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'''National Key Universities''' ({{zh|s=国家重点大学}}) previously referred to [[universities]] recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=ROBINSON |first=BIN W. U. AND BERNADETTE |title=Social justice through financial distribution at China’s universities: a student survey in Shaanxi Province |date=2015 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315884691-11/social-justice-financial-distribution-china-universities-student-survey-shaanxi-province-bin-bernadette-robinson?context=ubx&refId=496383e2-8e59-4639-b192-e0dbf56f01f7 |work=Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315884691 |isbn=}}</ref> The term is no longer in official use by 1990s as these schools have been coordinated into [[Project 211]] or [[Project 985]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Li |first=Jian |title=The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1 |work=Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts |pages=1–33 |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Jian |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1 |isbn= |access-date= |last2=Xue |first2=Eryong |editor2-last=Xue |editor2-first=Eryong}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Guangliang |date=2014-09-01 |title=Are all admission sub-tests created equal? — Evidence from a National Key University in China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X13001090 |journal=China Economic Review |language=en |volume=30 |pages=600–617 |doi=10.1016/j.chieco.2013.12.002 |issn=}}</ref> However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by numerous Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Ye |url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=cOw4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=national+key+universities&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMuqq17Lr3AhUNzTgGHVNoB3AQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=national%20key%20universities&f=false |title=Higher Education, Meritocracy and Inequality in China |date=2016-10-08 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-1588-5 |language=en}}</ref>
'''National Key Universities''' ({{zh|s=国家重点大学}}) previously referred to [[universities]] recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>[http://school.cucas.edu.cn/ Top Universities in China]</ref> The term is no longer in official use by 1990s. However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by numerous Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}


A list of 16 National Key Universities was first promulgated by the Chinese government in 1959, and included [[Peking University]], [[Tsinghua University]], [[University of Science and Technology of China]], [[Renmin University]], [[Beijing University of Agriculture]], [[Beijing Normal University]], [[Beijing Institute of Aeronautics]], [[Beijing Institute of Technology]], [[Beijing Medical University]], [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], [[East China Normal University]], [[Shanghai First Medical College]], [[Tianjin University]], [[Harbin Institute of Technology]], [[Xi'an Jiaotong University|Xi'an Jiao Tong University]] and [[Northwestern Polytechnical University]].
A list of 16 National Key Universities was first promulgated by the Chinese government in 1959, and included [[Peking University]], [[Tsinghua University]], [[University of Science and Technology of China]], [[Renmin University]], [[Beijing University of Agriculture]], [[Beijing Normal University]], [[Beijing Institute of Aeronautics]], [[Beijing Institute of Technology]], [[Beijing Medical University]], [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], [[East China Normal University]], [[Shanghai First Medical College]], [[Tianjin University]], [[Harbin Institute of Technology]], [[Xi'an Jiaotong University|Xi'an Jiao Tong University]] and [[Northwestern Polytechnical University]].


In 1960, another 44 universities were added to this list. By 1978, there were 88 National Key Universities. At the end of the 20th century, after reforms to the system of higher education in China, the Chinese government instituted a two-tier system of universities, namely universities managed by the central government and universities managed by provincial governments. The majority of universities would be managed by provincial governments. A small number of universities which affected national development or were highly specialized would be managed by the [[Chinese Ministry of Education]] or a few other ministries.
In 1960, another 44 universities were added to this list. By 1978, there were 88 National Key Universities. At the end of the 20th century, after reforms to the system of higher education in China, the Chinese government instituted a two-tier system of universities, namely universities managed by the central government and universities managed by provincial governments.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of universities would be managed by provincial governments. A small number of universities which affected national development or were highly specialized would be managed by the [[Chinese Ministry of Education]] or a few other ministries.<ref>{{Citation |last=Yu |first=Lan |title=Historical and Contemporary Exam-driven Education Fever in China |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.1285 |access-date= |last2=Suen |first2=Hoi K. |last3=Yu |first3=Lan |last4=Suen |first4=Hoi K.}}</ref>


The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "[[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class Universities]]“, based on the China state [[Double First Class University Plan]].<ref>[http://www.cucas.edu.cn/ Study in China]</ref>
The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "[[Double First Class University Plan|Double First Class Universities]]“, based on the China state [[Double First Class University Plan]].<ref name=":1" />


The term "zhòngdiǎn" 重点, translated here as "key," in this phrase can also be translated as "major," "priority," or "focal."<ref>''The Chinese-English Dictionary'' (Heian International Pub. Co., 1979).</ref>
The term "zhòngdiǎn" 重点, translated here as "key," in this phrase can also be translated as "major," "priority," or "focal."<ref>''The Chinese-English Dictionary'' (Heian International Pub. Co., 1979).</ref>

Revision as of 04:16, 30 April 2022

National Key Universities (Chinese: 国家重点大学) previously referred to universities recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the People's Republic of China.[1] The term is no longer in official use by 1990s as these schools have been coordinated into Project 211 or Project 985.[2][3] However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by numerous Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".[1][4]

A list of 16 National Key Universities was first promulgated by the Chinese government in 1959, and included Peking University, Tsinghua University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Institute of Aeronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Medical University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, East China Normal University, Shanghai First Medical College, Tianjin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University and Northwestern Polytechnical University.

In 1960, another 44 universities were added to this list. By 1978, there were 88 National Key Universities. At the end of the 20th century, after reforms to the system of higher education in China, the Chinese government instituted a two-tier system of universities, namely universities managed by the central government and universities managed by provincial governments.[1] The majority of universities would be managed by provincial governments. A small number of universities which affected national development or were highly specialized would be managed by the Chinese Ministry of Education or a few other ministries.[5]

The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "Double First Class Universities“, based on the China state Double First Class University Plan.[2]

The term "zhòngdiǎn" 重点, translated here as "key," in this phrase can also be translated as "major," "priority," or "focal."[6]

In October 2015, The State Council of People's Republic of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines (Double First Class Universities Plan)' , which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous projects of Chinese higher education. A total of 140 Double First Class Universities were approved to be included in the state Double First Class University Plan by the central government of China in 2017, representing the top 5% of the higher education institutions (3,012) in this country.[7]

At present, the 147 Double First Class Universities are considered as the most elite part of higher education in Mainland China.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c ROBINSON, BIN W. U. AND BERNADETTE (2015), "Social justice through financial distribution at China's universities: a student survey in Shaanxi Province", Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315884691
  2. ^ a b Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (2021), Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (eds.), "The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China", Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1
  3. ^ Yang, Guangliang (2014-09-01). "Are all admission sub-tests created equal? — Evidence from a National Key University in China". China Economic Review. 30: 600–617. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2013.12.002.
  4. ^ Liu, Ye (2016-10-08). Higher Education, Meritocracy and Inequality in China. Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-1588-5.
  5. ^ Yu, Lan; Suen, Hoi K.; Yu, Lan; Suen, Hoi K., Historical and Contemporary Exam-driven Education Fever in China
  6. ^ The Chinese-English Dictionary (Heian International Pub. Co., 1979).
  7. ^ "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-01-12.

External links

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