Isotopes of zinc

Isotopes of zinc (₃₀Zn)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Zn)
	65.38±0.02; 65.38±0.02 (abridged);
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Naturally occurring zinc (₃₀Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, and ⁷⁰Zn with ⁶⁴Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being ⁶⁵Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and then ⁷²Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons. A jacket of isotopically enriched ⁶⁴Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope ⁶⁵Zn with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 1.115 MeV^[4] of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several years. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.^[5]

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[6] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁵⁴Zn	30	24	53.99388(23)#	1.8(5) ms	2p	⁵²Ni	0+
⁵⁵Zn	30	25	54.98468(43)#	19.8(13) ms	β⁺, p (91.0%)	⁵⁴Ni	5/2−#
⁵⁵Zn	30	25	54.98468(43)#	19.8(13) ms	β⁺ (9.0%)	⁵⁵Cu	5/2−#
⁵⁶Zn	30	26	55.97274(43)#	32.4(7) ms	β⁺, p (88.0%)	⁵⁵Ni	0+
⁵⁶Zn	30	26	55.97274(43)#	32.4(7) ms	β⁺ (12.0%)	⁵⁶Cu	0+
⁵⁷Zn	30	27	56.96506(22)#	45.7(6) ms	β⁺, p (87%)	⁵⁶Ni	7/2−#
⁵⁷Zn	30	27	56.96506(22)#	45.7(6) ms	β⁺ (13%)	⁵⁷Cu	7/2−#
⁵⁸Zn	30	28	57.954590(54)	86.0(19) ms	β⁺ (99.3%)	⁵⁸Cu	0+
⁵⁸Zn	30	28	57.954590(54)	86.0(19) ms	β⁺, p (0.7%)	⁵⁷Ni	0+
⁵⁹Zn	30	29	58.94931189(81)	178.7(13) ms	β⁺ (99.90%)	⁵⁹Cu	3/2−
⁵⁹Zn	30	29	58.94931189(81)	178.7(13) ms	β⁺, p (0.10%)	⁵⁸Ni	3/2−
⁶⁰Zn	30	30	59.94184132(59)	2.38(5) min	β⁺	⁶⁰Cu	0+
⁶¹Zn	30	31	60.939507(17)	89.1(2) s	β⁺	⁶¹Cu	3/2−
⁶²Zn	30	32	61.93433336(66)	9.193(15) h	β⁺	⁶²Cu	0+
⁶³Zn	30	33	62.9332111(17)	38.47(5) min	β⁺	⁶³Cu	3/2−
⁶⁴Zn	30	34	63.92914178(69)	Observationally Stable^{[n 8]}			0+	0.4917(75)
⁶⁵Zn	30	35	64.92924053(69)	243.94(4) d	β⁺	⁶⁵Cu	5/2−
^65mZn	53.928(10) keV			1.6(6) μs	IT	⁶⁵Zn	1/2−
⁶⁶Zn	30	36	65.92603364(80)	Stable			0+	0.2773(98)
⁶⁷Zn	30	37	66.92712742(81)	Stable			5/2−	0.0404(16)
^67m1Zn	93.312(5) keV			9.15(7) μs	IT	⁶⁷Zn	1/2−
^67m2Zn	604.48(5) keV			333(14) ns	IT	⁶⁷Zn	9/2+
⁶⁸Zn	30	38	67.92484423(84)	Stable			0+	0.1845(63)
⁶⁹Zn	30	39	68.92655036(85)	56.4(9) min	β⁻	⁶⁹Ga	1/2−
^69mZn	438.636(18) keV			13.747(11) h	IT (99.97%)	⁶⁹Zn	9/2+
^69mZn	438.636(18) keV			13.747(11) h	β⁻ (0.033%)	⁶⁹Ga	9/2+
⁷⁰Zn	30	40	69.9253192(21)	Observationally Stable^{[n 9]}			0+	0.0061(10)
⁷¹Zn	30	41	70.9277196(28)	2.40(5) min	β⁻	⁷¹Ga	1/2−
^71mZn	157.7(13) keV			4.148(12) h	β⁻	⁷¹Ga	9/2+
^71mZn	157.7(13) keV			4.148(12) h	IT?	⁷¹Zn	9/2+
⁷²Zn	30	42	71.9268428(23)	46.5(1) h	β⁻	⁷²Ga	0+
⁷³Zn	30	43	72.9295826(20)	24.5(2) s	β⁻	⁷³Ga	1/2−
^73mZn	195.5(2) keV			13.0(2) ms	IT	⁷³Zn	5/2+
⁷⁴Zn	30	44	73.9294073(27)	95.6(12) s	β⁻	⁷⁴Ga	0+
⁷⁵Zn	30	45	74.9328402(21)	10.2(2) s	β⁻	⁷⁵Ga	7/2+
^75mZn	126.94(9) keV			5# s	β⁻?	⁷⁵Ga	1/2−
^75mZn	126.94(9) keV			5# s	IT?	⁷⁵Zn	1/2−
⁷⁶Zn	30	46	75.9331150(16)	5.7(3) s	β⁻	⁷⁶Ga	0+
⁷⁷Zn	30	47	76.9368872(21)	2.08(5) s	β⁻	⁷⁷Ga	7/2+
^77mZn	772.440(15) keV			1.05(10) s	β⁻ (66%)	⁷⁷Ga	1/2−
^77mZn	772.440(15) keV			1.05(10) s	IT (34%)	⁷⁷Zn	1/2−
⁷⁸Zn	30	48	77.9382892(21)	1.47(15) s	β⁻	⁷⁸Ga	0+
⁷⁸Zn	30	48	77.9382892(21)	1.47(15) s	β⁻, n?	⁷⁷Ga	0+
^78mZn	2673.7(6) keV			320(6) ns	IT	⁷⁸Zn	(8+)
⁷⁹Zn	30	49	78.9426381(24)	746(42) ms	β⁻ (98.3%)	⁷⁹Ga	9/2+
⁷⁹Zn	30	49	78.9426381(24)	746(42) ms	β⁻, n (1.7%)	⁷⁸Ga	9/2+
^79mZn	942(10) keV^[7]			>200 ms	β⁻?	⁷⁹Ga	1/2+
^79mZn	942(10) keV^[7]			>200 ms	IT?	⁷⁹Zn	1/2+
⁸⁰Zn	30	50	79.9445529(28)	562.2(30) ms	β⁻ (98.64%)	⁸⁰Ga	0+
⁸⁰Zn	30	50	79.9445529(28)	562.2(30) ms	β⁻, n (1.36%)	⁷⁹Ga	0+
⁸¹Zn	30	51	80.9504026(54)	299.4(21) ms	β⁻ (77%)	⁸¹Ga	(1/2+, 5/2+)
					β⁻, n (23%)	⁸⁰Ga
					β⁻, 2n?	⁷⁹Ga
⁸²Zn	30	52	81.9545741(33)	177.9(25) ms	β⁻, n (69%)	⁸¹Ga	0+
					β⁻ (31%)	⁸²Ga
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸⁰Ga
⁸³Zn	30	53	82.96104(32)#	100(3) ms	β⁻, n (71%)	⁸²Ga	3/2+#
					β⁻ (29%)	⁸³Ga
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸¹Ga
⁸⁴Zn	30	54	83.96583(43)#	54(8) ms	β⁻, n (73%)	⁸³Ga	0+
					β⁻ (27%)	⁸⁴Ga
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸²Ga
⁸⁵Zn	30	55	84.97305(54)#	40# ms [>400 ns]	β⁻?	⁸⁵Ga	5/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁸⁴Ga
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸³Ga
⁸⁶Zn^[8]	30	56	85.97846(54)#		β⁻?	⁸⁶Ga	0+
⁸⁶Zn^[8]	30	56	85.97846(54)#		β⁻, n?	⁸⁵Ga	0+
⁸⁷Zn^[8]	30	57
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mZn – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ ^a ^b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ⁶⁴Ni with a half-life over 6.0×10¹⁶ y
^ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ⁷⁰Ge with a half-life over 3.8×10¹⁸ y

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Zinc". CIAAW. 2007.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Roost, E.; Funck, E.; Spernol, A.; Vaninbroukx, R. (1972). "The decay of 65Zn". Zeitschrift für Physik. 250 (5): 395–412. Bibcode:1972ZPhy..250..395D. doi:10.1007/BF01379752. S2CID 124728537.
^ D. T. Win, M. Al Masum (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). Assumption University Journal of Technology. 6 (4): 199–219.
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^ Nies, L.; Canete, L.; Dao, D. D.; Giraud, S.; Kankainen, A.; Lunney, D.; Nowacki, F.; Bastin, B.; Stryjczyk, M.; Ascher, P.; Blaum, K.; Cakirli, R. B.; Eronen, T.; Fischer, P.; Flayol, M.; Girard Alcindor, V.; Herlert, A.; Jokinen, A.; Khanam, A.; Köster, U.; Lange, D.; Moore, I. D.; Müller, M.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Penttilä, H.; Petrone, C.; Pohjalainen, I.; de Roubin, A.; Rubchenya, V.; Schweiger, Ch.; Schweikhard, L.; Vilen, M.; Äystö, J. (30 November 2023). "Further Evidence for Shape Coexistence in Zn 79 m near Doubly Magic Ni 78". Physical Review Letters. 131 (22). arXiv:2310.16915. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.222503.
^ ^a ^b Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

External links

Zinc isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

[6] Zn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[8] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-9] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-10] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[11] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[12] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[13] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[14] Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ⁶⁴Ni with a half-life over 6.0×10¹⁶ y

[15] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ⁷⁰Ge with a half-life over 3.8×10¹⁸ y

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Zinc". CIAAW. 2007.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] Roost, E.; Funck, E.; Spernol, A.; Vaninbroukx, R. (1972). "The decay of 65Zn". Zeitschrift für Physik. 250 (5): 395–412. Bibcode:1972ZPhy..250..395D. doi:10.1007/BF01379752. S2CID 124728537.

[5] D. T. Win, M. Al Masum (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). Assumption University Journal of Technology. 6 (4): 199–219.

[AME2020_II-7] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[nies2023-16] Nies, L.; Canete, L.; Dao, D. D.; Giraud, S.; Kankainen, A.; Lunney, D.; Nowacki, F.; Bastin, B.; Stryjczyk, M.; Ascher, P.; Blaum, K.; Cakirli, R. B.; Eronen, T.; Fischer, P.; Flayol, M.; Girard Alcindor, V.; Herlert, A.; Jokinen, A.; Khanam, A.; Köster, U.; Lange, D.; Moore, I. D.; Müller, M.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Penttilä, H.; Petrone, C.; Pohjalainen, I.; de Roubin, A.; Rubchenya, V.; Schweiger, Ch.; Schweikhard, L.; Vilen, M.; Äystö, J. (30 November 2023). "Further Evidence for Shape Coexistence in Zn 79 m near Doubly Magic Ni 78". Physical Review Letters. 131 (22). arXiv:2310.16915. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.222503.

[86,87Zn-17] Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.

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