Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Various Y-DNA haplogroups have differing frequencies within each ethnolinguistic group in the Caucasus region.
Table
The table below lists the frequencies – identified by major studies – of various haplogroups amongst selected ethnic groups from the Caucasus. The first two columns list the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the individuals studied, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup.
Language family abbreviations: IE Indo-European; NEC Northeast Caucasian, NWC Northwest Caucasian.
| Population | Language | n | E1b1b | G | I | J1 | J2 | L | R1a | R1b | R2a | T | Others | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | 14 | 0 | 29 | 0 | See "Others". | 7 | See "Others". | 14 | 0 | 0 | See "Others". | K[xP]=14 (possible L or T)[1] C*=7 (1/14) F[xI,G,J2,K]=29 (possible J1) |
Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | 88 | 4.5 | 40.9 | I2*=1.1 I2a=2.3 |
J1*=2.3 J1e=3.4 |
M67=1.1 other=10.2 |
2.3=L2 | 23.9 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 3.4=Q | Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | 12 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 33.0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | Nasidze 2004a[2] | |
| Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) | 58 | 1.7 | 56.9[4] | 0 | 0 | J2*=5.2 J2-M67=8.6 |
3.4=L2 | 10.3 | 12.1 | 1.7 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | ||
| Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) | 162 | 0.6 | 47.5 | 3.1 (P37.2=0.6, M223=1.9) | 3.1 (P58=1.2) | 26.5 (M67=11.1) | 2.5 | 13.0 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | N=0.6 | Yunusbaev2012[6] |
| Adygei (Kabardin) | NWC (Adigei) | 59 | 0 | 28.8 | 10.2 | See "Others". | 11.9 | See "Others". | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0 | See "Others". | F[xG,I,J2,K]=23.7 (possible J1) K[xP]=15.3 (possible L) P[xR1,R2]=6.8 |
Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Adygei (Kabardin) | NWC (Adygei) | 140 | 2.1 | 43.6 | I1=1.4 I2*=0.7 I2a=2.1 |
J1e=2.8 J1*=6.4 |
M67=5.7 J2a*=9.3 J2b=0.7 |
0.7=L3 | 15.0 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | C=2.1, H=0.7 N1c=1.4, Q=0.7 |
Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Adygei/ "Circassians"[a] |
NWC (Adygei) | 0.0[7] | 31.3[8] | I*=1.4 I2a=2.9[9] |
various | |||||||||
| Adygei/ ("Adygea") |
NWC (Adygei) | 154 | 0.6 | 47.4 | I2*=1.3 I2a=3.2 |
J1e=1.3 J1*=1.9 |
M67=3.2 J2a*=5.8 J2b=1.9 |
L2=1.9 L1=0.6 |
14.3 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | C=2.6 N=0.6 |
Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Adygei (Shapsugs) | NWC (Adygei) | 106 | 81.1 | Dibirova 2009[8] | ||||||||||
| Adygei (Shapsugs) | NWC (Adygei) | 100 | 1.0 | 87.0[10] | 0 | 0 | 6.0 | 2.0=L* | 4.0 | 0 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | ||
| Adygei ("Cherkess")[b] |
NWC (Adygei) | 142 | 1.4 | 39.8[11] | 0.7=I* | J1e=0.7 J1*=4.9 |
J2-M67=7.7 J2b=0.7 other=13.4 |
0.7=L1 | 19.7 | 4.9 | 0.7 | N1*=1.4 N1c1=2.1 Q=0.7 |
Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Adygei ("Cherkess") |
NWC (Adygei) | 126 | 0.8 | 45.2 | I1=0.8 I2b=0.8 |
J1e=4.0 J1*=0.8 |
M67=13.5 other=11.1 |
0.0 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.0 | C=0.8, K*=1.6 N1c1=2.4, Q=0.8 |
Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Andis | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | 49 | 2.0 | 6.1 | I1=2.0 I2a=24.5 |
J1*=36.7 | M67=14.3 other=4.1 |
0.0 | 2.0 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 2.0 | Yunusbayev 2012[3] | |
| Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 89 | 3.4 | 29.2 | 5.6 | 24.7 | 3.4 | Rosser 2000[12] | ||||||
| Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 47 | 4.3 | F* | 4.3 | F* | 21.3 | 4.3 | 8.5 | 36.2 | 0 | 6.4 | F[xI,J2,K]=12.8 N=2 |
Wells 2001[13] |
| Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 100 | 6.0 | 11.0 | 5.0 | See "Others". | 24.0 | See "Others". | 6.0 | 19.0 | 2.0 | 4.0[1] | F[xI,G,J2,K]=18.0 (possible J1) K[xT,P]=3.0 (possible L)[1] P[xR1a,R1b,R2]=2.0 |
Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 734 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 32.4 | 1.6 | Weale 2001[14] | |||||||
| Armenians (TOTAL) |
IE (Armenian) | 413 | 5.1 | P16= 0.5 G2a*= 8.2 G1=0.7 |
I2= 3.6 | J1e= 4.4 J*=6.3 |
M67= 10.7 J2a* = 13.3 J2b= 1.5 |
1.9 | 1.7 | 29.1 | 4.6 | 8.5 | N=0.2 Q=0.2 |
Herrara2012 |
| Armenians (Ararat Valley) |
IE (Armenian) | 110 | 5.5 | P16=0 G2a*=9.1 G1=1.8 |
I2=2.7 | J1e=6.4 J1*=8.2 |
M67=12.7 J2a*=10.0 J2b=0.9 |
0.9 | 0.9 | 37.3 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.0 | Herrara2012 |
| Armenians (Sason) | IE (Armenian) | 104 | 2.9 | P16= 1.9 G2a*=10.6 |
0.0 | J1e= 2.9 J1* = 6.7 |
M67= 7.7 J2a* = 9.6 J2b = 0 |
3.8 | 1.0 | 15.4 | 17.3 | 20.2 | Herrara2012 | |
| Avars | NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) | 42 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 4.8 | 9.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 4.8 | Yunusbayev 2012[3] | |
| Avars | NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) | 115 | 0.0 | P18=0.9 P303=9.6 |
I*=.9 I2a=.9 |
J1e=.9 J1*=58.3 |
M67=.9 other=5.2 |
L2=2.6 | 1.7 | 14.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | N=1.7 | Balanovsky 2011[5] |
| Avars (West)[c] |
NEC (Avar-Andic) | 20 | 0 | G[xG1,G2a, G2b]=5 |
0 | J1*=60 J1e=20 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | Caciagli 2009[15] | |||
| Azeris (Azerbaijan) |
Turkic | 72 | 5.6 | 18.1 | 2.8 | F | 30.6 | 6.9[1] | 6.9 | 11.1 | 2.8 | 4.2[1] | F[xG,I,J2,K]=11 | Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Azerbaijanis | Turkic | v | 4.1[7] | 15.2[16] | 23.9[16] | various | ||||||||
| Bagvalins | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | 28 | 0.0 | 0.0 | I2b1=7.1 | 21.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 67.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yunusbayev 2012[3] | |
| Balkars | Turkic | 38 | 2.6 | 28.9 | I2*=2.6 | 0 | M67=5.3 J2b=2.6 other=15.8 |
L2=5.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 7.9 | 0.0 | H=2.6 | Battaglia 2009[17] |
| Balkars | Turkic | 135 | 0 | 32.6 | 3.0 (all P37.2) | 3.7 (P58=0.0) | 15.6 (M67=9.6) | 0 | 28.1 | 13.3 | 0 | 0 | Q=3.7%, no others. | Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
| Chamalins | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | 27 | 0.0 | 18.5 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yunusbayev 2012[3] | |
| Chechens (East Chechnya) |
NEC (Nakh) | 19 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 5[1] | F[xG,I,J2,K]=32 | Nasidze 2004a[2] | |
| Akki Chechens[d] | NEC (Nakh) | 20 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 60 | 25 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Caciagli 2009[15] | ||
| Chechens Total[e] | NEC (Nakh) | 330 | 0.0 | 5.4 [18] | I2=.3 | J1*=20.9 | M67=55.2 J2b=.3 other=1.2 |
L3=7.0 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 0.0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Chechens (Achxoi-Martan, Chechnya) | NEC (Nakh) | 118 | 0 | 0.8 (P303) | I2=0.8 | J1*=24.6 | M67=56.8 other=0.8 |
L3=6.8 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Chechens (Malgobek, Ingushetia) |
NEC (Nakh) | 112 | 0 | 9.0 [19] | 0 | 21.4 | M67=50.9 J2b=0.9 other=1.8 |
L3=0.9 | 8.0 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Chechens (mainly Akkis, in Dagestan) |
NEC (Nakh) | 100 | 0 | 7.0 [20] | 0 | 16.0 | M67=58.0 other=1.0 |
L3=14.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | N=2.0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] |
| Chechens | NEC (Nakh) | 165 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 24.2 P58=0.0 |
48.5 M67=46.7 |
17.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | N=0.6 Q=4.8 |
Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
| Dargins | NEC (Dargin) | 68 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 | 91.2 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yunusbayev 2012[3] | |
| Dargins | NEC (Dargin) | 26 | 4 | 4 | 58 | See "Others". | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 | Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Dargins (Dargwa) | NEC (Dargin) | 101 | 0 | P303=1.0 other=1 |
0 | J1*=69.3 J1e=1 |
M67=1.0 | 0 | 21.8 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | O3=3 | Balanovsky 2011[5] |
| Dargins (Kaitaks) | NEC (Dargin) | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | J1*=84.8 | 3.3 | 0 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 3.3 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Dargins (Kubachis) | NEC (Dargin) | 65 | 0 | 0 | I2a=1.5 | J1*=98.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| Georgians | SC (Karto-Zan) | 63 | 2.0 | 30.1 | 0.0 | J=36.5 | 1.6 | 7.9 | 14.3 | 6.3 | 1.6 | Semino 2000[21] | ||
| Georgians | SC (Karto-Zan) | 66 | 3.0 | 31.8 | I1*=1.5 | 4.5 | M67=18.2 other=13.6 |
L3=1.6 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 1.6 | Battaglia 2009[17] | |
| Georgians | SC (Karto-Zan) | 77 | 2.6 | 31.2 | 3.9 | F | 20.8 | 2.6[1] | 10.4 | 10.4 | 1.3 | 2.6[1] | K[xP]=2.6 P[xR1,R2]=2.6 F[xG,I,J2,K]=14.3 |
Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Svans | SC (Svan) | 25 | 0 | F* | 0 | F* | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | F[xG,I,J2,K]= 92% | Wells 2001[13] |
| Georgians (Kazbegis) | SC (Karto-Zan)[f] | 25 | 0 | F | 4 | F | 72 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | F[xG,I,J2,K]=12 | Wells 2001[13] |
| Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | 143 | 0 | P18=1.4 | 0.7 | 2.8 | M67=87.4 other=1.4 |
L3=2.8 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | ||
| Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | 22 | 0 | 5.0 | 5 | 0 | 32 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 P[xR1,R2]=4.5(1/22) |
Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | 105 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 81.9 (all M67) | 8.6 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yunusbaev 2012 [6] | |
| Juhurim | AA (Semitic); IE (Iranian) | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 (all P58) | 50 (M67=10%) | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yunusbaev 2012[6] | |
| Karachays | Turkic | 69 | 0 | 31.9 | 8.7 (P37.2=7.2, M223=1.5) |
7.2 (P58=2.9) |
11.6 (M67=5.8) |
0 | 27.5 | 10.1 | 0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
| Kumyks | Turkic | 76 | 2.6 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 21.1 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 13.2 | 19.7 | 3.9 | 1.3 | J*=1.3 O=1.3 |
Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
| Laks | NEC (Lak) | 21 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 14.3 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Caciagli 2009[15] | |
| Lezgins (Azerbaijan) | NEC (Lezgic) | 12 | 17 | 0 | See "Others". | 0 | 8 | 17 | 0 | F[xI,J2,K]=58 | Wells 2001[13] | |||
| Lezgins (Dagestan) | NEC (Lezgic) | 25 | 0 | 36 | 0 | See "Others". | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | See "Others". | F[xI,G,J2,K]=32 (possible J1) K[xR]=28 |
Nasidze 2003[1] | |
| Lezgins | NEC (Lezgic) | 31 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 58.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yunusbaev 2012[6] | |
| Lezgins (Axtynskiy District) | NEC (Lezgic) | 81 | 1.2 | 13.5 (P18=1.2%) |
0 | 44.4 J1* | 2.5 | 1.2 L2 | 3.7 | 29.6 | 0 | 2.5 | 1.2 N1c1 | Balanovsky 2011[5] |
| Kara Nogai | Turkic | 76 | 0 | 1.3 | 13.2 I-P37.2 | 2.6 J* | 10.5 (M67 = 1.3%) |
0 | 17.1 | 18.4 | 0 | 0 | C=10.5 D=5.3 N=14.5 O=5.3 Q=1.3 |
Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Kuban Nogai | Turkic | 87} | 0 | 13.8 | 0 | 21.8 | 16.1 M67=3.4% |
0 | 12.6 | 17.2 | 0 | 1.1 | C=8.0% D=1.1% N=4.6% O=3.4% Q=0.0% |
Yunusbayev 2012[3] |
| Ossetes | IE (Iranian, NE) | 47 | 6.4 | J=34.0 | 2.1 | 42.6 | Rosser 2000[12] | |||||||
| North Ossetians | IE (Iranian, NE) | 129 | 0 | 57.4 | 10.1 | See "Others". | 14.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | See "Others". | F[xI,G,J2,K]=3.9 (possible J1) K[xP]=9.3 (possible L) P[xR1,R2]=2.3 |
Nasidze 2004b[22] | |
| North Ossetians (Iron) | IE (Iranian, NE) | 230 | 0.4 | 74.3 [23] | 0 | 1.3 | M67=11.3 other=7.0 |
L2=0.9 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0 | N=0.4 Q=0.9 |
Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| North Ossetians (Digor) | IE (Iranian, NE) | 127 | 0.8 | 60.6 [24] | 0 | 3.9 | M67=5.5 other=6.3 |
L1=0.8 | 0.8 | 16.5 | 0.8 | Q=3.9 | Balanovsky 2011[5] | |
| North Ossetians | IE (Iranian, NE) | 132 | 1.5 | 69.7 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 18.2 (M67=9.8) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | Q = 0.8 | Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
| Russians (Adygea) | IE (Slavic, East) | 78 | 24.4 | Rootsi 2004[9] | ||||||||||
| Rutuls | NEC (Lezgic) | 24 | 0.0 | 37.5 | 0.0 | F | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | F[xG,I,J2,K]=58 | Nasidze 2004a[2] |
| Tabassarans | NEC (Lezgic) | 43 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 48.8 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 39.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | C=7.0 | Yunusbaev 2012[6] |
Other studies
A genetic study in 2020 analysing samples from Klin-Yar communities, including the Koban culture, found that the ancient population had a high frequency of paternal Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a1), which is surprising as this lineage is associated with the ancient Jōmon people and the modern Ainu people. Other haplogroups were Haplogroup J1 and Haplogroup G-M285.[25]
See also
- Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups by groups
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
- Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
- ^ despite the fact that Shapsugs were also technically "Circassian", Dibirova labels this population "Circassians". In Rootsi, they are called "Adygei", or some variation of the word.
- ^ These are labeled "Circassians" (at least in the English version), but the sample was taken from the Karacheyo-Cherkess Republic, so they are labeled "Cherkess" here.
- ^ This is significant, as in Western Avaria, where the population was sampled, there are large number of non-Avars- Andic and Dido peoples- who are in fact ethnically misclassified as Avars by the Dagestani census.
- ^ Dagestani Chechens; Caciagli's study[15] may not be authoritative for this population because she took it from a highly multiethnic region of Dagestan, with Laks, Chechens, Kumyks and Avars all mixed together at high densities, possibly accounting for the high J1 value.
- ^ Made by combining the Malgobek, Achkoi-Martan and Khasavyurt Chechen populations
- ^ Although the Kazbegi Georgians speak Georgian, and have most likely done so for centuries, it is theorized by some that their (possible) ancestors, the Tzanars, who inhabited the region in Medieval and Ancient times, were a Nakh-speaking people, like Chechens and Ingush, possibly accounting for their large frequencies of J2
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nasidze 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nasidze 2004a
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Yunusbayev 2012
- ^ P18=12.1
P303=20.7
other=24.1 - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Balanovsky 2011
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j CITEREFYunusbayev2012
- ^ a b Cruciani 2004
- ^ a b Dibirova 2009
- ^ a b Rootsi 2004
- ^ P303=86.0; other G =1.0
- ^ P16=9.2
P303=29.6; other=1.4. - ^ a b Rosser 2000
- ^ a b c d Wells 2001
- ^ Weale 2001
- ^ a b c d Caciagli 2009
- ^ a b Di Giacomo 2004
- ^ a b Battaglia 2009
- ^ P18=3.0
P303=2.4 - ^ P18=3.6
P303=5.4 - ^ P18=6.0
P303=1.0 - ^ Semino 2000
- ^ Nasidze 2004b
- ^ P16=73.0
P303=1.3 - ^ P16=55.9
P303=4.7 - ^ Boulygina, Eugenia; Tsygankova, Svetlana; Sharko, Fedor; Slobodova, Natalia; Gruzdeva, Natalia; Rastorguev, Sergey; Belinsky, Andrej; Härke, Heinrich; Kadieva, Anna; Demidenko, Sergej; Shvedchikova, Tatiana (2020-06-01). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X.
Sources
- Balanovsky, O; Dibirova, K; Dybo, A; Mudrak, O; Frolova, S; Pocheshkhova, E; Haber, M; Platt, D; Schurr, T; Haak, W; Kuznetsova, M; Radzhabov, M; Balaganskaya, O; Romanov, A; Zakharova, T; Soria Hernanz, DF; Zalloua, P; Koshel, S; Ruhlen, M; Renfrew, C; Wells, RS; Tyler-Smith, C; Balanovska, E; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region". Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 (10): 2905–2920. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
- Battaglia, V; Fornarino, S; Al-Zahery, N; Olivieri, A; Pala, M; Myres, NM; King, RJ; Rootsi, S; Marjanovic, D; Primorac, D; Hadziselimovic, R; Vidovic, S; Drobnic, K; Durmishi, Naser; Torroni, A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Underhill, PA; Semino, O (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (6): 820–830. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- Caciagli, L; Bulayeva, K; Bulayev, O; Bertoncini, S; Taglioli, L; Pagani, L; Paoli, G; Tofanelli, S (2009). "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders". J. Hum. Genet. 54 (12): 689–694. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.94. PMID 19911015.
- Cruciani, F; La Fratta, R; Santolamazza, P; Sellitto, D; Pascone, R; Moral, P; Watson, E; Guida, V; Colomb, EB; Zaharova, B; Lavinha, J; Vona, G; Aman, R; Calì, F; Akar, N; Richards, M; Torroni, A; Novelletto, A; Scozzari, R (2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
- Di Giacomo, F; Luca, F; Popa, LO; Akar, N; Anagnou, N; Banyko, J; Brdicka, R; Barbujani, G; Papola, F; Ciavarella, G; Cucci, F; Di Stasi, L; Gavrila, L; Kerimova, MG; Kovatchev, D; Kozlov, AI; Loutradis, A; Mandarino, V; Mammì, C; Michalodimitrakis, EN; Paoli, G; Pappa, KI; Pedicini, G; Terrenato, L; Tofanelli, S; Malaspina, P; Novelletto, A (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe" (PDF). Hum. Genet. 115 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
- Nasidze, I; Schädlich, H; Stoneking, M (2003). "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci". Forensic Sci Int. 137 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00272-X. PMID 14550619.
- Nasidze, I; Ling, EY; Quinque, D; Dupanloup, I; Cordaux, R; Rychkov, S; Naumova, O; Zhukova, O; Sarraf-Zadegan, N; Naderi, GA; Asgary, S; Sardas, S; Farhud, DD; Sarkisian, T; Asadov, C; Kerimov, A; Stoneking, M (2004a). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus". Ann Hum Genet. 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
- Nasidze, I; Quinque, D; Dupanloup, I; Rychkov, S; Naumova, O; Zhukova, O; Stoneking, M (2004b). "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians". Ann Hum Genet. 68 (6): 588–599. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. S2CID 1717933.
- Rootsi, S; Magri, C; Kivisild, T; Benuzzi, G; Help, H; Bermisheva, M; Kutuev, I; Barać, L; Peričić, M; Balanovsky, O; Pshenichnov, A; Dion, D; Grobei, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; Battaglia, V; Achilli, A; Al-Zahery, N; Parik, J; King, R; Cinnioğlu, C; Khusnutdinova, E; Rudan, P; Balanovska, E; Scheffrahn, W; Simonescu, M; Brehm, A; Goncalves, R; Rosa, A; Moisan, J-P; Chaventre, A; Ferak, V; Füredi, S; Oefner, PJ; Shen, P; Beckman, L; Mikerezi, I; Terzić, R; Primorac, D; Cambon-Thomsen, A; Krumina, A; Torroni, A; Underhill, PA; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Villems, R; Semino, O (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
- Rosser, ZH; Zerjal, T; Hurles, ME; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; Arroyo, E; Barbujani, G; Beckman, G; Beckman, L; Bertranpetit, J; Bosch, E; Bradley, DG; Brede, G; Cooper, G; Côrte-Real, HBSM; de Knijff, P; Decorte, R; Dubrova, YE; Evgrafov, O; Gilissen, A; Glisic, S; Gölge, M; Hill, EW; Jeziorowska, A; Kalaydjieva, L; Kayser, M; Kivisild, T; Kravchenko, SA; Krumina, A; Kučinskas, V; Lavinha, J; Livshits, LA; Malaspina, P; Maria, S; McElreavey, K; Meitinger, TA; Mikelsaar, A-V; Mitchell, RJ; Nafa, K; Nicholson, J; Nørby, S; Pandya, A; Parik, J; Patsalis, PC; Pereira, L; Peterlin, B; Pielberg, G; Prata, MJ; Previderé, C; Roewer, L; Rootsi, S; Rubinsztein, DC; Saillard, J; Santos, FR; Stefanescu, G; Sykes, BC; Tolun, A; Villems, R; Tyler-Smith, C; Jobling, MA (2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
- Semino, O; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiæ, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Underhill, PA (10 Nov 2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–1159. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- Weale, ME; Yepiskoposyan, L; Jager, RF; Hovhannisyan, N; Khudoyan, A; Burbage-Hall, O; Bradman, N; Thomas, MG (2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Hum. Genet. 109 (6): 659–674. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
- Wells, RS; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; Pitchappan, R; Shanmugalakshmi, S; Balakrishnan, K; Read, M; Pearson, NM; Zerjal, T; Webster, MT; Zholoshvili, I; Jamarjashvili, E; Gambarov, S; Nikbin, B; Dostiev, A; Aknazarov, O; Zalloua, P; Tsoy, I; Kitaev, M; Mirrakhimov, M; Chariev, A; Bodmer, WF (28 August 2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (18): 10244–10249. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- Yunusbayev, B; Kutuev, I; Khusainova, R; Guseinov, G; Khusnutdinova, ĖK (2006). "Genetic Structure of Dagestan Populations: A Study of 11 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms". Hum. Biol. 78 (4): 465–476. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0059. JSTOR 41466426. PMID 17278621. S2CID 25503148.
- Yunusbayev, B; Metspalu, M; Järve, M; Kutuev, I; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, E; Behar, DM; Varendi, K; Sahakyan, H; Khusainova, R; Yepiskoposyan, L; Khusnutdinova, EK; Underhill, PA; Kivisild, T; Villems, R (2012). "The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations" (PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 29 (1): 359–365. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221. PMID 21917723.