Haplogroup N-M231: Difference between revisions

Haplogroup N-M128
Haplogroup N-M128
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	N-LLY22g
Defining mutations	M128

Haplogroup N-LLY22g
Haplogroup N-LLY22g
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	N-M231
Defining mutations	LLY22g

Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N
Possible time of origin	20,000 to 25,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	East Asia
Ancestor	NO
Defining mutations	M231
Highest frequencies	Yakuts 75%, Nenets 75%, Finns 60%, Baltic States 45% (McDonald 2005), Saami 40%, East Prussian Germans 28%, (Malyarchuk 2004),

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 15:52, 26 December 2015

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup typical of northern Eurasia, defined by the presence of the marker M231.^{[Phylogenetics 1]}

Origins

Haplogroup N-M231 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO. It is considered relatively young, having populated the north of Eurasia after the last Ice Age. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene.

The absence of haplogroup N-M231 in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the Bering land bridge (Chiaroni 2009). It is suggested that it arose in southeast Asia 19.4±4.8 ky years ago, and then migrated in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe (Rootsi 2006).

Distribution

Haplogroup N-231 has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in more southerly areas, including Southeast Asia, Nepal, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe.

Its highest frequency occurs among the Finnic and Baltic peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric and Northern Samoyedic peoples of western Siberia, and the Siberian Turkic-speaking Yakuts (McDonald 2005).

Subclade distribution

Haplogroup N-M231 is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N-LLY22g^{[Phylogenetics 2]} and its subclades, N-M128, N-P43, and N-M46/N-Tat (ISOGG 2012).

Paragroup N-M231*

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231 but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N-LLY22g are said to belong to Paragroup N-M231*. Per present research, Paragroup N-M231* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 Han males from China (Karafet 2010).^{[Footnote 1]}

Paragroup N-LLY22g*

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N-M231 and Haplogroup N-LLY22g but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N-M128, N-P43, and N-M46/N-Tat are said to belong to Paragroup N-LLY22g*.^{[Phylogenetics 2]}

Paragroup N-LLY22g* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yizu of Butuo County, Sichuan Province in southwestern China (Hammer 2005, Karafet 2001, and Wen2004b). Paragroup N-LLY22g* also has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:

15.0% (6/40) Guangdong Han (Hammer 2005 and Karafet 2001)
6.8% (3/44) Shaanxi Han (Hammer 2005 and Karafet 2001)
6.7% (2/30) Han from Lanzhou (Xue 2006)
3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han (Hammer 2005)
2.9% (1/34) Han from Chengdu (Xue 2006)
2.9% (1/35) Han from Harbin (Xue 2006)
2.9% (1/35) Han from Meixian (Xue 2006)
0% (0/32) Han from Yili (Xue 2006)

Other populations in which representatives of Paragroup N-LLY22g* have been found include:

Hani (4/34 = 11.8%) (Xue 2006)
Sibe (4/41 = 9.8%) (Xue 2006)
Tujia (2/49 = 4.1%) (Hammer 2005)
Manchu (2/52 = 3.8% (Hammer 2005) to 2/35 = 5.7% (Xue 2006)
Bit (1/28 = 3.6%) (Cai 2011)
Uyghur (2/70 = 2.9% (Xue 2006) to 2/67 = 3.0%) (Hammer 2005)
Tibetan (3/105 = 2.9%(Hammer 2005) to 3/35 = 8.6% (Xue 2006))
Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8% (Rootsi 2006, Xue 2006, and Kim 2007)
Vietnamese (2/70 = 2.9%) (Hammer 2005)
Japanese (0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori) (Hammer 2005)
Maori = 7% ^[3]
Manchurian Evenk (0/26 = 0.0% (Xue 2006) to 1/41 = 2.4%(Hammer 2005))
Altaians (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada),(Hammer 2005)(Kharkov 2007)
Shorians (2/23 = 8.7%) (Rootsi 2006)
Khakas (5/181 = 2.8%) (Rootsi 2006)
Tuvinians (5/311 = 1.6%) (Rootsi 2006)
southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%) (Rootsi 2006)
Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%) (Rootsi 2006)
Fiji (1/107 = 0.9%) (Rootsi 2006)
Yakuts (0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%) (Rootsi 2006)
Turks (1/523 = 0.2%) (Rootsi 2006)

In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N-LLY22g(xM128,P43,Tat) or to N-M231(xLLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat)) (Gayden 2007).

N-M128

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128.^{[Phylogenetics 3]} N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation.^[4] Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of Manchus, Sibes, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

N-P43

Haplogroup N-P43^{[Phylogenetics 4]} is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It is a significantly younger^{[compared to?]} subclade, perhaps only 6,000 to 8,000 years old, with a probable origin in Siberia (Derenko 2007). It is found frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupiks.

Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed in Uralic-speakers and related populations (Rootsi 2006).

N-M46

The mutations that define the subclade N-M46^{[Phylogenetics 5]} are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe (Rootsi 2006). Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.

In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, it is practically non-existent among many of the Yakuts' neighboring ethnic groups, such as Tungusic speakers. It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos (Cai 2011), 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea (Katoh 2004), and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan (Hammer 2005).

The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect ( & Pakendorf 2002). This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area (Crubézy 2010).

N-M178

The subclade N-M178^{[Phylogenetics 6]} is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians (Derenko 2007 and Lappalainen 2008).

Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago (Derenko 2007).

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
N-LLY22g	12	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	N*	N	N1	N1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N-M128	12	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	N1	N1	N1a	N1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N-P63	12	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	N2	N2a	N1b1	N1b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N-TAT	12	VIII	1I	26	Eu13	H5	F	N3*	N3	N1c	N1c	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N-M178	16	VIII	1I	26	Eu14	H5	F	N3a*	M178	N1c1	N1c1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N-P21	16	VIII	1I	26	Eu14	H5	F	N3a1	N3a1	N1c1a	N1c1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

3

Associated mutations (SNPs and UEPs)

B1/B3 The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome. This deletion appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).

Phylogenetic trees

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

NO
- N (M231)
  - N*
  - N1 (LLY22g)
    - N1a (M128)
    - N1b (P43) Found in Siberia, North-East European Russia, Tajikistan Murghob District Kyrghyz
      - N1b1 (P63) Rare outside of Siberia
    - N1c (M46/Tat,P105) N1c* is very rare, found mainly in Asia (dominant among N1c in the Altai^[5]).
      - N1c1 (M178, P298)
        N1c1a (P21)
        
        N1c1b (P67)
        
        N1c1c (P119)
        
        N1c1d (L708) Most common lineage in Europe

Genetics

3

Y-DNA N subclades

3

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Footnotes

^ In Karafet 2010, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.

Work cited

^ Shi, H; Qi, X; Zhong, H; Peng, Y; Zhang, X; et al. (2013). "Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N". PLoS ONE. 8 (6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last6= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/28371-How-Old-Prussian-were-the-East-Prussian-Germans
^ [1]^{[full citation needed]}
^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics • Volume 26 • November 2000
^ Dulik 2012

Journals

Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis (ed.). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (48): 20174–20179. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
Crubézy, Eric; Amory, Sylvain; Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Bodner, Martin; Gibert, Morgane; Röck, Alexander; Parson, Walther; Alexeev, Anatoly; Ludes, Bertrand (2010). "Human evolution in Siberia: From frozen bodies to ancient DNA". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 25. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-25. PMC 2829035. PMID 20100333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Denisova, Galina; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (2007). "Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (9): 763–70. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0179-5. PMID 17703276.
Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, Nanda B.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L.; Herrera, Rene J. (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; Feng, Shi; Wells, R.S.; Redd, Alan J.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–28. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588. In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
Karafet, T. M.; Hallmark, B.; Cox, M. P.; Sudoyo, H.; Downey, S.; Lansing, J. S.; Hammer, M. F. (2010). "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (8): 1833–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.
Katoh, Toru; Munkhbat, Batmunkh; Tounai, Kenichi; Mano, Shuhei; Ando, Harue; Oyungerel, Ganjuur; Chae, Gue-Tae; Han, Huun; Jia, Guan-Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Munkhtuvshin, Namid; Tamiya, Gen; Inoko, Hidetoshi (2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene. 346: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. (2007). "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110.
Kim, Wook; Yoo, Tag-Keun; Kim, Sung-Joo; Shin, Dong-Jik; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Kim, Eun-Tak; Bae, Yoon-Sun (2007). Blagosklonny, Mikhail (ed.). "Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population". PLoS ONE. 2 (1): e172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172. PMC 1766463. PMID 17245448.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Lappalainen, T.; Laitinen, V.; Salmela, E.; Andersen, P.; Huoponen, K.; Savontaus, M.-L.; Lahermo, P. (2008). "Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (3): 337–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x. PMID 18294359.
Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Lunkina, Arina; Czarny, Jakub; Rychkov, Serge; Morozova, Irina; Denisova, Galina; Miscicka-Sliwka, Danuta (2004). "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations". Human Biology. 76 (6): 877–900. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0021. PMID 15974299.
Pakendorf, Brigitte; Morar, Bharti; Tarskaia, Larissa; Kayser, Manfred; Soodyall, Himla; Rodewald, Alexander; Stoneking, Mark (2002). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a strong reduction in male population size of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 110 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0664-4. PMID 11935328.
Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. (2006). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–11. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
Wen, Bo; Xie, Xuanhua; Gao, Song; Li, Hui; Shi, Hong; Song, Xiufeng; Qian, Tingzhi; Xiao, Chunjie; et al. (2004b). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 856–65. doi:10.1086/386292. PMC 1181980. PMID 15042512.
Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. (2005). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.

Websites

ISOGG (2012). "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2012".
McDonald, Doug. "Macdonald Y Haplogroups of the World" (PDF).

Phylogenetics

^ The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N-M231 haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).

^ ^a ^b This table shows historic names for N-LLY22g from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	N-LLY22g
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	12
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1U
Karafet 2001	25
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H5
Capelli 2001	F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	N*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	N
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	N1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	N1

^ This table shows historic names for N-M128 from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	N-M128
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	12
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1U
Karafet 2001	25
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H5
Capelli 2001	F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	N1
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	N1
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	N1a
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	N1a

^ This branch is sometimes called N1b in early trees.

^ This table shows historic names for N-M46 (AKA N-Tat) from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	N-M46/N-TAT
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	12
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1I
Karafet 2001	26
Semino 2000	Eu13
Su 1999	H5
Capelli 2001	F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	N3*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	N3
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	N1c
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	N1c

^ This table shows historic names for N-M178 from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	N-M178
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	16
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1I
Karafet 2001	26
Semino 2000	Eu14
Su 1999	H5
Capelli 2001	F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	N3a*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	M178
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	N1c1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	N1c1

External links

[vanOven2014-13] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-14] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-15] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-16] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[F-Y27277-17] F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

[LT-18] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-19] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2b-20] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2b1-21] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-22] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[K-M2313-23] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[S-24] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-25] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[5] In Karafet 2010, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.

[Shi-1] Shi, H; Qi, X; Zhong, H; Peng, Y; Zhang, X; et al. (2013). "Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N". PLoS ONE. 8 (6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last6= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[2] ttp://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/28371-How-Old-Prussian-were-the-East-Prussian-Germans

[Y_Haplogroups_Of_The_World-6] [1]^{[full citation needed]}

[Underhill2000-8] Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics • Volume 26 • November 2000

[12] Dulik 2012

[B2/B3-3] The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N-M231 haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).

[N-LLY22g*-4] This table shows historic names for N-LLY22g from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-LLY22g

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 12

Underhill 2000 VIII

Hammer 2001 1U

Karafet 2001 25

Semino 2000 Eu16

Su 1999 H5

Capelli 2001 F

YCC 2002 (Longhand) N*

YCC 2005 (Longhand) N

YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1

YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1

[N-M128-7] This table shows historic names for N-M128 from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M128

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 12

Underhill 2000 VIII

Hammer 2001 1U

Karafet 2001 25

Semino 2000 Eu16

Su 1999 H5

Capelli 2001 F

YCC 2002 (Longhand) N1

YCC 2005 (Longhand) N1

YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1a

YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1a

[N-P43-9] This branch is sometimes called N1b in early trees.

[N-M46-10] This table shows historic names for N-M46 (AKA N-Tat) from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M46/N-TAT

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 12

Underhill 2000 VIII

Hammer 2001 1I

Karafet 2001 26

Semino 2000 Eu13

Su 1999 H5

Capelli 2001 F

YCC 2002 (Longhand) N3*

YCC 2005 (Longhand) N3

YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1c

YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1c

[N-M178-11] This table shows historic names for N-M178 from peer reviewed literature.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M178

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 16

Underhill 2000 VIII

Hammer 2001 1I

Karafet 2001 26

Semino 2000 Eu14

Su 1999 H5

Capelli 2001 F

YCC 2002 (Longhand) N3a*

YCC 2005 (Longhand) M178

YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1c1

YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1c1

[1]

[2]

[Phylogenetics 1]

[Phylogenetics 2]

[Footnote 1]

[3]

[Phylogenetics 3]

[4]

[Phylogenetics 4]

[Phylogenetics 5]

[Phylogenetics 6]

[5]

[χ 1]

[χ 2]

[χ 3]

[χ 4]

[χ 5]

[χ 6]

[χ 7]

[χ 8]

[χ 9]

[χ 10]

[χ 11]

[χ 12]

[χ 13]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | name         = N
 | map          = Haplogrupo N (ADN-Y).PNG
-| origin-date  = 20,000 to 25,000 years BP<ref name="Shi" >Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013) [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066102 Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N.] PLoS ONE 8(6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102</ref>
+| origin-date  = 20,000 to 25,000 years BP<ref name="Shi" >{{cite journal | last1 = Shi | first1 = H | last2 = Qi | first2 = X | last3 = Zhong | first3 = H | last4 = Peng | first4 = Y | last5 = Zhang | first5 = X | display-authors = 5 | last6 = et al | year = 2013 | title = Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066102 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 6| page = e66102 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0066102 }}</ref>
 | origin-place = East Asia
 | ancestor     = [[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==Origins==
 Haplogroup N-M231 is a descendant haplogroup of [[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup NO]]. It is considered relatively young, having populated the north of Eurasia after the last Ice Age. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the [[Holocene]].
 The absence of haplogroup N-M231 in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] {{harv|Chiaroni|2009}}. It is suggested that it arose in southeast Asia 19.4±4.8 ky years ago, and then migrated in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe {{harv|Rootsi|2006}}.
 ==Distribution==
 Haplogroup N-231 has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in more southerly areas, including Southeast Asia, Nepal, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe.
 Its highest frequency occurs among the [[Finnic peoples|Finnic]] and [[Balts|Baltic]] peoples of northern Europe, the [[Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] and [[Samoyedic peoples|Northern Samoyedic]] peoples of western Siberia, and the [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]]-speaking [[Yakuts]] {{harv|McDonald|2005}}.
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 *{{cite journal|last1=Karafet|year=2010|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq063|title=Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia|first1=T. M.|last2=Hallmark|first2=B.|last3=Cox|first3=M. P.|last4=Sudoyo|first4=H.|last5=Downey|first5=S.|last6=Lansing|first6=J. S.|last7=Hammer|first7=M. F.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=27|issue=8|pages=1833–44|pmid=20207712}}
 *{{cite journal|last1=Katoh|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023|title=Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis|first1=Toru|last2=Munkhbat|first2=Batmunkh|last3=Tounai|first3=Kenichi|last4=Mano|first4=Shuhei|last5=Ando|first5=Harue|last6=Oyungerel|first6=Ganjuur|last7=Chae|first7=Gue-Tae|last8=Han|first8=Huun|last9=Jia|first9=Guan-Jun|last10=Tokunaga|first10=Katsushi|last11=Munkhtuvshin|first11=Namid|last12=Tamiya|first12=Gen|last13=Inoko|first13=Hidetoshi|journal=Gene|volume=346|pages=63–70|pmid=15716011}}
-*{{cite journal|last1=Kharkov|year=2007|doi=10.1134/S1022795407050110|title=Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups|first1=V. N.|last2=Stepanov|first2=V. A.|last3=Medvedeva|first3=O. F.|last4=Spiridonova|first4=M. G.|last5=Voevoda|first5=M. I.|last6=Tadinova|first6=V. N.|last7=Puzyrev|first7=V. P.|journal=Russian Journal of Genetics|volume=43|issue=5|pages=551}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Kharkov|year=2007|doi=10.1134/S1022795407050110|title=Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups|first1=V. N.|last2=Stepanov|first2=V. A.|last3=Medvedeva|first3=O. F.|last4=Spiridonova|first4=M. G.|last5=Voevoda|first5=M. I.|last6=Tadinova|first6=V. N.|last7=Puzyrev|first7=V. P.|journal=Russian Journal of Genetics|volume=43|issue=5|pages=551–562}}
 *{{cite journal|last1=Kim|year=2007|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000172|title=Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population|editor1-last=Blagosklonny|editor1-first=Mikhail|first1=Wook|last2=Yoo|first2=Tag-Keun|last3=Kim|first3=Sung-Joo|last4=Shin|first4=Dong-Jik|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Jin|first6=Han-Jun|last7=Kwak|first7=Kyoung-Don|last8=Kim|first8=Eun-Tak|last9=Bae|first9=Yoon-Sun|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=2|pages=e172|pmid=17245448|issue=1|pmc=1766463}}
 *{{cite journal|last1=Lappalainen|year=2008|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x|title=Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region|first1=T.|last2=Laitinen|first2=V.|last3=Salmela|first3=E.|last4=Andersen|first4=P.|last5=Huoponen|first5=K.|last6=Savontaus|first6=M.-L.|last7=Lahermo|first7=P.|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=3|pages=337–48|pmid=18294359}}
@@ Line 227: / Line 227: @@
 *{{cite journal|last1=Pakendorf|year=2002|doi=10.1007/s00439-001-0664-4|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a strong reduction in male population size of Yakuts|first1=Brigitte|last2=Morar|first2=Bharti|last3=Tarskaia|first3=Larissa|last4=Kayser|first4=Manfred|last5=Soodyall|first5=Himla|last6=Rodewald|first6=Alexander|last7=Stoneking|first7=Mark|journal=Human Genetics|volume=110|issue=2|pages=198–200|pmid=11935328}}
 *{{cite journal|last1=Rootsi|year=2006|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748|title=A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe|first1=Siiri|last2=Zhivotovsky|first2=Lev A|last3=Baldovič|first3=Marian|last4=Kayser|first4=Manfred|last5=Kutuev|first5=Ildus A|last6=Khusainova|first6=Rita|last7=Bermisheva|first7=Marina A|last8=Gubina|first8=Marina|last9=Fedorova|first9=Sardana A|last10=Ilumäe|first10=Anne-Mai|last11=Khusnutdinova|first11=Elza K|last12=Voevoda|first12=Mikhail I|last13=Osipova|first13=Ludmila P|last14=Stoneking|first14=Mark|last15=Lin|first15=Alice A|last16=Ferak|first16=Vladimir|last17=Parik|first17=Jüri|last18=Kivisild|first18=Toomas|last19=Underhill|first19=Peter A|last20=Villems|first20=Richard|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|issue=2|pages=204–11|pmid=17149388|display-authors=8}}
-*{{cite journal|last1=Wen|year=2004b|doi=10.1086/386292|title=Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans|first1=Bo|last2=Xie|first2=Xuanhua|last3=Gao|first3=Song|last4=Li|first4=Hui|last5=Shi|first5=Hong|last6=Song|first6=Xiufeng|last7=Qian|first7=Tingzhi|last8=Xiao|first8=Chunjie|last9=Jin|first9=Jianzhong|last10=Su|first10=Bing|last11=Lu|first11=Daru|last12=Chakraborty|first12=Ranajit|last13=Jin|first13=Li|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=856|display-authors=8}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Wen|year=2004b|doi=10.1086/386292|title=Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans|first1=Bo|last2=Xie|first2=Xuanhua|last3=Gao|first3=Song|last4=Li|first4=Hui|last5=Shi|first5=Hong|last6=Song|first6=Xiufeng|last7=Qian|first7=Tingzhi|last8=Xiao|first8=Chunjie|last9=Jin|first9=Jianzhong|last10=Su|first10=Bing|last11=Lu|first11=Daru|last12=Chakraborty|first12=Ranajit|last13=Jin|first13=Li|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=856–65|display-authors=8|pmid=15042512|pmc=1181980}}
 *{{cite journal|last1=Xue|year=2005|doi=10.1534/genetics.105.054270|title=Male Demography in East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times|first1=Y.|journal=Genetics|volume=172|issue=4|pages=2431–9|pmid=16489223|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|last3=Bao|first3=W|last4=Zhu|first4=S|last5=Shu|first5=Q|last6=Xu|first6=J|last7=Du|first7=R|last8=Fu|first8=S|last9=Li|first9=P|last10=Hurles|first10=M. E.|last11=Yang|first11=H|last12=Tyler-Smith|first12=C|pmc=1456369|display-authors=8}}
@@ Line 244: / Line 244: @@
 *{{cite web|author=ISOGG|title=Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2011|year=2011|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/Main11.html}}
 *{{cite web|author=ISOGG|title=Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2014|year=2014|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpN.html}}
 *{{cite web|author=YFull|title=YFull Experimental YTree|url=http://www.yfull.com/tree/N/}}

Revision as of 15:52, 26 December 2015

Origins

Distribution

Subclade distribution

Paragroup N-M231*

Paragroup N-LLY22g*

N-M128

N-P43

N-M46

N-M178

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Original research publications

Associated mutations (SNPs and UEPs)

Phylogenetic trees

Tree

Genetics

Y-DNA N subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Footnotes

Work cited

Further reading

Phylogenetics

External links