Jump to content

List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Wilhelm von Muhlhausen)
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. The following individuals received the death penalty for it.

Executed individuals

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]
Name Date Notes
John de Wettre 8 September 1292 A "maker of small knives" condemned at Ghent and burned at the pillory next to St. Peter's.[1]: 17 
Willem Case 1373 Executed in Antwerp.[2]
Jan van Aersdone
Two unknowns 1375 Executed in Ypres.[2]
Unknown 1391 One of 17 defendants (including 2 women) at a mass trial in Mechelen; only one to confess.[2]
Three unknowns 28 June 1578 Franciscan friars, burned in Bruges.[2][3][4]
Unknown 1601 Jesuit, burned in Antwerp.[2]

France

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Robert de Peronne 1317 Also known as de Bray, burned in Laon; brother Jean given unknown sentence for same charge the next year.[5][6]
Pierre Poirer 1334 Burned in Dorche.[6]
Unknown 1344 Burned at Dorche, Savoy.[5]
Unknown 1372 Burned at Reims.[5]
Johannes Rorer 1400 Strasbourg bathhouse owner; his partner, carpenter Heinzmann Hiltebrant, fled the city.[7]
Isaach Salamó 1403 Jew, burned in Perpignan.[8]
Eighteen unknowns 24 December 1474 Lombard soldiers, executed in Burgundy.[9]
Gilles de Nevers 1457 "Host of the golden head", burned in Lille.[10]
Jerome 1506 A bottlemaker and Jerome, burned in Strasbourg.[7]
Unknown
Jean Moret 13 December 1519 Burned alive in Amiens, sentenced by city bailiff.[11][12]
Unknown 1535 A woman from Fontaines who dressed as a man and married a maid of Foy; burned, case reported by Henri Estienne.[13][14][15]
Dominique Phinot 1556 Composer of the Renaissance, executed in Lyon.[16]
Unknown 1557 Pronotary of Montault, sentenced to be burned.[11][12]
Marie 1580 Female weaver in Montier-en-Der, born in Chaumont; dressed as a man, married another woman, and used "illicit devices"; hanged.[14][15][13]
Nicolas Dadon 1 February 1584 Rector of the University of Paris, from Nulli Saint-Front, hanged and burned (along with his trial) for sodomy in Paris.[11][12]
Unknown April 1584 Italian, burned alive in front of the Louvre in Paris.[11]
Richard Renvoisy 6 March 1586 Canon of Sainte-Chapelle du Roi in Dijon and "master of children", wrote Quelques odes d'Anacreon mises en musique in 1559. His "too free association with his young students made him fall into a crime", and he was subsequently burned.[17][18]
Ruffin "Defrozieres" Fortias[a] 22 December 1598 Hanged and body burned in Issoudun. Sentenced by bailiwick on 28 November.[11][12]
Jean-Imbert Brunet 4 May 1601 Local priest of Ollioules, burned by the Parliament of Provence.[19]
Unknown 7 March 1654 Italian priest accused of sodomy, one of three tortured prisoners. He, "having confessed by all rigorosity (sic) of his pains, was condemned to be first hanged, and afterwards burnt - a sentence carried out the next day" in Paris.[20]
Jacques Chausson 1661 attempted rape of a young nobleman, Octave des Valons.
Antoine Mazouer 1666 Burned in Paris.[21][22]
Emery Ange Dugaton
Antoine Bouquet 26 August 1671 Sentenced to burn alive.[11][12]
Unknown 31 March 1677 60-year-old, burned in the Marché-Neuf in Paris. Sentenced earlier that day.[11]
Philippe Basse 1720 Burned in Paris, also convicted of blasphemy.[5]
Bernard Mocmanesse
Benjamin Deschauffours 1726 Procurer, burned on Place de Grève in Paris. Accused of killing a kidnapped boy.
Two unknowns 1745 Former associates of the bandit Raffiat, who was broken on the wheel in 1742. They were pierced in their tongues, hanged and burned; they were also charged with blasphemy.[23]
Jean Diot 6 July 1750 The last two to be executed for sodomy in France
Bruno Lenoir
Unknown 1757 Parish priest of Ludres, condemned to be burned by the sovereign court of Lorraine; made an edifying speech to his parishioners speech before he was executed, and organized pilgrimages were made to the execution site afterwards.[24][25]

Germany

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Heinrich Schreiber 1378 Convicted by a Munich civil court, probably executed.[7]
Br. Hans Storzl 1381 Two monks, two Beghards, and a peasant, burned in Augsburg for "having committed heresy with one another."[7]
Br. Eberhard of St. Lienhart
Three unknowns
Ulrich Frey 1408[7] or 1409 From Augsburg; one burned, other 4 (all ecclesiastics) bound hand and foot in a wooden cage to starve.[5]
Jacob Kyss
Ulrich
Two unknowns
Two unknowns 1418 Clerics, convicted to burn in Konstanz; probably executed.[7]
Br. Conradt 1464 Burned in Konstanz.[7]
Ulrich Vischer
Georg Semler 1471 Decapitated in Regensburg.[7]
Fritz Rottel
Stefan Karl
Andre Vetter
Katherina Hetzeldorfer 1477 German cross-dressing lesbian executed for heresy against nature after having used a dildo on two female partners.
Cristan Schriber 1488 Burned in Konstanz.[7]
Jacob Miller 1532 Decapitated in Augsburg.[7] Wagner was caught giving Will a jacket and a rapier "as an outward sign of their connection."[26]
Bernhard/Berlin Wagner
Michel Will
Franz von Alsten 1536 or 1537 Decapitated in Munster.[7]
Christopher Mayer 13 August 1594 Mayer, a weaver of fustian, and Weber, a fruiterer, both citizens of Nuremberg, committed sodomy together for 3 years until they were spotted in the act behind a hedge by a hook-maker's apprentice. Weber had also committed sodomy with Endressen, a cook, an Alexander, and others over the past 20 years. Mayer was beheaded, and his body was burnt with Weber as he was burned alive.[27]
Hans Weber
Hans Wolff Marti 11 March 1596 Marti, a tradesman, citizen of Wehr, had committed sodomy in various places and times, including first with a bargeman at Ibss, with another partner at Brauningen, and with a peasant at Miltenburck. Beheaded with the sword "as a favour" before his body was burned.[27]
Ludwig le Gros 15 June 1704 Prussian soldiers, beheaded in Berlin after confessing to having sexual relations with each other under Charles V's code of 1532 which criminalized sodomy.[28][29][30][31]
Martin Schultze
Catharina Margaretha Linck 1721 Prussian cross-dressing lesbian executed for sodomy in Halberstadt; her execution was the last for lesbian sexual activity in Europe.
Ephraim Ostermann 31 January 1729 Baker, age 30. Arrested for two sexual acts with his apprentice, Martin Köhler, who allegedly died of "unnatural loss of semen". Admitted under torture to similar acts on 20 other men. Beheaded in Potsdam under the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I.[31][32]

After the Nazi takeover in 1933, the persecution of homosexuals in Germany became a priority of the Nazi police state. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals; ten thousands of which were sentenced by courts. Most of these men served time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 6,000 were imprisoned in concentration camps. The death rate of these prisoners has been estimated at 60 percent, a higher rate than those of other prisoner groups. A smaller number of men were sentenced to death or killed at Nazi euthanasia centres. After the war, homosexuals were initially not counted as victims of Nazism because homosexuality continued to be illegal in Nazi Germany's successor states.

Ireland

[edit]
Name Date Notes
John Atherton 1640 Bishop of Waterford and Lismore and his tithe proctor, hanged in Waterford. They were convicted under a law Atherton had voiced support for.
John Childe

Italy

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Niger de Pulis 1287 Burned in Parma.[33][34]
Adenolfo IV 13 July 1293 Count of Acerra, impaled in Perugia by Charles II of Anjou.[35]
Agostino di Ercole 1348 Likely executed in Florence. He did not believe his crime was serious and felt that if he was worthy of death, "then many others were to be considered worthy of death".[36]
Pietro di Ferrara 20 February 1349 Servant, burned in Venice. Tried and convicted by the Lords of the Night along with fellow servant Giacomello di Bologna on December 29, 1348, who was only banished as he did not confess.[37]
Rolandina Roncaglia 20 March 1354 Transgender female prostitute, burned in Venice. Originally from Padua, prior to presenting as female she was sometimes mistaken for a woman because of her feminine mannerisms. Initially married to a woman, but later had sex with a man and began presenting as female before moving to Venice. Sold eggs by day and sexual favors by night; most clients did not know of Roncaglia's sex, but per her account no one in Venice objected to her transitioning. Worked for 7 years before she was reported by a client and arrested.[38][39][40]
Nicoleto Marmagna 3 October 1357 Venetian boatman and his servant, burned by the Lords of Night. Marmagna was married to Braganza's sister.[37][5]
Giovanni Braganza
Giovanni di Giovanni 7 May 1365 15-year-old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite".[36][41]
Nanni di Firenze 27 July 1401 Likely burned in Venice.[42]
Nani Silvestri 20 December 1401 Merchant, likely burned in Venice.[42]
Domenico da Fermo 3 January 1402 Barber, burned in Venice. Resisted interrogative torture, refusing to and retracting any given confessions.[42]
Clario Contarini 1407 A group of young nobles and clerics, burned in Venice. From a group of 35, including 14 nobles, tried by the Council of Ten; scandal ensued due to the backgrounds of the accused.[43]
Fifteen or sixteen unknowns
Domenico di Giovanni 29 July 1420 Decapitated in Florence.[44]
Alvisio 1421 Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna.[45]
Francesco Guglielimi 1422 Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna. Guglielmi's house in Valdonica was also burned and his heirs' property was confiscated.[45]
Stefano da Prato
Francesco Mancini 1 December 1423 Sicilian university law professor and his servant, beheaded in Piazza del Comune, Bologna.[46]
Antonio Micileto
Antonio d'Ugolino 9 May 1443 From S. Michele di Mugello, hanged and burned in Florence. Buried in the temple.[44]
Simon Barbiere Bizzello 28 May 1443 or 20 May 1444 Decapitated in Florence.[44][47]
Mafeo Barbaro 1464 Beheaded and burned in Venice. Their younger (puer) companions, Giovanni Basadona and Giovanni Filippo Priuli, were both exiled for 8 years.[37]
Ermolao Foscari
Antonio di Giovanni Pucca 17 April 1469 Beccamorto, decapitated in Florence.[44]
Padano d'Otranto 1474 Beheaded and burned together in Piazza San Marco, Venice, by the Council of Ten. Two from a group of six tried by the Council, and the only ones executed due to their active status; the others received lesser punishments.[37]
Marino Alegeti
Marco Baffo 11 September 1476 Hanged in Venice by the Council of Ten. Baffo was married to the daughter of Piramo da Veglia.[48]
Francesco Toniuti
Francesco Cercato 1480 Hanged between the columns of a square in Venice.[49]
Marco Baffo 1485 Hanged in Venice.[50]
Unknown 1490s 17-year-old hanged in Ferrara.[51]
Geronimo 15 March 1504 Burned in the public square of Vastato, Genoa.[52]
Giovanni di Piero Masini 25 August 1514 Baker's boy, hanged and burned in the courtyard of the Bargello.[47]
Unknown 1540 Executed in Bologna.[53]
Unknown 1541 Executed in Bologna.[53]
Francesco Fabrizio 1545 Priest of San Giuliano and poet, decapitated and burned by the Council of Ten.[48][54][49]
Two unknowns 1547 Executed (one hanged and burned, the other quartered) in Bologna.[53]
Unknown 1549 Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53]
Jacopo Bonfadio 19 July 1550 Humanist and historian, beheaded and burnt in Genoa.[55]
Francesco Calcagno 23 December 1550 Franciscan friar (laicized and expelled), executed in Venice.[56]
Antonio di Giovanni Bandoni 24 October 1551 Hanged and burned (or quartered) in Florence.[47][57]
Grazia di Negroponte 15 June 1553 Turkish footman; strangled and burned in Pratello, Florence. Converted to Christianity nine months prior. Buried in the temple.[44]
Messer Rinieri 25 September 1556 56-year-old cathedral canon and man of letters from the Franchi family, hanged and burned in Perugia by Sixtus V for "having repeatedly scaled the walls of the seminary of said Perugia, on behalf of sodomy."[58]
Gabriele Thomaein 17 February 1559 German from Augsburg, burned in Rome with 3 heretics.[59]
Baptistam Bariliarum 11 October 1561 Decapitated on a high platform between two columns and burned in Venice.[60]
Paseto Portador 12 December 1562 Decapitated on a high platform between two columns in Piazza di San Marco, Venice, and burned. Also convicted of homicide.[60]
Nicola da Germinà 12 July 1565 Burned in Bargello, Milan.[61]
Ambrogio di Croce 8 April 1566 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Unknown July 1566 Young man burned on a bridge in Rome.[63]
Giuseppe D'Angelo 18 December 1566 From Monte di Trapani (Erice), hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Cornelio Mantovani 1567 Policeman, burned in Bologna.[53]
Cosimo la Mirabella 13 June 1567 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Santoni Giuliano
Bernardino di Marsala 8 October 1567 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Nico 2 December 1567 Becher, beheaded and burned between the two columns of San Zulian, Venice; convicted of sodomy "among other faults", which we were read alound from a platform over the Grand Canal.[60]
Sebastiano Vita 20 February 1568 Executed and burned in Palermo.[64]
Unknown 21 August 1568 Young man burned in Rome; many "false doors" were ordered closed that night.[65]
Valerio 1570 Hanged in Bologna. Surname not reported.[53]
Luigi Fontino March 1570 Musician and canon of the Basilica of Nostra Signora di Loreto, laicizied and beheaded in Loreto for relations with a student of his, 16-year-old Luigi Dalla Balla. Giovanni Leonardo Primavera, another lover of Dalla Balla, escaped persecution in 1585.[66]
Cosimo la Piccola 23 June 1570 Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64]
Francesco la Motta 7 May 1573 Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64]
Simone Micara
Melchiorre di Trapani 24 November 1574 Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64]
Unknown 25 June 1576 From Pesaro, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Battista August 1578 From a group of eleven, mostly Portuguese and Spanish, who were arrested in a church near San Giovanni Laterano for organizing same-sex marriage ceremonies, burned in Rome:

[63][67]

Antonio de Vélez
Francisco Hererra
Bernardino de Alfar
Alfonso de Robles
Marcos Pinto
Jerómino de Paz
Gaspar de Martín
Luciano lo Terrosi 19 November 1578 Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64]
Giovanni di Bella 4 December 1578 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Giuseppe Benanti 15 May 1579 Strangled in Palermo; also executed was Giacopo di Giacopo, who made false allegations against Giuseppe de Marino in another sodomy trial.[64]
D. Carlo Barone 3 August 1579 Executed (Barone unknown, Bevaceto beheaded, Russitano and Scolaro strangled) and burned in Palermo. The father of D. Pietro Vinacito paid the court 15,000 scudi to spare the men, but the executions were still carried out.[64]
Don Paolo Bevaceto
Giacomo Russitano
Antonio Scolaro
Prospero Magri 11 April 1580 Strangled in Palermo.[64]
Giovanni Bentivoglio 29 July 1580 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Fabrizio Lisci
Matteo Paladino 25 August 1581 Brigand, strangled and burned in Palermo.[64]
Geronimo Galesi 19 November 1582 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Pietro d'Olieri
Innocenzo Bonamico 2 May 1583 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Muscato
Antonino Polito 18 May 1583 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Also convicted of country theft.[64]
Lazzarino Almirotto 14 January 1584 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Giovanni Borgognone 29 November 1584 Executioner, burned outside of Porta Ticinese, Milan.[61]
Giuseppe Serio 29 May 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two young beardless men.[64]
Vincenzo Malatesta 25 June 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Leonardo d'Amadeo 2 December 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Unknown 9 May 1586 20-year-old pedant (teacher) from Ponticelo, hanged in the Archi and burned in Genoa; tried along with another teacher who was also sentenced to death but it is unknown if he too was executed.[68]
G. Battista Inbrunetta 26 April 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Two unknowns June 1586 Priest and boy, both burned in Rome even though they had both voluntarily confessed.[5]
Andrea li Sarti 17 June 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Scipione di Nicolò 11 July 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two clean-shaven young men.[64]
Aurelio Ciafaglione 23 December 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with a young beardless man.[64]
Girolamo Incudina 2 January 1587 Body quartered and displayed in the streets of Palermo. Also convicted of theft and murder.[64]
Francesco Carlini 1588 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Also convicted of theft and heresy.[53]
Giuseppe Magliocco 7 January 1588 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Don Vincenzo Alteato 14 November 1589 Burned outside Porta Ticinese, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[61]
Giovanni Mazzone 1 February 1590 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Bernardino di Camillo 1592 Hanged together in Ponte, Rome, after being led through the city.[59]
Muzio di Senso
Ottaviano Bargellini 1593 A member of a senatorial family (Bargellini) and a Jew (Orsini), beheaded together in Bologna. Orsini converted to Christianity before the execution as Paolo and his body was displayed in Piazza Maggiore.[53][69]
Allegro Orsini
Antonio d'Assena 24 March 1593 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Two unknowns 23 May 1593 Likely hanged and burned after a long trial in Bologna.[70]
Andria Badulato 24 November 1593 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Ioanni Costa 1 June 1594 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Leonardo Cortese 30 August 1594 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Mariano Pignataro 22 April 1598 Choked and burned in Palermo.[64]
Mario di Croce 18 January 1599 Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Gio. Batta Aricardi 3 April 1599 Weaver, partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Paolo Ferrare 27 July 1599 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Ausebio Bonhomo 13 August 1599 From Nicosia, hanged and burned in Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[64]
Alessandro Cabiate 14 August 1599 Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Petro "Haro" Curchio 22 March 1601 Choked on a stake and burned in Palermo.[64]
Domenico Galletti 12 September 1601 Strangled and burned on Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[64]
Francesco Cappadona 28 September 1601 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Mustafà Giorgio 4 June 1602 Turkish slave of the Duchess of Maqueda and a Spanish soldier in the company of D. Ernando di Gusman, hanged in Palermo.[64]
Petro Scudero
Francesco La Barbara 12 June 1602 Strangled and burned on Piano della Marina, Palermo.[64]
Bartolo di Bernabeo Aquilanti 27 August 1602 Hanged for "pimping sodomy" in Florence.[47]
Minico la Sola 20 June 1603 From Partanna, hanged in Palermo.[64]
Paulu Simonetto 19 April 1606 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Giovanni Maria Bonfiglioli 1607 Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53]
Giovanni Garsè 21 February 1607 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Sebastiano/Vespasiano Spalletta 26 March 1607 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Giuseppe di Tommaso 27 November 1607 From Castello a Mare (Longbardi), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[64]
Antonio Longobardi
Rocco Febo 15 March 1608 City executioner, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Vincenzo "Bella di Sciacca" d'Amico 17 June 1608 Habitual sodomite, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Antonio Carcano 22 September 1609 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Two unknowns 1610 Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53]
Giovanni di Bernardo Pieri 4 July 1610 Hanged and burned in Florence.[44]
Vincenzo "Scannaserpi" d'Abbene 1 December 1610 Hanged in Palermo. Also convicted of "field theft".[64]
Leonardo Rocco
Melchiore "Franzosino" da Verè 15 February 1611 Burned in Milan, buried in S. Giovanni.[61]
Giovanni Batta d'Antonio 15 July 1611 Cloth weaver, strangled on a stake and burned in Florence.[44]
Giuseppe Colomba 3 March 1612 From Termini and Castronovo respectively, hanged and burned together in Palermo.[64]
Paolo Simonetta
Francesco "Picalupo" Lo Re 11 July 1612 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Paolo Zani 1613 Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53]
Vito Anello 16 July 1613 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Caviaro 1613 or 1615 Executioner of Modena, hanged. He mocked the exhortations of clergy at the execution.[71]
Giacomo Biavati 1614 Porter, hanged and burned in Bologna.[53]
Orlando Crispo 17 February 1614 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Bartolomeo di Giovanni Carletti 30 October 1614 Musician, hanged and burned in Florence.[44]
Gio. Batta Rovida 24 December 1614 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Avril or Avrile 1615 Young Provençal, burned in Turin. His lover, Giovan Battista Marino, fled to France.[72]
Domenico "Meneghino" Facchino 2 March 1615 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Maurizio "Prè Strazzone" Lana 10 October 1615 Son of Madonna Benedetta, burned in La Vetra, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[61]
Antonio Crotto 14 January 1616 From Bergamo, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Giovanne Corvo 5 May 1617 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Paolo "Pizo" Marino 7 June 1618 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Cola Ioanni Cassisi 12 April 1619 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Giulio di Giovanni Sorbi 9 July 1621 Formerly of Guardia de' Lioni, strangled on a stake and burned in the middle of Pratello, Florence.[44]
Giovanni Incardona 10 December 1622 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Francesco lo Guzzo 7 December 1623 Hanged on Piano della Marina, Palermo.[64]
Francesco "Cappellitto" Garagazzo 19 December 1623 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Petro Costa
Piero di Marsilio di Marradi 17 July 1627[b] 34 or 40 and 43, hanged and burned in Florence. Sources are conflicting on details.[44][57][73]
Angiolo di Ottavio Cappelli
Giovanni Angelo Maggio 19 August 1627 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Antonio d'Aprile 3 August 1628 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Soliman Moro 26 August 1628 Turkish slave, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Pietro "D. Ramundo" l'Indovino 14 May 1631 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Francesco Rotundo 17 April 1632 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Vincenzo "Muratore" Dammacanale 12 October 1633 Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Francesco Turturici 20 June 1634 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Lorenzo Bivona 7 August 1634 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Filippo Bonanno Xacca/Sciacca 17 July 1638 Hanged in Palermo under the Grande Almirante.[64]
Blasi Canizzo 5 November 1640 From Licodia, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64]
Vincenzo Oddo 3 November 1646 Hanged in Palermo.[64]
Nicolò Morello 22 July 1655 From Ascoli, hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Francesco di Vincenzo 22 August 1660 From Viterbo, carried on a cart on a donkey and then beheaded in Florence.[47]
Bernardino Restello 6 February 1662 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Giuseppe Colombo 20 December 1664 Hanged and burned in Milan.[62]
Giuseppe Lopez 1668 Hanged in Naples with Nicola Fanfano. At his execution he admitted that his implication of Fanfano was made under torture, but Fanfano was still hanged.[74]
Alessandro Borromeo 3 June 1668 20-year-old Paduan noble, son of Girolamo Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten. Described as "scandalous" and "without Christian law" for seducing his friends.[48]
Paolo Cricetti 10 December 1668 19-year-old friend of Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice.[48]
Unknown 1686 Hanged in Bologna.[53]
Giacomo "il Marangone" Redaello 22 April 1692 Tortured, strangled with a noose and burned in Milan; also convicted of other crimes. His accomplices were also tortured.[75]
Unknown 29 March 1710 Hanged and beheaded in Milan. Voluntarily confessed to having passive and continued relations with his master, along with "treasonous homicide" and robbery; head displayed at Boschi di Longhignana.[76]
Antonio Fontana 15 September 1724 From Verona, beheaded and burned in Venice. Also convicted of sacrilegious theft.[77]
Pellegrino Torri 1727 Hanged in Bologna; his eyes and nose were also cut off to render his body unrecognizable.[53]
Vincenzo Pelliciari 20 July 1727 Hanged in Modena. Publicly boasted that he had married the devil and had regular relations with him, along with other heresies and blasphemies; tried by the Inquisition and executed by the secular wing.[71]
Giovanni Antonio Cremis 28 May 1736 From Felizzano, hanged and burnt in Alessandria. His accomplice, 15-year-old Giovanni Stefano Barnaba Mordea of Asti, is sentenced to row oars in the royal fleet for 5 years.[78]
Unknown 12 September 1736 28-year-old barber of the boat in S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini, hanged on the bridge of Sant'Angelo, Rome.[79]
Giuseppe del già Domenico Rossi 21 October 1747 Hanged and burned in Florence.[44]
Bernardo Gabrieli 15 May 1748 Cleric, decapitated on a platform between the two columns of St. Mark's, Venice.[60]
Andrea Brazzoi/Brasola 1749 Mantuan, beheaded and burned in Venice.[77]
Antonio Lambranzi 31 August 1752 30-year-old becher from Cannaregio, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten for "sodomy having used many iniquities".[48]
Bartolomeo Luisetti 10 April 1764 Son of quondam Antonio of Villa Albese, suffocated and burned in the square of del Brolo, Milan, in front of S. Stefano. Pietro Verri reported on the case, claiming Lusietti was a pederast but that he "had never committed a misdeed in his life".[76]
Unknown 1771 Monk burned in Venice[23]

Malta

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Two unknowns March 1616 Spanish soldier (or sailor[32]) and a local Maltese bardasso (teenage prostitute[32]), both burned; execution described by the Scottish traveller William Lithgow.[80] More than 100 bardassoes fled to Sicily on a galley the following night.[81]

Netherlands

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Gooswyn de Wilde 1447[82] President of the States of Holland, beheaded.[83]
Unknown 1463 Likely burned by the Court of Holland.[84]
Unknown 1605 Burned in Middelburg.[84]
Ingel Harmensz 1643 A young Dutch sailor and a Mardijker, executed (Harmensz drowned, de Sal burned) in Batavia under the VOC.[85][86]
Bento de Sal
Jan van Cleef 1644 A soldier, a Batavia burgher, and a Council of the Indies member, strangled and burned at the orders of Anthony van Diemen.[85]
Pieter Egbertsz
Joost Schouten
Gerrit Jansz de Wit 1645 Boatswain, drowned in a bag in Batavia, former partner of Joost Schouten.[85]
Four unknowns 1646 Chinese, burned in Batavia, also convicted of counterfeiting money.[85]
Two unknowns 1647 A ship's captain and a young boy, executed (the captain burnt and the boy drowned) in Batavia.[85]
Five unknowns 1647 Chinese, executed (two burned, two strangled and burned, and one drowned) in Malacca, also convicted of counterfeiting money.[85]
Four unknowns 1648 Chinese, presumed burned in Malacca.[85]
Six unknowns 1652 A 40-year-old Dane and five "black" boys, executed (the Dane burnt, and the boys drowned) in Batavia.[85]
Unknown 1676 Executed in Utrecht, one of three defendants (including a burgomaster).[84]
Two unknowns 1686 Two men, likely drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam.[84]
Two unknowns 1702 Two men, executed in Rotterdam for having relations in an almoner's house.[84]
Unknown 1721 Executed in Utrecht.[84]
Leendert Hasenbosch 1725
Adriaen Spoor 2 December 1727 Dutch sailors from St. Maertensdyck and Ghent, aged 23 and 18 respectively, on the Zeewijk which wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos on 9 June. While on the islands, they were caught in "the abominable and god-forsaken deeds of Sodom and Gomorrah." They were subsequently marooned on separate rocky islands nearby.[87][88][89]
Pieter Engels
Two unknowns 13 May 1728 Two slaves, drowned together on the Cape of Good Hope; names not recorded.[90]
Jan Backer 12 June 1730 hanged and burned in the Hague. Backer was a house servant hiring middleman.[91]
Jan Schut
Frans Verheyden Occupation unknown, milkman, coat embroiderer, occupation unknown, and servant, hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 50-pound weights.[91]
Cornelius Wassermaar
Pieter Styn
Dirk van Royen
Herman Mouillant
Pieter Marteyn Janes Sohn 24 June 1730 Strangled and burned in Amsterdam. Keep was a decorator.[91]
Johannes Keep
Maurits van Eeden House servant and Johannes Keep's servant, age 18, drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam.[91]
Cornelius Boes
Jan Westhoff 29 June 1730 Soldiers, strangled and buried under the gallows in Kampen.[92]
Steven Klok
Leendert de Haas 17 July 1730 60-year-old candlemaker, distiller, and a gentleman's servant, strangled and burnt in Rotterdam, and their ashes dumped from a boat at sea.[92]
Casper Schroder
Huibert van Borselen
Pieter van der Hal 21 July 1730 Grain carrier, glove launderer, agent, and tavern keeper; hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 100-pound weights.[91]
Adriaen Kuyleman
David Munstlager
Willem la Feber
Antonie Byweegen Fishmonger, hanged and burned to ashes in the Hague.[91]
Laurens Hospinjon 16 September 1730 Chief of detectives in the Navy, strangled and thrown in water with a 100-pound weight in Amsterdam.[91]
Cornelis Palamedes 19 October 1730 Teacher, age 56, half strangled and burnt to ash in Veen near Heusden; previously had relationship with Dirk van Royen (see 12 June 1730).[92]
Two unknowns 22 September 1731 A drummer and an orphan, beheaded in Groningen.[92]
Gerrit Loer 24 September 1731 Executions in Zuidhorn:
  • Loer, 48, farmer, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash; had committed sodomy with several persons, including on his way to and from church.
  • Berents, 32, a Liplander, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash.
  • Immes, 45, from Huifinga, strangled to death and burned.
  • Jans, 40 or 41, from Aduwert, strangled to death and burned; no response.
  • Hendrix, 40, from Nieuwkerk, strangled to death and burned; no response.
  • Wygers, 45, from Doefem, strangled to death and burned; no response.
  • Brakel, 37, strangled to death and burned; no response.
  • Rol, 32 or 36,[93] from Esinga, strangled and burnt; swayed back and forth upon being sentenced and bowed to all present before leaving.
  • Donderen, 30, strangled and burnt; cried out "Oh! Oh!" upon hearing sentence.
  • Egberts, 19, strangled and burnt; corrected the judge when age was listed incorrectly in sentence, and bowed saying "It is all right, sir," before leaving.
  • Peter Cornelisz, 20 or 21, strangled and burnt; appeared to be about to faint as sentence was read but sighed instead.
  • Hendrik Cornelisz, 21, strangled and burnt; said "I forgive you and thank you gentlemen for the sentence which I shall receive."
  • Leuwes, 19, strangled and burned; sighed and quickly left.
  • Idses, 18, strangled and burnt; told the court "I forgive you for the sin you have committed against me."
  • Jan Jansz, 18, strangled and burnt; no response.
  • Cornelis Jansz, 18; told the court "You may see how you direct me."
  • Harms, 16, strangled and burnt; no response.
  • Tamme Jansz, 14, strangled and burnt; remained silent when sentenced.
  • Iacobs, 16[94] or 18, from Nieuhooven, strangled and burnt; no response.

[92][93]

Hendrick Berents
Asinga Immes
Eysse Jans
Gosen Hendrix
Jan Wygers
Jan Harms Brakel
Mindelt Jansz Rol
Jan Jacobs den Donderen
Jan Egberts
Peter Cornelisz
Hendrik Cornelisz
Hindrik Leuwes
Jan Idses
Jan Jansz
Cornelis Jansz
Gerrit Harms
Tamme Jansz
Thomas Iacobs
Jan van der Lelie Hanged and thrown into the sea in the Hague.[91]
Class Blanc 1735 Dutch, executed in Batavia. Jacobsz, a sailor, was formerly accused of sodomy in 1713.[86]
Rijkaert Jacobsz
Jan Kemmer 1765 Young man executed in Amsterdam. Claimed his first act took place when still in an orphanage and connected to known sodomite networks after an encounter in Amsterdam's town hall's citizens' hall. Named 15 other boys in his confession. Described as "particularly acquainted with the Truths (Biblical truths)."[84]
Abraham Feijs 1772 19-year-old tailor in Leiden, declared in interrogation he had never slept with a woman and had committed sodomy "hundreds of times". Last execution in Leiden.[83]
Jillis Bruggeman 9 March 1803 Last person executed for sodomy in Netherlands[95]

Poland

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Marcin Gołek 9 November 1633 Master baker and his apprentice, burned in Sieradz. Both accused the other of initiating the relationship.[96]
Wojciech ze Sromotki

Portugal

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Two unknowns 1621 Effeminate dancers, burned alive in Lisbon. They were part of a group called Dança dos Fanchonos led by 30-year-old mulatto Antonio Rodrigues.[1]
Santos de Almeida 1645 66-year-old royal chaplain, burned in Lisbon; said to have resided over a "conventicle of fanchonos".[1][5]
Two unknowns 1647 Old Christians, burned for sodomy and religious visions in a Lisbon auto-da-fé.[97]
Unknown 3 April 1669 Old Christian priest, burned for sodomy in a Lisbon auto-da-fé with 79 Judaizers.[97]
Unknown 1671 Priest, executed by the Portuguese Inquisition in Lisbon. Last person executed as a fanchono.[1]

Spain

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Unknown 1290 Moor, burned at Arguedas "for lying with others".[5]
Juce Abolfaça 1345 Jews from Puente la Reina, burned together at Olite.[5][98]
Simuel Nahamán
Pascoal de Rojas 1346 Burned at Tudela for "heresy with his body".[5]
Unknown 1373 Servant, burned in Olite for relations with another servant.[5]
Antoni 1395 Slave of Francesc Peres in Barcelona, burned.[8]
Mahoma Mofari 1458 Muslim potters in Lleida sentenced to burn for mutual same-sex relations as well as heterosexual relations with Christian prostitutes. Mahoma converted to Christianity and adopted the name Pere Cirera before the execution, so he was drowned before being burned.[8]
Açen
Margarida Borràs 1460 Cross-dressing transgender woman.
Joan de Llobera 28 May 1464 Llobera, a councilor of Barcelona in 1463, and Polo, an "immoral hermit", were strangled and burnt in La Rambla.[8]
Bartomeu Polo
Gaspar Rajadell 21 July 1464 Rajadell and Sori, a scribe, were drowned in a wine bucket and then burnt in La Rambla.[8]
Joan Sori
Five unknowns 1476 Burned in Barcelona during a plague attack.[23]
Six unknowns 1495 Italians, seen hanged upside down by a German traveler in Almeria.[23]
Two unknowns 1495[c] Castilians, seen hanged upside down in the same manner as the Italians by the same German traveler in Madrid.[23]
Two unknowns 1501–1600[d] Two nuns burned for using "material instruments", recorded by Antonio Gomez.[13]
Twelve unknowns 1506 Dozen men, burned in Seville.[5]
Salomon Antón[e] 20 December 1519[f] Sicilian master[g] of the Victoria, strangled and burned under Ferdinand Magellan at Santa Lucia, Brazil. Caught in the act off the coast of Guinea. His partner, Genoese apprentice sailor António Varesa,[h] drowned on 27 April 1520 when thrown overboard by his shipmates.[i][85][99][100][101][102][103]
Salvador Vidal 1541 Rural priest, "relaxed" (handed over to be executed) to the secular arm by Saragossa tribunal.[5][23]
Unknown 1546 Layman, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[5]
Unknown 1551 Castilian soldier, executed in Saragossa awaiting a public auto-da-fé.[23]
Four unknowns 1558 A Castilian jurist/lawyer, 2 priests, and a French shepherd boy, all burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[5][23]
Unknown 1566 A French interpreter who lived with the Guale, garroted under the orders of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés at Santa Elena. Pedro's nephew and an ensign told him that he was "a Lutheran and a great sodomite," so he lured the interpreter out by claiming he had presents to give to the cacique. The cacique's oldest son, one of two natives living with the interpreter, cried upon hearing this and begged him "to return at once." The interpreter was killed in secrecy on arrival, and the Guale were told that he had disappeared.[104]
Three unknowns 1572 Foreigners, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé with 9 Aragonese peasants convicted of bestiality along with their animals.[5][23]
Two unknowns 1573 Trinitarian monks, executed in Valencia.[5]
Martín de Castro 1574 Male prostitute, burned in Madrid; present at the trials of two high-ranking clients, Don Pedro Luis Galceran de Borgia and the Count of Ribagorza, in 1572.[105]
Miguel Salvador de Morales 25 June 1574 Morales, a Trinitarian friar, and Tafolla had known each other since childhood, even sleeping in the same room. Tafolla had just returned from traveling in Italy and went to Morales's monastery in Valencia, where they were caught; both were burned.[5]
Baptista Tafolla
Juan Bautista Finocho July 1575 Mariner on the galleon San Tadeo, burned in the harbor of La Havana.[99]
Two unknowns 1579 Teenage boys, executed in Seville for "frolicking in bed together."[106]
Unknown 1581 Neapolitan, burned for a "habit of Italy" in Seville.[92]
Diego Maldonado 1585 Sodomite group, burned together in Seville by secular authorities. Maldonado, a member of a "well-to-do family" from Granada, was the group leader.[92][99][107]
Salvador Martín
Alonso Sánchez
Five unknowns
Muyuca or Machuco[106] 1585 African, probably a freed slave, burned in Seville as a alcahuete (procurer). Described as "very well known for the dealings he had with good-looking gentlemen."[106] He wore a ruff, cosmetics, and a wig at his execution, likely as forced humiliation rather than by choice.[92]
Seven unknowns 1587 7 adolescents under 21 years old, executed[j] in Aragon (Saragossa).[23][105]
Gaspar Arrimen 1588 Moriscos in Valencia, both age 20; both burned.[5]
Pedro Alache
Two unknowns 1588 17-year-olds, executed in Aragon (Saragossa).[23][105]
Two unknowns 1588 French, burned in Seville.[92]
Twelve unknowns 1600 Dozen men, burned in Seville.[107]
Gerónimo Ponce de Leon 1603 Mulattoes, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville.[108]
Domingo López
Unknown 1604 Street vendor of Triana, burned in Seville; described as "fat, deaf, and blind."[109]
Jose Estravagante 1607 Galley prisoners, 31 and 20, respectively; Teixidor had been convicted of sodomy and Estravagente of another crime. Fellow prisoners denounced they were having an affair and they were subsequently burned in Valencia by the Inquisition.[5]
Bartolomeo Teixidor
Two unknowns 1616 Colored, burned in Seville. Names not recorded.[92]
Nicolas Gonzales 1625 20-year-old prostitute from Orihuela and those he implicated under questioning (including 7 slaves, such as a 40-year-old Turk), burned together in Valencia. He named over 60 men and boys when questioned. Gonzales admitted to not only prostituting himself, but also procuring others his age (usually to slaves).[106] 128 quintals of wood were needed to burn all 12 over a 7-hour period, "something never seen or heard of in Valencia".[1][105]
Eleven unknowns
Two unknowns 1626 Executed in Valencia outside of the inquisition palace "without making a noise".[5]
Unknown 1640 Burned in Granada.[105]
Unknown 1647 Burned in a Barcelona auto-da-fé.[5]
Francisco 1648 Portuguese mulatto, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville.[108]
Juan Chapinero 1651 Two blacks (one free, the latter a slave), publicly garroted and their corpses burnt in Mexico City.[108]
Nicolás
Juan de la Cruz March 1670 Indigenous resident of La Lagunilla, publicly burned in the public market of San Juan, Mexico City on a Monday at 4:00 PM.[108]
Five unknowns 25 June 1671 Two mulattoes and three blacks, burned in San Lázaro, Mexico City; caught in the act at Juan de Ávila's mill in Mixcoac. The site of their execution is today the location of Mexico's national archives.[108]
Seven unknowns 13 November 1673 A group of mulattoes, blacks, and mestizos, burned in Mexico City; caught in the act in the same textile mill.[108]
Two unknowns 20 November 1686 A mulatto and a mestizo, burned together in Mexico City; a black man was publicly shamed as an accomplice.[108]
Two unknowns February 1735 Sentenced to death and their corpses burned in Mexico City "for the grave crime of Sodomy"; case reported in the Gazeta de México.[108]
Two unknowns 27 August 1738 Indigenous, sentenced to burn in Mexico City for the "nefarious crime"; on the way to be executed, members of the local cofradía accompanied them.[108]
Unknown 23 June 1784 "The nefarious offender of this royal jail", burned in Mexico City and his body reduced to ashes in the accustomed site.[108]

Sweden

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Lisbetha Olsdotter November 1679

Switzerland

[edit]
Name Date Notes
Lord Haspisperch 1277 German-Swiss aristocrat, burned by Rudolph I in Basel. Unknown if politically motivated.[5]
Friedrich 1399 Cook, burned in Basel; his partner, Friedrich Schregelin, was banished.[7]
Hermann von Hohenlandberg 1431 Burgher and noble, accused of robbing travelers outside of Zurich in 1419; executed for multiple relationships with male adolescents.[7] Reportedly offered a 14-year-old "clothes" for accompanying him.[26]
Two unknowns 1444 Bishop of Geneva's personal chef, a Greek, and his Genevan partner, both hanged;[92] first executions in Geneva for sodomy.[13]
Two unknowns 1464 Sexton of a pilgrimage church and a boy, both burned in Einsiedeln.[7]
Eighteen unknowns 1474 Captured Lombard mercenaries, burned in Basel.[7]
Richard Puller von Hohenburg 24 September 1482 Alsatian nobleman and knight and his servant, burned in Zurich.
Anton Mätzler
Hans Zogg 1489 Burned in Lucerne.[7]
Uli im Tann
Hans Waldmann (mayor) 6 April 1489 Executed for multiple crimes, including sodomy.
Jehan Ruaulx 1493 Pastry chef in Fribourg, returned from France with an ear and his penis missing for attempted sodomy in Sisteron; confessed to relations with men, including a cleric, in Lausanne and Fribourg.[7]
Heinrich Baltschmid 1506 Burned in Lucerne.[7]
Felix Bluntschli
Caspar Noll
Hans Honegger
Jacob von Schloss 1515 Burned in Zurich;[7] arrested for theft, found to have had relations with several men of superior age and economic status. First seduced by a notary in the Savoy court of Geneva, he blamed the welsch (French, Savoyards, etc.) of introducing "such viciousness" to Germans.[110]
Andres von Tschafel 1519 Broken on the wheel and burned in Lucerne.[7]
Blasius Hipold 1519 Burned in Lucerne.[7]
Bonifaz Dorn 27 January 1519 Decapitated in Lucerne.[7]
Johannes Nusser 1520 Broken on the wheel in Lucerne.[7] Case brought before council of Lucerne after it was discovered he had been given a jacket for having sex with a man under a bridge in Rome. Confessed to sex with "human and animals, women and men, boys and adult men, Italians and Germans, laypeople and clerics" while serving as papal guard in Rome. Rewarded lavishly with "three double jackets" for prostituting himself to a monk in a stable. Nusser also acted as a priest, having "sermonized and heard confession."[26]
Hans Propstli 1525 Decapitated and burned; first execution in Solothurn,[7] blamed the welsch.[111]
Hans Fritschi 1530 Monastery laborer from Pfungen, decapitated in Schaffhausen.[7] Tried alongside Hans Räs for "unchristian and heretical (sodomitical) acts". They had met while working in Rheinau monastery two years prior. Fritschi asked to be decapitated instead of burned, a mercy the court granted. Fritschi was likely 15 to 25, Räs probably the same or slightly older. Räs also gave Fritschi a new pair of pants for Christmas. Räs, the instigator, may have been fugitive after the trial.[26]
Balthasar Bar 1532 Drowned in Lucerne,[7] blamed the welsch.[111]
Conrat Mulibach 1533 Burned in St. Gallen.[7]
Marx Anthon 1537 Burned in Zurich.[7]
Jorg Sigler 1537 Burned in Lucerne.[7]
Bonifacius Amerbach 1538 Burned in Schaffhausen.[7]
Uli Rugger 1540 Decapitated in Zurich.[7]
Hans Blatter 1540 Burned in Zurich.[7]
Jacob Muller 1545 Decapitated and burned in Zurich.[7]
Unknown 1550 Young French man, hanged in Geneva.[91]
Jean Fontaine 1554 or 1555 Executed in Geneva, was involved with Branlard (see 1561).[112]
Unknown 1556 French man, hanged in Geneva.[13]
Five unknowns 1560 Three Turkish galley slaves and two French Catholics from a captured Savoy fort, burned together by Genevan forces. The slaves first admitted to the act, and implicated the Catholics when questioned.[5]
Guillaume Brancard/Branlard 1561 Drowned in Geneva.[113] His partner, Ramel, was given a reduced sentence due to his age. Branlard had never had a relationship with a woman per court records.[112]
Thoni Ruttiman 1561 Hanged in Zurich.[7]
Pierre Jobert 1562 French, had a long-standing relationship; both drowned in Geneva.[112][13]
Thibaud Lespligny
Unknown 1566 Italian student, age 22, drowned in Geneva.[13]
Bartholomé Tecia 10 June 1566 Piedmontese student, age 15, drowned in Geneva.[114]
Rudolf Bachmann 1567 Decapitated and burned in Zurich.[7]
Uli Frei
Unknown 1568 French man, drowned in Geneva.[13]
Francoise-Jeanne Morel 1568 Itinerant plague worker accused of molesting a woman she was sharing a bed with, Morel had admitted to fornication with a male 5 years earlier. She initially used this to deny the charge but later retracted this, and subsequently admitted her guilt under torture, and admitted to having relations with both men and women (she had never taken money for sex). She was subsequently drowned.[92][115]
Wilhelm von Muhlhausen 1579 Burned in Zurich.[7]
Unknown 28 May 1586 Burned between Lenzburg and Aarau.[116]
Two unknowns 1590 French soldier, age 25, and his valet (also French), age 18; both burned in Geneva.[92][13]
Three unknowns 1590 Turkish galley slaves, burned in Geneva.[13]
Jean Chaffrey February 1590 Two Europeans (Chaffrey, age 20, from Dauphine; Chappuis, age 15, Genevan) and 3 Muslim converts to Calvinism (Mohamet, age 35, from Martara; Assan, age 20, from Turkey; and Arnaud, age 34, from Rumania) executed following trial for group homosexuality in Geneva. A 3rd European was acquitted.[115]
Etienne Chappuis
Tatare Mohamet
Assan
Ali Arnaud
Franciscus de Rouiere 1596 Burned in Sankt Gallen.[7]
Pierre Dufour 13 November 1600 Genevan citizen and his partner, a local peasant. Brelat, a cowherd, openly boasted about their relationship due to Dufour's high social standing, but Brelat claimed Dufour was guilty of buggery (but not a bugger itself) after a violent fistfight.[112] Both were subsequently drowned.[92][117]
Pierre Brelat
Jephat Scheurmann 1609 Possibly executed in Lucerne;[7] claimed to have been "seduced" as a young man "in foreign countries" by an apprentice from Fribourg.[110]
Pierre Canal 2 February 1610[118] Official burned in Geneva. Arrested for treason and homicide, confessed under torture.[92]
Three unknowns 1610 3 partners of Pierre Canal, including a gatekeeper, all drowned.[13]
Jean de la Rue 1617 Age 80, arrested for making a pass in an inn. Openly admitted to having had relations with many people in Geneva and elsewhere "for pleasure, for grain, and for poverty".[112] Burned[115] after this single interrogation.[112]
Unknown 1621 Catholic Savoyard, age 50, burned in Geneva.[13]
Melchior Brütschli 1629 Executed in Lucerne.[7]
Unknown 1634 Neapolitan, burned in Geneva; his partner, his French valet, banished.[13]
Two unknowns 1647 Italians, executed (one hanged and the other burned) in Geneva.[13]

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also: History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom, Sodomy law § United Kingdom, and LGBT rights in the United Kingdom § Homosexuality as an offence

The details of the accusation are often not given in contemporary sources, with euphemisms such as "unnatural offence" used. However, such terms were also used to describe bestiality, non-consensual acts, and crimes against minors. Due to this, sources discussing and listing capital offences for homosexuality, including the table below, may inadvertently include men executed for such offences.

Name Date Notes
Peter Chambers 5 October 1609 Catholic seminarian who converted to Protestantism, hanged in Exeter. He was convicted of sodomy with one of his choirboys at the Exeter assizes; he lived in Exeter Cathedral "to teach the singing boys" under Matthew Sutcliffe's sponsorship. Chambers protested at his execution that in Italy he was able to suppress his urges as a Catholic, but quickly relapsed in Protestantism.[119][120]
Mervyn Tuchet 1631 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, executed for sodomy with his male servants and procuring the rape of his wife.
William Plaine 1646 Founder of Guilford, Connecticut, executed in New Haven. Plaine, despite being married, had committed sodomy with "two persons in England" and had "corrupted a great part of the youth of Guilford" (reason for execution unknown).[121][122]
Francis Dilly 4 February 1679 Non-white sailor on the Jersey, executed as chief ringleader of a 4-man sodomite group at Port Royal. Other three members spared as they were white, "white men being scarce among us."[20][123]
Unknown September 1684 Young man, hanged in Portsmouth; name not recorded.[20]
James Hunt 25 August 1743 Hunt was a barge builder aged 37 and Collins was 57, a former weaver and soldier. They were accused of sodomy together in a toilet at Pepper Alley in Southwark, near London Bridge, which they each denied though their accounts differed. Their trial was at Surrey assizes 4 August and they were hanged at Kennington Common.[124][125]
Thomas Collins
Richard Arnold 15 September 1753 Arnold was around 60 and the landlord of the Lamb and Flag and Critchard was a footman aged around 20. They were convicted 31 August 1753 of felony and buggery for an act witnessed in the Swan Inn, Broad Street, Bristol. They were hanged together at St. Michael's Hill; they declined to implicate anyone else and Arnold was reported to have kissed Critchard's hand before the cart was pulled from under them.[126][127][128][129]
William Critchard[130]
Joseph Wright 15 August 1755 Trial at Coventry assizes.[131] Hanged on Whitley Common. Wright admitted that he had been guilty of sodomy, but never with Grimes, while Grimes said that he had never committed any such offence. Wright was also found guilty of killing Mr. Warner of Winhall.[132]
Thomas Grimes
Richard Whatley[133] 23 March 1776 Trial at Hampshire assizes 5 March. Whatley, aged 41 and also known as Richard Churchill, was convicted of sodomy against Benjamin Dupre, a coachman employed by Lovell Stanhope. He admitted that he had attempted the offence (which took place at Avington), but had not actually committed it.[134]
Benjamin Loveday 12 October 1781 Trial at Bristol assizes.[135] Hanged on St Michael's Hill. Loveday worked as a waiter before keeping a public house on Tower Street, Bristol while Burke was a midshipman, and they were accused of sexual activity together that they denied. Loveday was also accused by James Morgan. Joseph Giles and James Lane were also accused with Loveday, but were only sentenced for misdemeanours, and William Ward was acquitted. Loveday may have been running a molly house.[136][137]
John Burke
John Lad or Ladd[138] (one source says Thomas)[124] 10 April 1786 A Methodist preacher, he was tried at Surrey assizes on 22 March and taken from New Gaol to be hanged on Peckham Common.
Thomas Crispin[139][140] 17 August 1787 Trial at Devon assizes 30 July. Hanged at Heavitree gallows near Exeter. Crispin, aged 45, was a potter from Pilton who had been living in a workhouse for seven years. His co-accused Hugh Gribble was reprieved owing to mental incapacity. Crispin acknowledged his guilt but showed no remorse.
John Southwell 3 April 1790 Trial at Suffolk assizes in Bury 17 March. Hanged at Rushmere Heath.[141][142]
John Smith
Henry Allen 1797 Captain of the sloop Rattler, hanged for sodomy on the ships' yardarm "despite his rank and excellent social connections."[23][143][144]
William Powell[141] 30 August 1797 Powell was a pauper at Melford workhouse. His trial was at Suffolk assizes on 9 August. He was hanged at Bury St Edmunds at the age of 70, but he did not confess.[145][146]
Joseph Bird[147] 26 August 1803 Trial at Warwickshire assizes, executed in Warwick. Bird was a Methodist, convicted on the testimony of John Privett. Privett withdrew his statement, only to then say this was because Bird's son bribed him.
Mathuselah Spalding aka Methuselah.[148][149][150] 8 February 1804 His trial was at the Old Bailey in November, where he was convicted of having "a venereal affair" with James Hankinson. He was hanged at Newgate. He was hanged with a forger, Ann Hurle - they were led out of Debtor's Door and rather than the New Drop they were hanged by a cart being driven from under them.
David Robertson[151][152][153] 13 August 1806 Trial at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate after attempting suicide. Robertson was 48 years old and said to keep a brothel at Charles Street, Covent Garden. He was convicted of an offence with 17-year-old George Foulston.
James Stockton aka Samuel Stockton[152][154][155][156][157][158] 13 September 1806 Known as the Remarkable Trials, twenty seven men aged 17 to 84 from in and around Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool were arrested in May 1806 for sodomy and nine were tried by John Borron and Richard Gwillym at the Lancaster assizes. Harry Cocks notes that the arrests came amid concerns post-1789 about Jacobins and other men meeting in private. Men of different social classes, they met among other places on Mondays and Fridays at Hitchin's house in Great Sankey, Cheshire, and were said by the press to be Freemasons and call each other "brother". Holland was a rich pawnbroker and there were rumours that members of the gentry were involved with the group, even members of Parliament. Those hanged were convicted on the testimonies of John Knight and Thomas Taylor, members of the group who gave evidence to avoid being hanged themselves. Rix also testified that sodomy was widespread and considered normal in Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool, describing casual encounters in the street, but the magistrate refused a deal, while Hitchin denied the charges. Stockton, Holland and Powell were hanged at Lancaster castle on 13 September, and Hitchin and Rix later that month after they were further interrogated to find other conspirators. Joshua Newsom and George Ellis were found guilty of lesser offences and the rest were acquitted. The magistrates attempted to investigate further, but were stopped by the Home Office.
Joseph Holland
John Powell
Isaac Hitchin[152][154] 27 September 1806 Part of the "Remarkable Trials"
Thomas Rix
William Billey[159][160] 31 March 1808 Aged 45, he was accused of an offence against Thomas Douglas of Crayford and for attempted offences against others. His trial was at Kent Lent Assizes in Maidstone, and he was hanged on Penenden Heath. He had no family and the Kentish Gazette said he "appeared a perfect idiot".
Richard Neighbour[159][161][162] 24 November 1808 Neighbour of Gresse Street, Rathbone Place, aged 26, was convicted of a crime against the body of Joshua Archer, aged 17 or 18, an apprentice to an engraver. Attempts were made to bribe Archer to leave the country. Neighbour was sentenced to hang at the Old Bailey in October 1808, but he poisoned himself with arsenic at Newgate the next month, less than a week before his execution was due.
James Bartlett[163] 4 April 1809 Trial at Surrey Assizes, executed at Horsemonger Lane Gaol. He was buried at Limehouse and left £1,500 to his daughter.
Samuel Mounser[164] 31 August 1810 Trial at the Chelmsford Summer Assizes, from Stanford-le-Hope
Thomas White 7 March 1811
Main article: Vere Street Coterie
Ensign John Newball Hepburn, in his forties, and Drummer Thomas White, 16, tried at the Old Bailey and hanged in front of Newgate Prison, London[165][166]
John Hepburn
David Thompson Myers[167][168][169] 4 May 1812 Myers was a draper of Stamford, accused by Thomas Crow (or Crowe), an 18-year-old apprentice to a tailor, Mr. Horden of Stamford. Myers was acquitted in Lincolnshire due to Crow being suspected of lying, but he was then convicted at trial at Peterborough accused again by Crow of offences at Burghley Park. Myers was hanged at Fengate, Peterborough, the last man to be publicly executed in the city.
George Godfrey[170][171] 1 April 1813 Godfrey was a butler in the house of Mr. Atkinson at Lee, who was indicted for "unnatural offences" with a footman, Henry Greenhurst, from May to December 1812. The latter was "unconscious of the heinous character of the offence" and told another servant, who informed Mr. Atkinson. Godfrey was hanged at Penenden Heath.
Henry Youens[172][173] 18 August 1814 Trial at the Kent Assizes in Maidstone, hanged at Penenden Heath. Ottaway, 33, and Youens, 21, were soldiers.
John Ottaway (spelled variously Ottoway, Otooway, Ottway, and Otway)
Abraham Adams[174][175][176] 26 July 1815 Trial at the Old Bailey, hanged aged 51 at Newgate alongside Elizabeth Fenning
John Charles 1 February 1816 Sailors on the HMS Africaine under captain Edward Rodney, hanged at Portsmouth at 11 AM. Two other men, John Parsons and Joseph Hubbard, were whipped, with Hubbard receiving less lashes than Parsons due to medical concerns. Many reports of sodomy surfaced onboard the ship during its four-year tour of the East Indies, with Westerman being named as a participant from the start. For the first incident, Westerman was demoted from captain's servant boy to ordinary crewman, with further demotion for a later incident. More incidents surfaced until the ship returned to England in 1815, and an investigation was ordered by the Royal Navy. The initial 23 suspects identified in December 1815 was reduced to just four (Westerman, Joseph Tall, Seraco, and Treake). The origins of the sodomy amongst the crew was determined to be Seraco and Treake, both Italians. Seraco was condemned with Charles (a prisoner), Treake was initially pardoned with Joseph Tall but re-condemned with Westerman.[177][178][179][180]
Raphael Seraco[k]
Raphael Treake[l]
John Westerman
George Siggins[181] 21 August 1817 Trial at Kent Assizes in Maidstone for a crime in Chatham, executed on Penenden Heath
Joseph Charlton[182][183][184] 14 April 1819 A watchmaker aged 26 who was tried at the Guildhall, Newcastle and hanged at Morpeth. His funeral was attended by 2000 people.
John Markham[184][185][186][187] 29 December 1819 A pauper aged 26 who was an inmate at St. Giles's workhouse, his hanging was heard by John Cam Hobhouse, who was being held at Newgate. Hobhouse noted in his diary, "Tis dreadful hanging a man for this practice".
Thomas Foster[188][189][190] 3 May 1820 Trial at Kent Assizes and hanged at Penenden Heath. Convicted of an offence with John Whyneard (charged as an accomplice, but not hanged) at the Isle of Sheppey.
John Holland[191][192] 25 November 1822 Aged 42 and 32 respectively, tried at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate.
William King[191][192]
William Arden[193][194][195][196] 21 March 1823 Respectively a gentleman and half-pay officer aged 35, a valet to the Duke of Newcastle aged 36, and a cabinet maker aged 35, they were tried at Lincoln Assizes by Mr. Justice Park and convicted on the evidence of a 19-year-old apprentice draper named Henry Hackett. A love letter from Hackett to Candler had been addressed to the Duke to save on postage: the Duke received and read the letter and had Hackett confronted, upon which he also implicated Doughty and Arden, who had associated with each other in Grantham in summer 1822. They were part of a group of up to 36 men led by Arden, who went on hunger strike in jail. The convicted men were hanged at Lincoln Castle.
Benjamin Candler
John Doughty
Charles Clutton[197][198] 13 August 1824 Aged 25, he was charged in June 1824 with Charles Paul, aged 17, for an offence at Weedon Bec barracks in May 1823 - they were both privates in the 53rd regiment. He was sentenced by Mr. Justice Holroyd and hanged at the New Drop, Northamptonshire
Joseph Bennett[199] 20 April 1825 Aged about 30 and from Witney and aged 22 and from Radstock, respectively, they were hanged at Ilchester Gaol in Somerset
George Maggs
Captain Henry Nicholl (also reported as Nichol and Nicholls) 12 August 1833 A 50-year-old veteran of the Peninsular War, Nicholl was hanged at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Southwark, London. He was renounced by his prominent family, and his body was handed over to a hospital for dissection as they refused to accept it for burial.[200][201]
George Cropper[202][203] 26 December 1833 A 26-year-old soldier, he was convicted of an offence at Deptford with a fellow soldier, Charles Pike, who was aged 18, but Pike was acquitted. Cropper was hanged at New Sessions House in Maidstone, the same day as a rapist.
John Spershott (also reported as John Sparshott and John Sparsholt)[204][205][206] 22 August 1835 A labourer aged 19, he was convicted of an offence with George Howard (who was not charged) at Mid Lavant and hanged at Horsham, Surrey, alongside a burglar. "Spershott's hanging was perhaps the last occasion at which was performed the folk ritual of the hangman passing the dead man's hands over the neck and bosoms of young women as a cure for glandular enlargements."
John Smith 27 November 1835 The last two men to be hanged for homosexuality in England
John Pratt

[207]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Also given as "Rozieres"
  2. ^ Date also given as 21 October 1627 and 27 July 1654.
  3. ^ No date given; presumed to be same year.
  4. ^ 16th century; exact date unknown.
  5. ^ Also named as Antonio Salamone and Antonio Salomón
  6. ^ Date also given as 20 September 1519
  7. ^ Also listed as quartermaster
  8. ^ Also named as Antonio Ginovés, also listed as a "ship's boy" or "grummet"
  9. ^ Also reported as a suicide or execution, with some sources stating he too was sentenced to death.
  10. ^ Both for homosexuality and bestiality; no details given.
  11. ^ Also named Ralph Serraco
  12. ^ Also named Raphaelo Troyac
  1. ^ a b c d e Crompton, Louis (1981). Salvatore J. Licata; Robert P. Petersen (eds.). Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality. Haworth Press. ISBN 9780917724275.
  2. ^ a b c d e Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-36815-1.
  3. ^ Duke, A. C. (2009). Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5679-1.
  4. ^ Arnold, Catharine (2011-12-06). The Sexual History of London: From Roman Londinium to the Swinging City---Lust, Vice, and Desire Across the Ages. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-9006-6.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Crompton, Louis (July 2009). Homosexuality and Civilization. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03006-0.
  6. ^ a b Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (2017-07-05). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66565-0.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Puff, Helmut (2003). Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400-1600. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68505-2.
  8. ^ a b c d e Sabaté, Flocel (2019-09-03). The Death Penalty in Late-Medieval Catalonia: Evidence and Significations. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-58174-8.
  9. ^ The Malleus Maleficarum. Manchester University Press. 2013-01-18. ISBN 978-1-84779-805-3.
  10. ^ Monstrelet, Enguerrand de (1826). Chroniques d'Enguerrand de Monstrelet (in French). Verdière.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Jousse, Daniel (1771). Traité de la justice criminelle de France: où l'on examine tout ce qui concerne les crimes et les peines en général et en particulier, les juges établis pour décider les affaires criminelles, les parties publiques et privées, les accusés, les ministres de la justice criminelle, les experts, les témoins, et les autres personnes nécessaires pour l'instruction des procès-criminels, et aussi tout ce qui regarde la manière de procéder dans la poursuite des crimes (in French). chez Debure Père, libraire, quai des Augustins, à l'image de S. Paul.
  12. ^ a b c d e Guyot, Joseph Nicolas (1785). Répertoire universel et raisonné de jurisprudence civile, criminelle, canonique et béneficiale (in French). Visse.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Licala, S. J.; Peterson, R. P. (2014-06-03). The Gay Past: A Collection of Historical Essays. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-95970-0.
  14. ^ a b Traub, Valerie (2002-06-06). The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44885-7.
  15. ^ a b Norton, Rictor (2016-10-06). Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-8692-3.
  16. ^ Jacob, Roger "Dominique Phinot", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 1, 2006), (subscription access) Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Long, James (1861). A Descriptive Catalogue of Bengali Works, Containing a Classified List of Fourteen Hundred Bengali Books and Pamphlets, ... Issued ... During the Last Sixty Years, Etc (in French).
  18. ^ Maine, François Grudé “de” La Croix Du; Maine (Antoine), Francois Grude sieur de et Du-Verdier La-Croix du (1773). Les Bibliothéques Françoises De La Croix Du Maine Et De Du Verdier Sieur De Vauprivas; Nouvelle Édition, Dédiée Au Roi, Revue, corrigée & augmentée ... Par M. Rigoley De Juvigny (in French). Saillant.
  19. ^ Lambert, C.-G.-A. (1862). Catalogue descriptif et raisonné des mss. de la Bibliothèque de Carpentras (in French). Rolland.
  20. ^ a b c Zuvich, Andrea (2020-09-19). Sex and Sexuality in Stuart Britain. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-5308-3.
  21. ^ Bombart, Mathilde; Cornic, Sylvain; Keller-Rahbé, Edwige; Rosellini, Michèle (2020-08-31). " A qui lira ": Littérature, livre et librairie en France au XVIIe siècle: Actes du 47e congrès de la NASSCFL (Lyon, 21-24 juin 2017) (in French). Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8233-9423-5.
  22. ^ Omont, Henri (1895). Catalogue général des manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque nationale (in French). E. Leroux.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). History of Homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0550-7.
  24. ^ Cage, E. Claire (2015-07-01). Unnatural Frenchmen: The Politics of Priestly Celibacy and Marriage, 1720-1815. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3713-7.
  25. ^ McManners, John (1999). Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France: The clerical establishment and its social ramifications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827003-4.
  26. ^ a b c d McClanan, A.; Encarnación, K. (2016-09-23). The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-08503-0.
  27. ^ a b Schmidt, Franz (2015-02-03). A Hangman's Diary: The Journal of Master Franz Schmidt, Public Executioner of Nuremberg, 1573?1617. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62914-976-9.
  28. ^ Shull, Rich (2003-11-12). Autism, Pre Rain Man: Pre Rain Man Autism. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4697-2597-0.
  29. ^ ELLIOTT, CLINTON (February 2014). HIDDEN. Author House. ISBN 978-1-4817-6511-4.
  30. ^ Sternweiler, Andreas (2004). Selbstbewusstsein und Beharrlichkeit: zweihundert Jahre Geschichte (in German). Schwules Museum.
  31. ^ a b Trujillo, Josh (2023-08-15). Washington's Gay General: The Legends and Loves of Baron von Steuben (in Spanish). Abrams. ISBN 978-1-68335-841-1.
  32. ^ a b c Knowles, Jon (2019-06-28). How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book One: From the Stone Age to the Enlightenment. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-62273-583-9.
  33. ^ Elliott, Dyan (2020-11-27). The Corrupter of Boys: Sodomy, Scandal, and the Medieval Clergy. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9748-5.
  34. ^ Pertz, Georg Heinrich (1863). Monumenta Germaniae historica inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum: Scriptorum (in Latin). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.
  35. ^ "Il primo processo ad un sodomita in Italia - Cronica fiorentina anonima, 1293". Giovanni Dallorto (in Italian). Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  36. ^ a b Rocke, Michael (1996). Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 227, 356, 360. ISBN 0-19-512292-5.
  37. ^ a b c d Ruggiero, Guido (1988). I confini dell'Eros: crimini sessuali e sessualità nella Venezia del Rinascimento (in Italian). Marsilio. ISBN 978-88-317-5079-0.
  38. ^ Stewart, Chuck (2020-11-09). Gender and Identity around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6795-8.
  39. ^ State Archives of Venice (1354). Signori di Notte al criminal, Trials (in Italian) (Reg. 6 ed.). pp. 64r.
  40. ^ Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2022-12-21). A Short Medieval Reader. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-6343-1.
  41. ^ Meyer, Michael J (2000). Literature and Homosexuality. Rodopi. p. 206. ISBN 90-420-0519-X.
  42. ^ a b c ASV. Signori di Notte al Criminal, Processes (in Italian) (Reg. 12 ed.).
  43. ^ Council of Ten. Miste (in Italian) (reg. VIII ed.). pp. 135v.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sieni, Stefano (2002). La sporca storia di Firenze (in Italian). Florence: Le Lettere.
  45. ^ a b Dizionario Gallo-italico (1833). "Ottavio Mazzoni-Toselli (1778-1847)". Giovanni Dallorto (in Italian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Cosi, N. Rodolico (1895). Siciliani nello Studio di Bologna nel medioevo (in Italian). pp. 89–225, 161.
  47. ^ a b c d e Ciabani, Roberto (1994). Torturati impiccati squartati. La pena capitale a Firenze dal 1423 al 1759 (in Italian). Florence: Bonechi.
  48. ^ a b c d e AB. "Elenco delle condanne capitali eseguite a Venezia, dalle origini della Repubblica alla sua caduta | Conoscere Venezia" (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  49. ^ a b Brusegan, M.; Scarsella, A.; Vittoria, M. (2000). Guida insolita ai misteri, ai segreti, alle leggende e alle curiosità di Venezia. Newton Compton.
  50. ^ Tassini, Giuseppe (2009). Alcune delle più clamorose condanne capitali eseguite in Venezia sotto la Repubblica (in Italian). Venice: Filippi.
  51. ^ Dean, Trevor (2014-06-17). Crime in Medieval Europe: 1200-1550. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88178-0.
  52. ^ Zazzu, Guido Nathan (1987). "Prostituzione e moralità pubblica nella Genova del '400". Studi genuensi / Istituto internazionale di studi liguri, Sezione di Genova. 5.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Casanova, Cesarina. "L'amministrazione della giustizia a Bologna nell'eta moderna". Dimensioni e Problemi della Ricerca Storica. 2.
  54. ^ Malland, Leslie R. (2022-06-07). The Spaces of Renaissance Anatomy Theater. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-64889-421-3.
  55. ^ "Jacopo Bonfadio, pellegrino senza meta". Jacopo Bonfadio (in Italian). Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  56. ^ Tucker, Scott (1997). The Queer Question: Essays on Desire and Democracy. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-577-0. p. 46.
  57. ^ a b Penta, Pasquale (1903). "Pagine retrospettive. La pena di morte a Firenze dal 1328 al 1759". Rivista mensile di psichiatria forense, antroplogia criminale e scienze affini.
  58. ^ Lapini, Agostino (1900). Diario fiorentino (in Italian). Florence: Sansoni.
  59. ^ a b Grossi, Oreste (1997). I boia di Roma (in Italian). Rome: Newton Compton.
  60. ^ a b c d Bellondi, Vincenzo (1902). Documenti e aneddoti di storia veneziana (810-1854) (in Italian). Florence: Seeber.
  61. ^ a b c d e Benvenuti, Matteo (1882). "Come facevasi giustizia nello stato di Milano dall'anno 1471 al 1763". Archivio Storico Lombardo. IX.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Registro de' giustiziati della società (congregazione) di s. Giovanni Decollato detta de' Bianchi (1471-1760) (in Italian).
  63. ^ a b Mutinelli, Fabio (1855). Storia arcana ed aneddotica d'Italia, raccontata dai veneti ambasciatori annotata ed ed. da F. Mutinelli (in Italian).
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp Tartamella, Enzo (2006). Rapito di Lussuria Improvvisa (in Italian). Trapani: Maroda.
  65. ^ Pastor, Ludwig (1924). Storia dei papi (in Italian) (VIII ed.). Rome: Desclée.
  66. ^ Sherr, Richard (1991). "A canon, a choirboy, and homosexuality in late sixteenth-century Italy: a case study". Journal of Homosexuality. 21 (3): 1–22. doi:10.1300/J082v21n03_01. PMID 1880398.
  67. ^ Marcocci, Giuseppe (2010). "Matrimoni omosessuali nella Roma del tardo Cinquecento". Quaderni Storici. XLV: 107–138.
  68. ^ Inventione di Giulio Pallavicino di scriver tutte le cose accadute alli tempi suoi [1583-1589] (in Italian). Genoa: Sagep. 1975.
  69. ^ Natale, Alberto (2002). La festa del mondo rovesciato. Giulio Cesare Croce e il carnevalesco (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino.
  70. ^ Zuccarello, Ugo (2000). "La sodomia al tribunale bolognese del Torrone tra XVI e XVII secolo". Società e Storia (87).
  71. ^ a b Kalak, Matteo; Lucchi, Marta (2009). Oltre il patibolo. I fratelli della Morte di Modena tra giustizia e perdono (in Italian). Rome: Bulzoni. p. 82.
  72. ^ Bulifon, Antonio (1932). "Giornali di Napoli dal 1547 al 1706 (a cura di N. Cortese)". Società napoletana di storia patria.
  73. ^ Rondoni, Giuseppe (1902). "Ancora 'I giustiziati'". Archivio Storico Italiano. XXX: 386.
  74. ^ Prosperi, Adriano (2007). "L'abiura dell'eretico e la conversione del criminale. Prime linee di ricerca". Quaderni Storici. 3.
  75. ^ "Testi di storia gay - Gabriele Verri e la sodomia a Milano nel Settecento". www.giovannidallorto.com. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  76. ^ a b Gigliola, Maria; Villata, Renzo (2007). "Storie d'ordinaria e straordinaria delinquenza nella Lombardia settecentesca" (PDF). Acta Histriae. XV: 521–564.
  77. ^ a b Zanon, Guido. Condanne capitali.
  78. ^ "Home". Archivio di Stato di Torino (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  79. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archivio.corriere.it. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  80. ^ "melitensiawth.com" (PDF). melitensiawth.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  81. ^ Bray, Alan (1995). Homosexuality in Renaissance England. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10289-6.
  82. ^ Hemert, Johan Maurits van (1749). Korte levensbeschryving der Hollandsche graven (in Dutch). by Nicolaas Goetzee.
  83. ^ a b Tucker, Scott (1997). The Queer Question: Essays on Desire and Democracy. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-577-0.
  84. ^ a b c d e f g Herdt, Gilbert (2020-10-27). Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-942130-52-9.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (2012-07-26). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-29721-2.
  86. ^ a b Busro (2019-06-29). Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020). Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
  87. ^ Ritsema, Alex (2010-09-13). A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4461-8986-3.
  88. ^ Rhodes, Linda D. (2021-07-30). Beyond the Rainbow: A Study of What It Really Means to Be Gay. Austin Macauley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5289-8165-1.
  89. ^ Seal, Graham (2016-04-26). The Savage Shore: Extraordinary Stories of Survival and Tragedy from the Early Voyages of Discovery. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22325-5.
  90. ^ Epprecht, Marc (2004). Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2751-5.
  91. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fensham, Charles (2019-11-01). Misguided Love: Christians and the Rupture of LGBTQI2+ People. Journal of Pastoral Care Publications. ISBN 978-1-7325655-3-1.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Fone, Byrne (2001-11-03). Homophobia: A History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42030-7.
  93. ^ a b Alle de copyen van indagingen, als mede alle de gedichten op de tegenwoordige tyd toepasselyk (in Dutch). 1730.
  94. ^ Schouw-tooneel soo der geëxecuteerde als ingedaagde over de verfoeilyke misdaad van sodomie (in Dutch). uitgever niet gekend. 1730.
  95. ^ "Schiedam herdenkt geëxecuteerde sodomist". Rijnmond. 7 March 2015.
  96. ^ "Polscy homoseksualiści spaleni na stosie?". 27 July 2020.
  97. ^ a b Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1973). Social and Religious History of the Jews - Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion, 1200-1650: Resettlement and Exploration. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08852-7.
  98. ^ Egaña, Iñaki (2005). Quién es quién en la historia del país de los vascos (in Spanish). Txalaparta. ISBN 978-84-8136-399-9.
  99. ^ a b c Carvajal, Federico Garza (2010-01-01). Butterflies Will Burn: Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77994-5.
  100. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (2007-12-29). The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9207-7.
  101. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504222-1.
  102. ^ Giraldez, Arturo (2015-03-19). The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4352-1.
  103. ^ Kelsey, Harry (2016-01-01). The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21778-0.
  104. ^ Katz, Jonathan (1976). Gay American history : lesbians and gay men in the U.S.A. : A documentary. Internet Archive. New York : Crowell. ISBN 978-0-690-01165-4.
  105. ^ a b c d e Monter, E. William (2003-11-13). Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52259-5.
  106. ^ a b c d Malcolm, Noel (2024-01-25). Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe: Male-Male Sexual Relations, 1400-1750. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-888633-4.
  107. ^ a b Crawford, Katherine (2007-01-18). European Sexualities, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83958-7.
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tortorici, Zeb (2018-06-07). Sins against Nature: Sex and Archives in Colonial New Spain. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7162-5.
  109. ^ Perry, Mary Elizabeth (1980). Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville. University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-177-2.
  110. ^ a b O'Donnell, K.; O'Rourke, M. (2005-09-27). Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-52415-6.
  111. ^ a b Bruns, Claudia; Walter, Tilmann (2004). Von Lust und Schmerz: eine historische Anthropologie der Sexualität (in German). Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-07303-9.
  112. ^ a b c d e f Bergin, Joseph; Betteridge, Tom; Roberts, Penny; Naphy, William G. (2002-10-11). Sodomy in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6115-8.
  113. ^ Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2009/1 et 2009/2 (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-01295-9.
  114. ^ Aubigné, Agrippa d' (1989). His Life, to His Children. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1682-2.
  115. ^ a b c Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history, volume I. Manchester University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7190-6342-8. JSTOR j.ctt155jbq3.
  116. ^ "[Am 28. Mai wurde ein in Frauenkleidern als Barbara Brunner auftretender Mann in Lenzburg verbrannt. Gleichentags wurde ein Mann zwischen Lenzburg und Aarau wegen Sodomie ermordet]". uzb.swisscovery.slsp.ch. 1586. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  117. ^ Rappaz, Sonia Vernhes (2009-03-01). "La noyade judiciaire dans la République de Genève (1558-1619)". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies (in French). 13 (1): 5–23. doi:10.4000/chs.686. ISSN 1422-0857. S2CID 159549663.
  118. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1610: Pierre Canal, Geneva sodomite". Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  119. ^ Questier, Michael C. (1996-07-13). Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44214-5.
  120. ^ Lake, Peter; Lake, Peter; Questier, Michael C. (2002-01-01). The Anti-Christ's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08884-7.
  121. ^ Hallock, John W. M. (2000). The American Byron: Homosexuality and the Fall of Fitz-Greene Halleck. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-16804-9.
  122. ^ Godbeer, Richard (2004-02-18). Sexual Revolution in Early America. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7891-6.
  123. ^ Office, Great Britain Public Record (1896). Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series ... Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.
  124. ^ a b "Surrey Assizes 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  125. ^ Norton, Rictor. "The Execution of Hunt and Collins, 1743". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  126. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Bristol Gaol Delivery Fiats". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  127. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1752". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  128. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1753". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook Compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  129. ^ "Map". OutStories Bristol. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  130. ^ Also reported as William Critichett (alternative spelling given by Bristol Gaol delivery fiats), William Pritchard (newspaper reports, 1752) and William Crutchard (newspaper reports, 1753)
  131. ^ "Coventry 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  132. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1755-1760". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  133. ^ "Southamptonshire (Hampshire) 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  134. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1776". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  135. ^ "Bristol 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  136. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1780". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  137. ^ Mills, Steve (12 July 2018). "Not so long ago in Bristol you could be hanged for love". The Bristol Cable.
  138. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1786". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  139. ^ "Devonshire 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  140. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1787". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  141. ^ a b "Suffolk 1735-1799". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  142. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1790". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  143. ^ Layton, Monique (2017-01-28). Life at Sea: From Caravels to Cruise Ships. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1-5255-0094-7.
  144. ^ Muir, Rory (2019-10-14). Gentlemen of Uncertain Fortune: How Younger Sons Made Their Way in Jane Austen's England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24954-5.
  145. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1797". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  146. ^ Durston, Gregory J (2016). "Sexual offences". Fields, Fens and Felonies: Crime and Justice in Eighteenth-Century East Anglia. Waterside Press. p. 578. ISBN 9781909976115.
  147. ^ "Catalogue description Report of Giles Rooke on Joseph Bird, convicted at the 'last' Warwickshire Assizes for..." National Archive of the UK. August 21, 1803. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  148. ^ "Methuselah Spalding". The Digital Panopticon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  149. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1804". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  150. ^ Clifford, Naomi (2017). Women and the Gallows, 1797–1837: Unfortunate Wretches. Pen and Sword. p. 154. ISBN 9781473863361.
  151. ^ Robertson, David (1806). "The trial of David Robertson ... for an unnatural crime with George Foulston : tried before Sir Robert Graham ... on Saturday, May 24, 1806, at Justice-Hall, in the Old Bailey : with his remarkable address to the court, praying arrest of judgment : embellished with a striking likeness of the prisoner". Yale. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  152. ^ a b c Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1806". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  153. ^ "Trial File Record". Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  154. ^ a b Norton, Rictor. "A Sodomite Club in Warrington, 1806". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  155. ^ Cocks, Harry (November 7, 2014). "The "Remarkable Trials" at Lancaster 1806, in Song". University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  156. ^ Jackson, Valentine (1806). Remarkable Trials at the Lancashire Assizes, Held August 1806, at Lancaster. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  157. ^ Baggoley, Martin (2010). "The Warrington Sodomites 1806". Hanged in Lancashire. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN 9781781598788.
  158. ^ Cocks, Harry (2006). "Safeguarding Civility: Sodomy, Class and Moral Reform in Early Nineteenth-Century England". Past & Present (190): 121–146. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtj004.
  159. ^ a b Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1808". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  160. ^ Canterbury, April 1. Kentish Gazette, 1 April 1808
  161. ^ OLD BAILEY, Oct 26. Saint James's Chronicle, London, 27 October 1808
  162. ^ Sun (London), 22 October 1808
  163. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1809". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  164. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1810". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  165. ^ Davenport, Guy (2003), "Wos Es War, Soll Ich Werden" in The Death of Picasso, Shoemaker & Hoard, Washington, D.C., p. 334.
  166. ^ "The London Chronicle". J. Wilkie. September 6, 1810 – via Google Books.
  167. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Lord, Remember Me!". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  168. ^ "DT Myers - Peterborough Execution (1812)". Peterborough Image Archive. October 15, 2015. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  169. ^ Peterborough Sessions. Statesman (London), 14 April 1812
  170. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1813". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  171. ^ Kent Assizes. Kentish Chronicle, 23 March 1813
  172. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1814". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  173. ^ Saunders's News-Letter, 26 August 1814, Dublin
  174. ^ "Abraham Adams". The Digital Panopticon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  175. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1815". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  176. ^ "Trial File Record". Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  177. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1816: Four sodomite sailors of the Africaine". Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  178. ^ Rendell, Mike (2020-12-14). Sex and Sexuality in Georgian Britain. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-5563-6.
  179. ^ Hobson, James (2017-10-30). Dark Days of Georgian Britain: Rethinking the Regency. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-0256-2.
  180. ^ Burg, B. (2007-07-12). Boys at Sea: Sodomy, Indecency, and Courts Martial in Nelson's Navy. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-59070-0.
  181. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1817". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  182. ^ John Sykes, Local records; or, Historical register of remarkable events, which have occurred in Northumberland and Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Berwick-upon-Tweed, Volume 2, p. 118, 1866
  183. ^ "The last dying words of Joseph Charlton ; of North-Shields, watch-maker who was executed at Morpeth, on the 14th of April 1819, for an unnatural offence". English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections.
  184. ^ a b Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1819". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  185. ^ "John Markham". The Proceedings of the Old Bailey. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  186. ^ "1819: John Markham, abominable offence". Executed Today. December 29, 2015. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  187. ^ "Trial File Record". Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  188. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1820". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  189. ^ Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, 17 March 1820
  190. ^ Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, 11 January 1820
  191. ^ a b Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 27 March 2021), September 1822 (18220911). https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?name=18220911
  192. ^ a b Norton, Rictor (1822). "Newspaper Reports, 1822". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  193. ^ The Trial of Arden, Candler and Doughty, The Lincoln, Rutland and Stamford Mercury, etc. 1823, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, via British Library https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/trial-of-arden-candler-and-doughty
  194. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1823". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  195. ^ "A Doleful Dirge on the Wicked Men". British Library. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  196. ^ Cocks, Harry (January 15, 2016). "The Execution of Benjamin Candler, Valet to the Duke of Newcastle, 1823". University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  197. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1824". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  198. ^ "Unnatural Crime Northampton July 27". The Cork Morning Post. Cork. August 6, 1824. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  199. ^ "Before 1837 – Dying for love : pleasures, perils and punishments". OutStories Bristol. Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  200. ^ "EXECUTION OF CAPTAIN NICHOLLS.—THIS MORNING". London. 1833-08-12. pp. The Standard.
  201. ^ "Trial & execution of Capt. Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Capt. Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Captain Henry Nichols ; who suffered this morning at Horse Monger Lane, Prison, Boro". English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  202. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1833". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  203. ^ "The trials and behaviour of George Cropper, and William Allen ; who were executed this morning, December 26, 1833, in front of the New Sessions House, Maidstone, Kent". Harvard Library. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  204. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Execution of John Spershott, 1835". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  205. ^ "Full particulars of the trials and execution of Richard Sheppard and John Sparshott, who were executed at Horsham, on Saturday, Aug. 22nd, 1835". Harvard University. 1835. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  206. ^ ""Unnatural" act of being gay saw teen lad hanged". West Sussex County Times. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  207. ^ "Homepage". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_executed_for_homosexuality_in_Europe&oldid=1248389782#Switzerland"