tourists'] should finally be taken down [a slap at the island's 'tourism apartheid']." Nordlinger, Jay. A Cuba Policy to Cheer, National Review, May 21, 2002.
  12. ^ Human Rights Watch. CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolutionas, III. IMPEDIMENTS TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBAN LAW, June 1999. ISBN 1-56432-234-3
  13. ^ Hare, Paul. U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Latin America and the Caribbean, Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University, Spring 2005.
  14. ^ a b "Cubans refer to the disparity between the high life of tourists and their own austere, declining standard of living as “tourism apartheid.” Foreign tourists frequent dollar restaurants and dollar stores, use dollar taxis, eat food and use transportation that Cubans cannot, and spend no time standing in lines for goods and services. The government’s need for hard currency has led it to reverse its anti-tourist stance and to give foreigners preferential treatment." Facio, Elisa, Toro-Morn, Marua, and Roschelle, Anne R. "Tourism, Gender, and Globalization: Tourism in Cuba During the Special Period" (PDF). (134 KiB) , Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 14, Spring 2004. pp. 120-142.
    * "Cubans, who earn an average of £8 a month, not afford to enter Havana's new five-star hotels. Even if they have dollars - either from working with tourists or from remittances sent by relatives overseas - they are barred from tourist hotels or resorts. There are no signs on hotel doors, but the ban is very real - thanks to a catch-all law against 'harassment of tourists'. Cubans call it 'tourism apartheid'." Rennie, David. Cuba 'apartheid' as Castro pulls in the tourists, The Daily Telegraph, 08/06/2002.
    * "Along the way, the vagaries of what one young Cuban described, rather nervously, as tourist apartheid were at least as stunning and abundant as the towering royal palms." Karaeulter, Kirk. In Cuba, 2 Worlds Bridged by a Dollar Sign, The New York Times, June 11, 2000.
    * "However, the increased dependence on foreign tourism has been accompanied by growing concern over illegal activities (notably prostitution and drug trafficking) and socioeconomic inequalities, wherein tourist areas are provided with many comforts and conveniences that are unavailable to the general public—a situation sometimes described as a “tourism apartheid.”" Cuba, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.
    * "Moreover, workers in Cuba’s tourist sector--at resorts where native Cubans are prohibited unless they are on the job--have been prohibited by a Ministry of Tourism regulation from accepting gifts, tips, or even food from foreigners, in a further attempt at increasing the tourist apartheid that exists on the island." Background Note: Cuba, United States Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, December 2005.
    * "Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, R.-Fla., an outspoken Castro opponent, said she would oppose the National Trust's effort. "I will first verify how the permission process took place, then why the U.S government believes that historic preservation in a terrorist country is of our national interest, why U.S. citizens should want to use monies to refurbish a tourist site in a tourist apartheid society," she said." Dart, Bob. "Bell Tolls for Hemingway House in Cuba?" (PDF). (35.6 KiB) , COX Newspapers, June 2, 2005.
    * Human Rights Watch. CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolutionas, III. IMPEDIMENTS TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBAN LAW, June 1999. ISBN 1-56432-234-3
    * Hare, Paul. U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Latin America and the Caribbean, Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University, Spring 2005.
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