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* It effectively exploits various [[Modes of persuasion|methods of persuasion]], including the use of a seemingly trustworthy and sympathetic narrator, [[appeals to emotion]], the [[Gish gallop]], and "sciencey" images.<ref name="Haelle/Forbes" />
* It effectively exploits various [[Modes of persuasion|methods of persuasion]], including the use of a seemingly trustworthy and sympathetic narrator, [[appeals to emotion]], the [[Gish gallop]], and "sciencey" images.<ref name="Haelle/Forbes" />


Writing for the ''[[Deseret News]]'', Amy Iverson attempted to explain the reasons some people are tempted to spread misinformation about the pandemic:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>I understand many of us are confused and feel helpless and hopeless at times these days. We want someone to blame. But we cannot turn to outrageous, unchecked claims from a few loud voices to ease our concerns. And we definitely should not spread their unsubstantiated claims.</blockquote>
Writing for the ''[[Deseret News]]'', Amy Iverson attempted to explain the reasons some people are tempted to spread misinformation about the pandemic:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>I understand many of us are confused and feel helpless and hopeless at times these days. We want someone to blame. But we cannot turn to outrageous, unchecked claims from a few loud voices to ease our concerns. And we definitely should not spread their unsubstantiated claims.</blockquote>In 2021, Shahin Nazar and Toine Pieters of the journal ''[[Frontiers in Public Health]]'' said that "The producers of the documentary sought to spread misinformation and conspiracy theories and to discredit scientific experts using a sophisticated disinformation campaign." and that "They set out to accomplish this by coaching citizens toward activism to maximize the speed at which the documentary propagated and decrease positive sentiments toward public health interventions." According to the journal, the video was effective for two reasons: "First, the campaign established a decentralized information sharing network on Twitter by coaching low-reach social media users to mass share the documentary, effectively subverting efforts to gatekeep its misinformation. Second, the campaign amplified negative sentiments regarding vaccination and containment measures among conspiracy theorists.", adding that "These effects possibly have an indirect impact on the public's willingness to comply with public health measures."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nazar |first=Shahin |last2=Pieters |first2=Toine |date=2021-07-14 |title=Plandemic Revisited: A Product of Planned Disinformation Amplifying the COVID-19 “infodemic” |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649930 |journal=[[Frontiers in Public Health]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.649930/full |issn=2296-2565}}</ref>


==== Mikki Willis' response ====
==== Mikki Willis' response ====

Revision as of 21:21, 9 June 2022

Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 and Plandemic: Indoctornation are a 2020 conspiracy theory video and film, respectively. Both were produced by Mikki Willis and promote misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. They feature Judy Mikovits, a discredited American researcher who has been described as an anti-vaccine activist. The first video, in addition to promoting various conspiracy theories, also features Willis and Mikovits discussing viruses in general and Mikovits herself. Willis produced the first video with a low budget under the name of his production company Elevate Films. Three months after the video's Internet release, the second film Plandemic: Indoctornation, which also includes other people, was released by another distributor.

Upon its release, the first video went viral, becoming one of the most widespread pieces of COVID-19 misinformation. It promoted misinformation relating to COVID vaccines, laboratory creation of SARS-CoV-2, hospital profits, hydroxychloroquine, influenza vaccines, and face masks. It was quickly removed by multiple online platforms, but this failed to stop its proliferation. The second film argued that there is a decades-long conspiracy involving Big Pharma, the CDC, Google, climate scientists, John Oliver, and Bill Gates. Due to social media companies' preparedness for the release of Plandemic: Indoctornation, this film received less attention.

Scientists and health professionals criticized Plandemic and Plandemic: Indoctornation for their misleading claims, while Willis's filmmaking style has been cited as lending to the videos' conspiratorial and brainwashing nature. The latter was specifically poorly received for its narrative quality. Sinclair Broadcast Group interviewed Mikovits about the videos, but the interview was never broadcast. After the outcry, Willis expressed doubt about Mikovits' claims.

Background

Main articles: COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 misinformation, and List of unproven methods against COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The outbreak was declared an international health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020[1] and a pandemic on March 11.[2] Hundreds of millions of people contracted the disease, a percentage of whom died from it.[3] As a result, travel restrictions,[4] social distancing measures,[5] and many other precautions have been taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19[6] while many vaccines are undergoing phased distribution in most countries.[7]

As with many medical topics, misinformation and conspiracy theories about the pandemic emerged and were spread both by private citizens and politicians. The misinformation focuses on the scale of the pandemic, the virus's origin, and disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. According to misinformation, the virus is either a bioweapon to control the population,[8] a form of espionage,[9] or an effect of 5G mobile networks.[10] Some people have claimed to have magical or faith-based cures for the disease.[11]

Judy Ann Mikovits (born 1957 or 1958) is a former American research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as the claim murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome.[12] Mikovits has been engaged in anti-vaccination activism and the promotion of conspiracy theories,[13] and been accused of scientific misconduct.[14] Prior to Plandemic, Mikovits expressed support for various COVID-19 conspiracy theories, claiming, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic is a predictable flu season.[15]

Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19

Summary

The word Plandemic in all capital, with the letter I replaced with a syringe. The word Plan has a thin body, while the word Demic is bolder.
The logo used for the first video

The 26-minute video, titled Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19,[16] promotes the conspiracist claim vaccines are "a money-making enterprise that causes medical harm",[17] and themes of loss of free speech and free choice.[18]: 19  It takes the form of an interview between the producer Mikki Willis and former researcher Judy Mikovits, who makes unsupported and false statements about SARS-CoV2, the disease it causes, and her own controversial history.[16]

Fact-checking responses

Fact-checking website PolitiFact highlighted eight false or misleading statements made in the video:[16]

  • That Mikovits was held in jail without charge. Mikovits was briefly held on remand after an accusation of theft from her former employer the Whittemore Peterson Institute but charges were dropped. There is no evidence to support her statement notebooks removed from the Institute were "planted" or that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and its director Anthony Fauci bribed investigators.[16] When asked, both Mikovits and Willis said it was an error to say Mikovits had not been charged; she had meant to say the charges were dropped. Mikovits later said "I've been confused for a decade" and that in the future she would try to be clearer when she talks about the criminal charge; "I'll try to learn to say it differently".[19]
  • That the virus was manipulated. This possibility is still being investigated. According to Nature magazine, "Most scientists say SARS-CoV-2 probably has a natural origin, and was transmitted from an animal to humans. However, a lab leak has not been ruled out, and many are calling for a deeper investigation into the hypothesis that the virus emerged from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), located in the Chinese city where the first COVID-19 cases were reported."[20]
  • That the SARS-CoV2 virus evolved from SARS-CoV-1 within a decade and that is inconsistent with natural causes. This is incorrect; SARS-CoV-2 is similar but is not directly descended from SARS-CoV (SARS-1), and the viruses have only 79% genetic similarity.[21]
  • That hospitals receive $13,000 from Medicare if they "call it COVID-19" when a patient dies. This statement, which had previously been made on The American Spectator and WorldNetDaily,[22] was rated "half true" by PolitiFact[23] and Snopes;[24] payments are made, but the amount is open to dispute and there is no evidence this influences diagnosis. The evidence suggests COVID-19 may be under-diagnosed.[25]
  • That hydroxychloroquine is "effective" against coronaviruses. This statement originates in work by Didier Raoult that subsequently received a "statement of concern" from the editors of the scientific journal in which it was published.[26] The first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 found no evidence of benefit and some evidence of harm.[27] The NIH said there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against its use to treat COVID-19.[28] As of May 7, 2020, other bodies were running additional controlled trials to investigate hydroxychloroquine's safety and efficacy.[16]: 1 
  • That flu vaccines increase the chance of contracting COVID-19 by 36%. This statement is false;[29] it misinterprets a disputed article that studied the 2017–2018 influenza season, predating the COVID-19 pandemic. The statement the flu vaccine increases the chance of contracting COVID-19 does not appear in the original article. The article's author Greg G. Wolff said coronavirus cases increased from 5.8% (non-vaccinated) to 7.8% (vaccinated) with an odds ratio of 1.36, with (1.14, 1.63) 95% confidence interval, and the article highlight said; "Vaccinated personnel did not have significant odds of respiratory illnesses".[30] The article refers to seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold, but COVID-19 was added by the website disabledveterans.org.[29]
  • That despite the goal of preventing coronaviruses, flu vaccines contain coronaviruses. In reality, there are no vaccines with coronaviruses.[31]
  • That "Wearing the mask literally activates your own virus. You're getting sick from your own reactivated coronavirus expressions." This statement is unsupported by evidence. Masks prevent airborne transmission of the virus, especially during the up-to-14-day asymptomatic period when carriers may not be aware they have the disease.[32] A virus may be deactivated, but cannot add to one's infection level if it leaves the body, even temporarily.[33]
A young adolescent carrying a yellow sign saying, "We are woke to your plandemic. We do not consent to a Gates Vaccine."
A child protesting COVID-19 vaccines with the word plandemic at Franklin County, Ohio

Science also repeats some of the statements made by PolitiFact and fact-checked some of Mikovits' and Willis' other statements:[34]

  • That Italy's COVID-19 epidemic is linked to influenza vaccines and the presence of coronaviruses in dogs. There is no relation between these.
  • That SARS-CoV-2 was created "between the North Carolina laboratories, Fort Detrick, the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the Wuhan laboratory". Science says considering relations between the US and the Wuhan lab stopped, the claim is false.
  • That Mikovits is not anti-vaccine. According to Science, she once wore a piece of Vaxxed II merchandise promoting a sequel to a film that says MMR vaccines cause autism and that she once sent Science a PowerPoint presentation calling for an "immediate moratorium" for "all vaccines".
  • That the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) "colluded and destroyed" Mikovits' reputation, and that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kept this secret but did nothing to help her. Science said, "Mikovits has presented no direct evidence that HHS heads colluded against her".
  • That Mikovits's article on Science "revealed that the common use of animal and human fetal tissues was unleashing devastating plagues of chronic diseases", which the article does not say.
  • That Mikovits's Ph.D. thesis Negative Regulation of HIV Expression in Monocytes "revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS"; the thesis "had no discernible impact on the treatment of HIV/AIDS".

Mikovits also alludes to several conspiracy theories that state Bill Gates is implicated in causing the pandemic to profit from an eventual vaccine,[17] and makes false and unsupported statements such as the claim that beaches should remain open because of "healing microbes in the saltwater" and "sequences" in the sand that can "protect against the coronavirus".[35] The video states the numbers of COVID-19 deaths are purposely being misreported to control people.[36]

Willis's previous credits include numerous conspiracy theorist videos and cinematography on Neurons to Nirvana, a film that makes therapeutic claims about psychedelic drugs.[16] External videos, such as one in which a chiropractor says tonic water can treat or prevent COVID-19 and one of a press conference among doctors Dan Erickson and Artin Massihi in Bakersfield, California, saying the COVID-19 pandemic is over-hyped. These external videos were also disputed beforehand.[37]

Production

The word Elevate in all caps, with the word V resembling a diamond.
Logo of Elevate Films, the California-based production company for the first video, which is owned by Willis himself. It operates under the non-profit Elevate Foundation, founded in 2006.[38]

According to Willis, producing Plandemic was a struggle. At that time, he was aware getting involved in controversial topics would risk his reputation and would likely embroil him in heated discussions. "And of course there’s been tons of it. I’ve just been navigating all of that", he said.[38] Willis's concern arose from his perception of the pharmaceutical industry's corruption, a concern that began with the deaths of his mother from cancer and of his brother from AIDS during his 20s.[38]

Willis met Mikovits for the first time in 2019, via mutual friends. Willis, a native of Ojai, California, said via the Ojai Valley News; "Because of [Mikovits'] direct connection with [those] involved with the pandemic ... I reached out to her for advice. We met, had a meeting, and what she revealed to me I knew the world needed to know." Principal photography took a day and editing took two weeks. Willis said he stopped editing a film he produced in 2019, arguing Plandemic was urgent. He was unsure whether to make a continuation.[39] After he paid a cinematographer and researcher to join the project, Willis calculated the project had a budget at less than US$2,000.[38]

Willis, a low-budget filmmaker who was 52 years old at the time of Plandemic's release, teamed up with his wife Nadia Salamanca to market the video. They intentionally chose conspiratorial branding to gain attention. The project's title was the most popular choice in a Facebook poll conducted by Willis; runners-up were The Invisible Enemy and The Oath.[38]

Release

Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 was released on May 4, 2020.[40] It spread virally on social media, garnering millions of views,[17] making it one of the most widespread pieces of COVID-19 misinformation. "Judy Mikovits" became a trending search on Google for two days.[41] According to CrowdTangle, QAnon Facebook groups endorsed the video. A Facebook spokesman recalled its hired fact-checkers wasting a huge amount of time to verify the video's claims, partly due to its duration and the number of claims.[42] Before being removed, one of the videos featuring the work attracted one million views.[43] Despite its removal, viewings of the video on the original site continued.[44] The video's legacy continues long after its release; in February 2021, The Washington Post reported an anti-mask Facebook page called "Shop Mask Free Los Angeles" used Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 to support its claims. By this time, the Post reported some of the links had suffered from link rot.[45]

A YouTube spokesperson said the platform would remove videos supporting the claims of Plandemic without sufficient evidence, saying "[s]uggesting that wearing a mask can make you sick could lead to imminent harm". Vimeo's Trust & Safety team removed the video for violating its policies on misinformation; Twitter said hashtags like #PlagueofCorruption[a] and #PlandemicMovie had been blacklisted and that not all of Mikovits' attempts to spread propaganda on the platform violated its policies. By the time the video was removed from Facebook, it had been watched 1.8 million times, had attracted 17,000 comments, and had been shared nearly 150,000 times.[46] On TikTok, the video continued to find popularity via excerpted clips, some of which were removed from the platform.[47]

According to Zarine Kharazian, assistant editor of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, as the film was removed from mainstream social media platforms, a "censorship backfire" that was characterized as a form of Streisand effect occurred; links to copies were promoted on alt-tech platforms—some of which were designed to host controversial content—were shared, with people's interest attracted by the video's perceived taboo nature.[48] According to The Verge, end-to-end encrypted services like WhatsApp and private groups meant the video was still being spread, unbeknown to the public.[42] The British musician Seal expressed love for the video and called the responses to it unjustified. Other public figures including the mixed martial arts fighter Nick Catone, spread the video's misinformation and Melissa Ackison, a Republican politician, supported the video.[49]

Reception

Scene featuring Mikovits standing at a walkway in a lonely forest.
The atmosphere, cinematography, and score of Plandemic are said to be what makes the claims stated sound convincing. Pictured is a cutaway during the video's opening scene.

Scientists, medical doctors, and public health experts condemned Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 for promoting misinformation and NBC News called it "a hodgepodge of conspiracy theories".[41] Governmental organizations, including the Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force, also labeled the video as a hoax, describing it as a brainwashing and a red herring to divert the public's attention from real issues.[50] Specialist disinformation reporter Marianna Spring, writing for BBC News, as well as disinformation researcher Erin Gallagher, who was interviewed by The Guardian, said the video's professionally crafted atmosphere, cinematography, and ominously dramatic score made the stated claims sound true; according to Spring; "That makes them as dangerous—if not more so—than advice with a mix of truth and misleading medical myths".[51][52] The Los Angeles Times contacted yoga teacher and author Shiva Rea, who was a member of the board of directors of the Elevate Foundation; Rea stated she was not associated with the foundation or the film, and found Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 to be "very disturbing".[38]

Science journalist Tara Haelle described the video as propaganda and said it "has been extremely successful at promoting misinformation for three reasons":[53]

  • It "taps into people's uncertainty, anxiety and need for answers";[53]
  • It "is packaged very professionally and uses common conventions people already associate with factual documentaries";[53] and
  • It effectively exploits various methods of persuasion, including the use of a seemingly trustworthy and sympathetic narrator, appeals to emotion, the Gish gallop, and "sciencey" images.[53]

Writing for the Deseret News, Amy Iverson attempted to explain the reasons some people are tempted to spread misinformation about the pandemic:[37]

I understand many of us are confused and feel helpless and hopeless at times these days. We want someone to blame. But we cannot turn to outrageous, unchecked claims from a few loud voices to ease our concerns. And we definitely should not spread their unsubstantiated claims.

In 2021, Shahin Nazar and Toine Pieters of the journal Frontiers in Public Health said that "The producers of the documentary sought to spread misinformation and conspiracy theories and to discredit scientific experts using a sophisticated disinformation campaign." and that "They set out to accomplish this by coaching citizens toward activism to maximize the speed at which the documentary propagated and decrease positive sentiments toward public health interventions." According to the journal, the video was effective for two reasons: "First, the campaign established a decentralized information sharing network on Twitter by coaching low-reach social media users to mass share the documentary, effectively subverting efforts to gatekeep its misinformation. Second, the campaign amplified negative sentiments regarding vaccination and containment measures among conspiracy theorists.", adding that "These effects possibly have an indirect impact on the public's willingness to comply with public health measures."[54]

Mikki Willis' response

Speaking to the Los Angeles Times, Willis said he is not anti-vaccine and that he was merely trying to "start a conversation about science". He described himself as open-minded; "I have a profound love and respect of doctors despite how many doctors are mad at me now". Willis said he is also skeptical of Mikovits' claims in the video; "We’re working very hard right now to validate the majority of the claims that were made" and expressed a willingness to be involved in civil discussions with doctors "on all sides".[38]

ProPublica health care reporter and investigative journalist Marshall Allen contacted Willis, who said Plandemic "is not a piece that’s intended to be perfectly balanced".[19] When asked whether Plandemic might be fairly called propaganda, he said the definition fits, although he did not feel it contains anything misleading. According to Allan, "based on [the definition of propaganda], [Willis] feels 100% of news reporting is propaganda".[19]

The Center for Inquiry's (CFI) Benjamin Radford and researcher Paul Offit asked Willis eight questions about the accuracy of the claims made in the video, either asking for evidence and clarification or asking questions such as "considering that bacteria don’t kill viruses, how would 'healing microbes' reduce or treat coronavirus infection?" Willis agreed to answer all of the questions but he never did. Radford said on the CFI's website:[55]

If the claims made by Mikovits and Willis in Plandemic are based in truth and facts, you’d think they would be eager to offer evidence supporting their claims. What better way to turn the tables on scientists, skeptics, and journalists than to offer a referenced, fact-based, point-by-point rebuttal to critics who offer them a platform? ... Where are their responses? Why are they suddenly so quiet? Why are they afraid to answer questions? What do they have to hide?

Plandemic: Indoctornation

The logo in all caps and a morbid font.
Plandemic: Indoctornation's logo

Summary

The full-length, 84-minute film titled Plandemic: Indoctornation[b] was released on August 18, 2020.[56] Willis said the film is a "response video to all the debunkers", and that he worked with a coalition of 7,000 doctors and attorneys to make the film to "reform our medical systems such that they’re not under the stranglehold of Big Pharma".[39]

The film says there is a worldwide conspiracy seeking to control humanity through fear and to make money for the putative conspirators; the COVID-19 pandemic is described as a key moment in a decades-long plan. The film says people and institutions including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Google and the fact-checking agencies it employs, climate scientists, John Oliver, and Bill Gates coordinate with each other to enact the conspiracy.[57]

Plandemic: Indoctornation says COVID-19 was engineered in a laboratory, that Event 201—a 2019 disaster response exercise—was a plan to release a real virus into the population, and that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was ejected from India.[56] The film also says a patent applied by the CDC during the 2003 SARS outbreak was meant to "[control] the proprietary rights to the disease, to the virus, and to its detection and all of the measurement of it".[58]

Fact-checking responses

PolitiFact categorized Plandemic: Indoctornation as a pseudo-documentary.[58] Many of the claims made in the film have been discredited. For example, whether COVID-19 was engineered in a laboratory remains unproven and Event 201, a 2019 disaster response exercise, was not a plan to release a real virus into the population. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation continues to fund projects in India and cooperates with the Indian government on several initiatives; it does not have technology allowing it to covertly implant an invisible proof of vaccination.[56] The CDC's defensive patent covers the genetic material detection methods for human coronaviruses so "public research and communication were not jeopardized by commercial parties seeking exclusive private control".[58]

Production and release

The word London Real in all caps, with the word Real being colored red.
Logo of distributor London Real

Immediately after the release of Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, Willis said he was contacted by an independent producer who said he had worked on projects with HBO, Netflix, and Amazon. The producer asked Willis if he had an interest in collaborating on making a feature-length version, though the Los Angeles Times found the companies had expressed no interest in the film.[38] Soon after Plandemic's release, another set of teams announced the clips from Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 would be part of a documentary feature film.[16]

Plandemic: Indoctornation was released by an online distributor called London Real on the website Digital Freedom Platform, which has promoted several discredited theories about the COVID-19 pandemic,[56] and was founded and managed by podcaster Brian Rose.[58] Because the film's release was promoted in advance, social media platforms were able to prepare for its release rather than scrambling to react to misinformation already circulating on their networks.[56] As part of their policy to counter disinformation about the pandemic, Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms took steps to limit the spread of the film as soon as it was posted, affixing warnings to links shared by users. YouTube removed multiple copies of the film and sixteen clips presenting specific sections from its servers.[57] Although no steps to block the content were taken, Facebook warned users when clicking the film's URL, which was blacklisted by TikTok and Instagram.[59]

According to London Real, Plandemic: Indoctornation was watched 1.2 million times by the end of its first day of release but the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab called the film "a total flop" that achieved much less social media engagement than the original video.[57] Because social media companies were forewarned by the viral nature of the first video, the distribution of Plandemic: Indoctornation was limited.[56] The Daily Dot said the only platform where it succeeded in getting exposure was Facebook, where it had 4,000 views of posts linking to the film on BitChute, where it had 40,000 views.[59]

Reception

Jane Lytvynenko at BuzzFeed News gave Plandemic: Indoctornation a rating of "0 stars", saying while the first video presents a protagonist (Mikovits) and a fairly clear narrative, Plandemic: Indoctornation does neither. She called the film "bloated, confused, and filled with nonsense", and said it switches between topics without clearly establishing how the pieces of information presented relate to each other. Lytvynenko wrote; "As a piece of journalism, it is Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. As a piece of entertainment, it is Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" and "leans on old, familiar characters instead of inventing new ones". Lytvynenko said the producers' initial claim 'the first video is a trailer for a feature film is incorrect; while Plandemic: Indoctornation discusses the same themes and includes Mikovits, most of the material in the first video is not used in the feature-length film.[57] Mike Rothschild of The Daily Dot also compared the film unfavorably with the first video.[59]

See also

Similar films

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The title of a book Mikovits co-authored (full title: Plague of Corruption: Restoring Faith in the Promise of Science).
  2. ^ The word "Doctor" is highlighted in the logo as a play of the word "indoctrination"

References

  1. ^ Sohrabi, Catrin; Alsafi, Zaid; O'Neill, Niamh; Khan, Mehdi; Kerwan, Ahmed; Al-Jabir, Ahmed; Iosifidis, Christos; Agha, Riaz (April 1, 2020). "World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)". International Journal of Surgery. 76. Elsevier: 71–76. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034. ISSN 1743-9191. PMC 7105032. PMID 32112977.
  2. ^ Ducharme, Jamie (March 11, 2020). "The WHO Just Declared Coronavirus COVID-19 a Pandemic". Time. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  3. ^ "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)". ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  4. ^ Schwartz, Karen (March 11, 2021). "I'm a U.S. Citizen. Where in the World Can I Go?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  5. ^ Hensley, Laura (March 23, 2020). "Social distancing is out, physical distancing is in—here's how to do it". Global News. Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
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  7. ^ Beaumont, Peter (November 18, 2020). "Covid-19 vaccine: who are countries prioritising for first doses?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  8. ^ Kortepeter, Mark (August 21, 2020). "A Defense Expert Explores Whether The Covid-19 Coronavirus Makes A Good Bioweapon". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
  9. ^ Broderick R (January 31, 2020). "A Pro-Trump Blog Doxed A Chinese Scientist It Falsely Accused Of Creating The Coronavirus As A Bioweapon". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  10. ^ Cellan-Jones R (February 26, 2020). "Coronavirus: Fake news is spreading fast". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  11. ^ "Beware of Fraudulent Coronavirus Tests, Vaccines and Treatments". Food and Drug Administration. March 1, 2021. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  12. ^ Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. 326 (5952). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 585–89. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMC 3073172. PMID 19815723. (Retracted)
  13. ^ Kisken, Tom (July 5, 2019). "New group of Ventura County vaccine skeptics take shots at exemption bill". Ventura County Star. Gannett. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  14. ^ Flam, Faye (December 23, 2011). "Why Chronic Fatigue Study is Wrong, Maybe Fraudulent, but Biology Is Not a Hoax". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  15. ^ Merlan, Anna (April 22, 2020). "The Coronavirus Truthers Don't Believe in Public Health". Vice. Vice Media. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2020. In the same video, Mikovits rejected the notion of wearing a mask, since, she claimed, the coronavirus is actually secretly caused by a bad strain of flu shot that was circulating between 2013 and 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Funke, Daniel (May 8, 2020). "Fact-checking 'Plandemic': A documentary full of false conspiracy theories about the coronavirus". PolitiFact. Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Hatmaker, Taylor (May 7, 2020). "Platforms scramble as 'Plandemic' conspiracy video spreads misinformation like wildfire". TechCrunch. Verizon Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  18. ^ Garza, Gabrielle Y (December 2020). Constructing a Covid19 conspiracy: A fantasy theme analysis of the 2020 documentary "Plandemic" (PDF) (Thesis). San Marcos: Texas State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
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External links

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