1975 in science: Difference between revisions
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* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] coins the term ''[[fractal]]''. |
* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] coins the term ''[[fractal]]''. |
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* The [[Harada–Norton group]] is discovered.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Harada|first=Koichiro|title=Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|location=Boston, MA|mr=0401904|year=1976|chapter=On the simple group F of order <math>2^{14}\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5^{6}\cdot 7\cdot 11\cdot 19</math>|pages=119–276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Simon P.|last=Norton|title=F and other simple groups|publisher=PhD Thesis|location=University of Cambridge|year=1975}}</ref> |
* The [[Harada–Norton group]] is discovered.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Harada|first=Koichiro|title=Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|location=Boston, MA|mr=0401904|year=1976|chapter=On the simple group F of order <math>2^{14}\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5^{6}\cdot 7\cdot 11\cdot 19</math>|pages=119–276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Simon P.|last=Norton|title=F and other simple groups|publisher=PhD Thesis|location=University of Cambridge|year=1975}}</ref> |
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* [[John N. Mather]] and [[Richard McGehee]] prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mather, J. N.; McGehee, R.|title=Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time|journal=[[Lecture Notes in Physics]]|volume=38|year=1975|pages=573–597|doi=10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ams.org/notices/199505/saari-2.pdf|author=Saari, Donald G.|author2=Xia, Zhihong (Jeff)|title=Off to infinity in finite time|journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]|year=1995|volume=42|issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Three_body_problem|first=Alain|last=Chenciner|title=The three body problem|year=2007|website=Scholarpedia|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.2111|accessdate=2015-12-27}}</ref> |
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* The [[Monty Hall problem]] in [[probability]] is first posed, by [[Steve Selvin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=A problem in probability (letter to the editor)|journal=[[The American Statistician]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=67–71|date=February 1975|doi=10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)|journal=American Statistician|volume=29|issue=3|page=134 |date=August 1975}}</ref> |
* The [[Monty Hall problem]] in [[probability]] is first posed, by [[Steve Selvin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=A problem in probability (letter to the editor)|journal=[[The American Statistician]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=67–71|date=February 1975|doi=10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)|journal=American Statistician|volume=29|issue=3|page=134 |date=August 1975}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:42, 27 December 2015
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The year 1975 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- April 19 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, is launched using Soviet boosters.
- July 17 – Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
- August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.
Biology
- August 7 – César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.[1][2]
- Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri), previously known only from fossils, are identified in Paraguay.[3]
Climatology
- August 8 – The term global warming is probably first used in its modern sense by Wallace Smith Broecker.[4][5][6]
Computer science
- January – Altair 8800 is released, sparking the era of the microcomputer.
- March 5 – Hackers in Silicon Valley hold the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
- April 4 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen form a company at this time called Micro Soft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800.
Mathematics
- Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term fractal.
- The Harada–Norton group is discovered.[7][8]
- John N. Mather and Richard McGehee prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.[9][10][11]
- The Monty Hall problem in probability is first posed, by Steve Selvin.[12][13]
Medicine
- Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
- Mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for dementia or other cognitive dysfunction.[14]
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Turing Award – Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon
Births
- July 11 – Naomi McClure-Griffiths, American-born astrophysicist.
- July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian-born mathematician.
- November 14 – Martin Hairer, Austrian-born mathematician.
- Catherine A. Lozupone, American microbiologist.
Deaths
- February 14 – Sir Julian Huxley (b. 1887), English biologist and author.
- May 14 – Ernst Alexanderson (b. 1878), Swedish American television pioneer.
- May 18 – Christopher Strachey (b. 1916), English computer scientist.
- June 27 – Sir Geoffrey Taylor (b. 1886), English physicist.
- October 10 – August Dvorak (b. 1894), American educational psychologist.
- November – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (b. 1896), American astronomer.
- December 28 – Frances McConnell-Mills (b. 1900), American toxicologist.
References
- ^ Kohler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 (5517): 495–497. Bibcode:1975Natur.256..495K. doi:10.1038/256495a0. PMID 1172191.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future" (PDF). Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
- ^ Naish, Darren (2008-11-24). "New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive". Tetrapod Zoology. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Broecker, Wallace S. (1975-08-08). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". Science. 189 (4201): 460–463. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..460B. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460.
- ^ Stefan (2010-07-28). "Happy 35th birthday, global warming!". RealClimate. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
[Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles
- ^ Johnson, Brad (2010-08-03). "Wally's World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ^ Harada, Koichiro (1976). "On the simple group F of order ". Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975). Boston, MA: Academic Press. pp. 119–276. MR 0401904.
- ^ Norton, Simon P. (1975). F and other simple groups. University of Cambridge: PhD Thesis.
- ^ Mather, J. N.; McGehee, R. (1975). "Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time". Lecture Notes in Physics. 38: 573–597. doi:10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Saari, Donald G.; Xia, Zhihong (Jeff) (1995). "Off to infinity in finite time" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 42 (5).
- ^ Chenciner, Alain (2007). "The three body problem". Scholarpedia. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2111. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Selvin, Steve (February 1975). "A problem in probability (letter to the editor)". The American Statistician. 29 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121.
- ^ Selvin, Steve (August 1975). "On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)". American Statistician. 29 (3): 134.
- ^ Folstein, Marshal F.; Folstein, Susan E.; McHugh Paul R. (November 1975). ""Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician" (PDF). Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID 1202204. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
