Renal artery stenosis: Difference between revisions
m →Diagnosis: Journal cites, Added 1 doi to a journal cite using AWB (10365) |
better ref |
||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
A [[clinical prediction rule]] is available to guide diagnosis.<ref name="pmid9841602">{{cite journal|author=Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD|title=A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis|journal=Ann. Intern. Med.|volume=129|issue=9|pages=705–11|year=1998|pmid=9841602|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00005}}</ref> |
A [[clinical prediction rule]] is available to guide diagnosis.<ref name="pmid9841602">{{cite journal|author=Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD|title=A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis|journal=Ann. Intern. Med.|volume=129|issue=9|pages=705–11|year=1998|pmid=9841602|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00005}}</ref> |
||
== |
==Cause== |
||
Atherosclerosis is the predominant cause of renal artery stenosis in the majority of patients, usually those with a sudden onset of hypertension at age 50 or older. [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]] is the predominant cause in young patients, usually females under 40 years of age. A variety of other causes exist. These include [[arteritis]], [[aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], extrinsic compression (e.g., [[neoplasm]]s), neurofibromatosis, and fibrous bands. |
Atherosclerosis is the predominant cause of renal artery stenosis in the majority of patients, usually those with a sudden onset of hypertension at age 50 or older. [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]] is the predominant cause in young patients, usually females under 40 years of age. A variety of other causes exist. These include [[arteritis]], [[aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], extrinsic compression (e.g., [[neoplasm]]s), neurofibromatosis, and fibrous bands. |
||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
===Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis=== |
===Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis=== |
||
It is initially treated with medications. These include [[statins]], antiplatelet agents and drugs for control of blood pressure. When high-grade renal artery stenosis is documented and blood pressure cannot be controlled with medication, or if renal function deteriorates, invasive procedure may be resorted to. |
|||
It is initially treated with medications. These include [[statins]], antiplatelet agents and drugs for control of blood pressure. When high-grade renal artery stenosis is documented and blood pressure cannot be controlled with medication, or if renal function deteriorates, invasive procedure may be resorted to. The most commonly used invasive procedure is [[angioplasty]] with or without [[stent]]ing. A 2003 [[meta-analysis]] found that angioplasty was safe and effective in this context,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nordmann AJ, Woo K, Parkes R, Logan AG|title=Balloon angioplasty or medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Med.|volume=114|issue=1|pages=44–50|year=2003|pmid=12557864|doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01396-7}}</ref> however 7 randomized, controlled trials have not shown any clinical benefit to improve blood pressure or renal function. This includes the ASTRAL trial of 2010, although it was known to have only enrolled patients who would not "clearly" benefit from renal revascularization. The CORAL trial enrolled 931 patients for the study. Of these, 459 were assigned for [[stent]]ing and medical therapy whereas the remaining 472 were assigned for medical therapy alone. Roughly, inclusion criteria were 1) a documented history of hypertension which has been treated by at least two antihypertensive agents and b) a renal artery stenosis of at least 60 % but under 100% of the arterial diameter. The CORAL trial found that [[stent]]ing did not show benefits compared to medical therapy alone with respect to cardiovascular or adverse renal events such as death from any cardiovascular or renal cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, renal insufficiency progression or the need for renal replacement therapy. There was a slight better outcome in the [[stent]]ing group with respect to lowering of systolic blood pressure compared to the medical only group<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cooper CJ, Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, Jamerson K et al.|title=Stenting and Medical Therapy for Atherosclerotic Renal-Artery Stenosis|journal=NEJM|volume=370|pages=13-20|year=2014|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1310753}}</ref> There are other ongoing clinical trials comparing medical management and angioplasty with stenting. In addition to angioplasty, surgical revascularization of the renal artery is the "gold standard" and when compared to angioplasty and stenting (RAOOD trial) was found to be equivalent in morbidity and mortality. If all else fails and the kidney is thought to be worsening hypertension and revascularization with angioplasty or surgery doesn't work, then removing the "bad" kidney (nephrectomy) may improve high blood pressure dramatically. |
|||
The most commonly used invasive procedure is [[angioplasty]] with or without [[stent]]ing. It is unclear if this is better than simply the use of medications.<ref name=COchrane 2014>{{cite journal|last1=Jenks|first1=S|last2=Yeoh|first2=SE|last3=Conway|first3=BR|title=Balloon angioplasty, with and without stenting, versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=5 December 2014|volume=12|pages=CD002944|pmid=25478936}}</ref> It is a relatively safe procedure.<ref name=COchrane 2014/> |
|||
If all else fails and the kidney is thought to be worsening hypertension and revascularization with angioplasty or surgery doesn't work, then removing the "bad" kidney (nephrectomy) may improve high blood pressure dramatically. |
|||
===Fibromuscular dysplasia=== |
===Fibromuscular dysplasia=== |
||
Revision as of 05:58, 21 December 2014
| Renal artery stenosis | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Cardiology  |
Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of the renal artery, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. This narrowing of the renal artery can impede blood flow to the target kidney. Hypertension and atrophy of the affected kidney may result from renal artery stenosis, ultimately leading to renal failure if not treated.
Signs and symptoms
Most cases of renal artery stenosis are asymptomatic, and the main problem is high blood pressure that cannot be controlled with medication. Deterioration in renal function may develop if both kidneys are poorly supplied, or when treatment with an ACE inhibitor is initiated. Some patients present with episodes of flash pulmonary edema (sudden left ventricular heart failure).[1]
Diagnosis
The gold standard investigation to diagnose renal artery stenosis is digital subtraction angiography.[2]
- Doppler ultrasound study of the kidneys
- refractory hypertension - high blood pressure that cannot be controlled adequately with antihypertensives
- auscultation (with stethoscope) - bruit ("rushing" sound) on affected side, inferior of the costal margin
- captopril challenge test
- captopril test dose effect on the differential renal function as measured by MAG3 scan.[3]
- renal artery arteriogram
A clinical prediction rule is available to guide diagnosis.[4]
Cause
Atherosclerosis is the predominant cause of renal artery stenosis in the majority of patients, usually those with a sudden onset of hypertension at age 50 or older. Fibromuscular dysplasia is the predominant cause in young patients, usually females under 40 years of age. A variety of other causes exist. These include arteritis, renal artery aneurysm, extrinsic compression (e.g., neoplasms), neurofibromatosis, and fibrous bands.
Pathophysiology
The granular cells of the afferent arteriole senses a decreased systemic blood pressure owing to the reduced blood flow through the narrowed artery. The response of the kidney to this perceived decreased blood pressure is activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, which normally counteracts low blood pressure but in this case leads to hypertension (high arterial blood pressure). The decreased perfusion pressure (caused by the stenosis) leads to decreased blood flow (hypoperfusion) to the kidney and a decrease in the GFR. If the stenosis is longstanding and severe the GFR in the affected kidneys never increases again and (prerenal) renal failure is the result.
Treatment
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
It is initially treated with medications. These include statins, antiplatelet agents and drugs for control of blood pressure. When high-grade renal artery stenosis is documented and blood pressure cannot be controlled with medication, or if renal function deteriorates, invasive procedure may be resorted to.
The most commonly used invasive procedure is angioplasty with or without stenting. It is unclear if this is better than simply the use of medications.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). It is a relatively safe procedure.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
If all else fails and the kidney is thought to be worsening hypertension and revascularization with angioplasty or surgery doesn't work, then removing the "bad" kidney (nephrectomy) may improve high blood pressure dramatically.
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Angioplasty with or without stenting is the best option for the treatment of renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia.
See also
References
- ^ Pickering TG; Herman L; Devereux RB; et al. (1988). "Recurrent pulmonary oedema in hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis: treatment by angioplasty or surgical revascularisation". Lancet. 2 (8610): 551–2. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92668-2. PMID 2900930.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|author-separator=ignored (help) - ^ Sam, Amir H.; James T.H. Teo (2010). Rapid Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1405183233.
- ^ Roccatello D, Picciotto G (1997). "Captopril-enhanced scintigraphy using the method of the expected renogram: improved detection of patients with renin-dependent hypertension due to functionally significant renal artery stenosis" (PDF). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12 (10): 2081–6. doi:10.1093/ndt/12.10.2081. PMID 9351069.
- ^ Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD (1998). "A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (9): 705–11. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00005. PMID 9841602.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)