List of organisms by chromosome count: Difference between revisions

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! style="background-color:lightgreen;" |[[Sugarcane]]<br/>''([[Saccharum officinarum]])''
| 80<ref name="pmid20416060">{{cite journal| author=Wang J, Roe B, Macmil S, Yu Q, Murray JE, Tang H et al.| title=Microcollinearity between autopolyploid sugarcane and diploid sorghum genomes. | journal=BMC Genomics | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 261 | pmid=20416060 | doi=10.1186/1471-2164-11-261 | pmc=2882929 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20416060 }} </ref>
| [[File:Cut sugarcane.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Karyotype of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum LA Purple).png|150px]]
| This is for ''[[Saccharum officinarum|S. officinarum]]'' ([[octoploid]], 2n = 8× = 80).<ref name="pmid20416060"/> About 70% of the world’s [[sugar]] comes from this species.<ref name="urlSaccharum officinarum L">{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:419977-1 |title=Saccharum officinarum L. &#124; Plants of the World Online &#124; Kew Science |format= |work= |accessdate=2017-07-02}}</ref> Other species in the genus ''[[Saccharum]]'', collectively known as sugarcane, have chromosome numbers in the range 2n=40-128.<ref name="HenryKole2010">{{cite book|author1=Robert J. Henry|author2=Chittaranjan Kole|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Sugarcane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeVyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=2n|date=15 August 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-4860-9|pages=70–}}</ref>
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! style="background-color:pink;" |Pigeon<br/>''([[Columbidae]])''
! style="background-color:pink;" |Pigeon<br/>''([[Columbidae]])''

Revision as of 01:45, 2 July 2017

Karyotype of a human being, showing 22 pair of autosomal chromosomes and both the XX female and the XY male possibilities for the pair of sex chromosome
Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere. As other non-human extant hominidae have 48 chromosomes it is believed that the human chromosome 2 is the end result of the merging of two chromosomes.[1]

The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype,[2][3][4] and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.[5] The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.

Chromosome number ("2n") is given, except as noted.

Humans have 46 chromosomes.

  Animals
  Plants
  Other Eukaryotes
Organism
(Scientific name)		 Chromosome number (2n = x), except as noted Picture Karyotype Notes
Jack jumper ant
(Myrmecia pilosula) 		2[6] 2 for females, males are haploid and thus have 1; smallest number possible. Other ant species have more chromosomes.[6]
Australian daisy
(Brachyscome dichromosomatica) 		4[7] This species can have more B chromosomes than A chromosomes at times, but 2n=4.
Spider mite 4–14[8] Spider mites (family Tetranychidae) are typically haplodiploidy (males are haploid, while females are diploid)[8]
Yellowfever mosquito
(Aedes aegypti) 		6[9] The 2n=6 chromosome number is conserved in the entire family Culicidae, except in Chagasia bathana, which has 2n=8.[9]
Indian muntjac
(Muntiacus muntjak) 		6/7[10] female/male
Hieracium 8
Fruit fly
(Drosophila melanogaster) 		8[11] 6 autosomal, and 2 sexual
Macrostomum lignano
(Macrostomum lignano) 		8[12]
Thale cress
(Arabidopsis thaliana) 		10
Swamp wallaby
(Wallabia bicolor) 		10/11 11 for male, 10 for female[13]
Nematode
(Caenorhabditis elegans) 		12/11 12 for hermaphrodites, 11 for males
Spinach
(Spinacia oleracea) 		12[14]
Yellow dung fly
(Scathophaga stercoraria) 		12[15] 10 autosomal and 2 sex chromosomes. Males have XY sex chromosomes and females have XX sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are the largest chromosomes and constitute 30% of the total length of the diploid set in females and about 25% in males.[15]
Slime mold
(Dictyostelium discoideum) 		12[16]
Cucumber
(Cucumis sativus) 		14[17]
Tasmanian devil
(Sarcophilus harrisii) 		14
Rye
(Secale cereale) 		14[18]
Pea
(Pisum sativum) 		14[18]
Barley
(Hordeum vulgare) 		14[19]
Aloe vera 14[20] The diploid chromosome number is 2n = 14 with four pair of long acrocentric chromosomes ranging from 14.4 μm to 17.9 μm and three pair of short sub metacentric chromosomes ranging from 4.6 μm to 5.4 μm.[20]
Koala
(Phascolarctos cinereus) 		16
Kangaroo 16 This includes several members of genus Macropus, but not the red kangaroo (M. rufus, 20)[21]
Onion
(Allium cepa) 		16[22]
Radish
(Raphanus sativus) 		18[18]
Carrot
(Daucus carota) 		18[23] The genus Daucus includes around 25 species. D. carota has nine chromosome pairs (2n = 2x = 18). D. capillifolius, D. sahariensis and D. syrticus are the other members of the genus with 2n = 18 , whereas D. muricatus (2n = 20) and D. pusillus (2n = 22) have a slightly higher chromosome number. A few polyploid species as for example D. glochidiatus (2n = 4x = 44) and D. montanus (2n = 6x = 66) also exist.[23]
Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea) 		18[18] Broccoli, cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower are all the same species and have the same chromosome number.[18]
Lemon
(Citrus limon) 		18[24]
Passion fruit
(Passiflora edulis) 		18[25]
Setaria viridis
(Setaria viridis) 		18[26]
Maize
(Zea mays) 		20[18]
Cannabis
(Cannabis sativa) 		20
Western clawed frog
(Xenopus tropicalis) 		20[27]
Australian pitcher plant
(Cephalotus follicularis) 		20[28]
Cacao
(Theobroma cacao) 		20[29]
Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus) 		22[30]
Virginia opossum
(Didelphis virginiana) 		22[31]
Bean
(Phaseolus sp.) 		22[18] All species in the genus have the same chromosome number, including P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolis,and P. lunatus.[18]
Snail 24
Melon
(Cucumis melo) 		24[32]
Rice
(Oryza sativa) 		24[18]
Silverleaf nightshade
(Solanum elaeagnifolium) 		24[33]
Sweet chestnut
(Castanea sativa) 		24[34]
Tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) 		24[35]
European beech
(Fagus sylvatica) 		24[36]
Bittersweet nightshade
(Solanum dulcamara) 		24[37][38]
Cork oak
(Quercus suber) 		24[39]
Edible frog
(Pelophylax kl. esculentus) 		26[40] Edible frog is the fertile hybrid of the pool frog and the marsh frog.[41]
Bed bug
(Cimex lectularius) 		29-47[42] 26 autosomes and varying number of the sex chromosomes from three (X1X2Y) to 21 (X1X2Y+18 extra Xs).[42]
Pill millipede
(Arthrosphaera magna attems) 		30 [43]
American mink
(Neovison vison) 		30
Pistachio
(Pistacia vera) 		30[44]
Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerivisiae) 		32
European honey bee
(Apis mellifera) 		32/16[45] 32 for females (2n = 32), males are haploid and thus have 16 (1n =16).[45]
American badger
(Taxidea taxus) 		32
Alfalfa
(Medicago sativa) 		32[18] Cultivated alfalfa is tetraploid, with 2n=4x=32. Wild relatives have 2n=16.[18]: 165 
Red fox
(Vulpes vulpes) 		34[46] Plus 3-5 microsomes.
Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) 		34[47]
Porcupine
(Erethizon dorsatum) 		34[48]
Globe artichoke
(Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) 		34[49]
Yellow mongoose
(Cynictis penicillata) 		36
Tibetan sand fox
(Vulpes ferrilata) 		36
Starfish
(Asteroidea) 		36
Red panda
(Ailurus fulgens) 		36
Meerkat
(Suricata suricatta) 		36
Long-nosed cusimanse
(crossarchus obscurus) 		36
Earthworm
(Lumbricus terrestris) 		36
African clawed frog
(Xenopus laevis) 		36[27]
Waterwheel plant
(Aldrovanda vesiculosa) 		38[28]
Tiger
(Panthera tigris) 		38
Tanuki/raccoon dog
(Nyctereutes procyonoides albus) 		38
Sea otter
(Enhydra lutris) 		38
Sable
(Martes zibellina) 		38
Raccoon
(Procyon lotor) 		38[50]
Pine marten
(Martes martes) 		38
Pig
(Sus) 		38
Oriental small-clawed otter
(Aonyx cinerea) 		38
Lion
(Panthera leo) 		38
Fisher 38 a type of marten
European mink
(Mustela lutreola) 		38
Coatimundi 38
Cat
(Felis silvestris catus) 		38
Beech marten
(Martes foina) 		38
Baja California ratsnake
(Bogertophis rosaliae) 		38[51]
American marten
(Martes americana) 		38
Trans-Pecos ratsnake
(Bogertophis subocularis) 		40[52]
Mouse
(Mus musculus) 		40[53]
Mango
(Mangifera indica) 		40[18]
Hyena
(Hyaenidae) 		40
Ferret
(Mustela putorius furo) 		40
European polecat
(Mustela putorius) 		40
Beaver (American)
(Castor canadensis) 		40
Peanut
(Arachis hypogaea) 		40[54] Cultivated peanut is a allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 40). Its closest relatives are the diploid (2n = 2x = 20).[54]
Wolverine
(Gulo gulo) 		42
Wheat
(Triticum aestivum) 		42[18] This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Durum wheat is Triticum turgidum var. durum, and is a tetraploid with 2n=4x=28.[18]
Rhesus monkey
(Macaca mulatta) 		42[55]
Rat
(Rattus norvegicus) 		42[56]
Raccoon dog
(Nyctereutes procyonoides) 		42 some sources say sub-species differ with 38, 54, and even 56 chromosomes
Oats
(Avena sativa) 		42[18] This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Diploid and tetraploid cultivated species also exist.[18]
Giant panda
(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 		42
Fossa
(Cryptoprocta ferox) 		42
European rabbit
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) 		44
Eurasian badger
(Meles meles) 		44
Moon jellyfish
(Aurelia aurita) 		44[57]
Dolphin
(Delphinidae Delphi) 		44
Coffea arabica
(Coffea arabica) 		44 Out of the 103 species in the genus Coffea, arabica coffee is the only tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 44), the remaining species being diploid with 2n = 2x = 22.[58]
Sable antelope
(Hippotragus niger) 		46
Reeves's muntjac
(Muntiacus reevesi) 		46
Human
(Homo sapiens) 		46[59] 44 autosomal and 2 sex
Parhyale hawaiensis 46[60]
Water buffalo (river type)
(Bubalus bubalis) 		48
Tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum) 		48[18] Cultivated species is a tetraploid.[18]
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum) 		48[18] This is a tetraploid; wild relatives mostly have 2n=24.[18]
Orangutan
(Pongo) 		48
Hare
(Lepus)

[61][62]

48
Gorilla
(Gorilla) 		48
Deer mouse
(Peromyscus maniculatus) 		48
Chimpanzee
(Pan troglodytes) 		48[63]
Beaver (Eurasian)
(Castor fiber) 		48
Zebrafish
(Danio rerio) 		50[64]
Water buffalo (swamp type)
(Bubalus bubalis) 		50
Striped skunk
(Mephitis mephitis) 		50
Pineapple
(Ananas comosus) 		50[18]
Kit fox
(Vulpes macrotis) 		50
Spectacled bear
(Tremarctos ornatus) 		52
Platypus
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus) 		52[65] Ten sex chromosomes. Males have X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5, females have X1X1X2X2X3X3X4X4X5X5.[66]
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) 		52[18] 2n=4x; Cultivated upland cotton is derived from an allotetraploid
Sheep
(Ovis orientalis aries) 		54
Hyrax
(Hyracoidea) 		54[67] Hyraxes were considered to be the closest living relatives of Elephants,[68] but sirenians have been found to be more closely related to elephants.
Capuchin monkey
(Cebus x) 		54[69]
Silkworm
(Bombyx mori) 		56[70] File:Silkworm & cocoon.jpg
Strawberry
(Fragaria) 		56[71] This number is octoploid, main cultivated species Fragaria × ananassa (2n = 8x = 56). In genus Fragaria, basic chromosome number is seven (x = 7) and multiple levels of ploidy, ranging from diploid (2n = 2x = 14) to decaploid (F. iturupensis, 2n = 10x = 70), are known.[71]
Gaur
(Bos gaurus) 		56
Elephant
(Elephantidae) 		56
Woolly mammoth
(Mammuthus primigenius) 		58 extinct; tissue from a frozen carcass
Yak
(Bos mutus) 		60
Goat
(Capra aegagrus hircus) 		60
Cow/Bull
(Bos primigenius) 		60
American bison
(Bison bison) 		60
Bengal fox
(Vulpes bengalensis) 		60
Gypsy moth
(Lymantria dispar dispar) 		62
Giraffe
(Giraffa camelopardalis) 		62
Donkey
(Equus africanus asinus) 		62
Scarlet macaw
(Ara macao) 		62-64[72]
Mule 63 semi-infertile (odd number of chromosomes - between donkey (62) and horse (64) makes meiosis much more difficult)
Guinea pig
(Cavia porcellus) 		64
Spotted skunk
(Spilogale x) 		64
Horse
(Equus ferus caballus) 		64
Fennec fox
(Vulpes zerda) 		64[46]
Echidna 63/64 63 (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5, male) and 64 (X1X1X2X2X3X3X4X4X5X5, female)[73]
Chinchilla
(Chinchilla lanigera) 		64[48]
Nine-banded armadillo
(Dasypus novemcinctus) 		64[74]
Raccoon dog
(Nyctereutes procyonoides) 		66 Some variation in the number of chromosomes between individuals[75]
Gray fox
(Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 		66[46]
Red deer
(Cervus elaphus) 		68
Elk (Wapiti)
(Cervus canadensis) 		68
Roadside hawk
(Rupornis magnirostris) 		68[76]
White-tailed deer
(Odocoileus virginianus) 		70
Black nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) 		72[77]
Bat-eared fox
(Otocyon megalotis) 		72[46]
Sun bear
(Helarctos malayanus) 		74
Sloth bear
(Melursus ursinus) 		74
Polar bear
(Ursus maritimus) 		74
Brown bear
(Ursus arctos) 		74
Asiatic black bear
(Ursus thibetanus) 		74
American black bear
(Ursus americanus) 		74
Maned wolf
(Chrysocyon brachyurus) 		76
Gray wolf
(Canis lupus) 		78
Golden jackal
(Canis aureus) 		78[46]
Dove
(Columbidae) 		78[78] Based on African collared dove
Dog
(Canis lupus familiaris) 		78[79] Normal dog karyotype is composed of 38 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and two metacentric sex chromosomes.[80][81]
Dingo
(Canis lupus dingo) 		78[46]
Dhole
(Cuon alpinus) 		78
Coyote
(Canis latrans) 		78[46]
Chicken
(Gallus gallus domesticus) 		78
African wild dog
(Lycaon pictus) 		78[46]
Tropical pitcher plant
(Nepenthes rafflesiana) 		78[28]
Turkey
(Meles) 		80[82]
Sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum) 		80[83] This is for S. officinarum (octoploid, 2n = 8× = 80).[83] About 70% of the world’s sugar comes from this species.[84] Other species in the genus Saccharum, collectively known as sugarcane, have chromosome numbers in the range 2n=40-128.[85]
Pigeon
(Columbidae) 		80[86]
Great white shark
(Carcharodon carcharias) 		82[87]
Hedgehog genus Erinaceus (woodland hedgehogs) 88
Moonworts
(Botrychium) 		90
Hedgehog Genus Atelerix (African hedgehogs) 90
Grape fern
(Sceptridium) 		90
Pittier's crab-eating rat
(Ichthyomys pittieri) 		92[88] Previously thought to be the highest number in mammals, tied with Anotomys leander.
Shrimp
(Penaeus semisulcatus) 		86–92[89]
Aquatic rat
(Anotomys leander) 		92[88] Previously thought to be the highest number in mammals, tied with Ichthyomys pittieri.
Kamraj (fern)
(Helminthostachys zeylanica) 		94
Carp
(Carassius carassius) 		100[90]
Red viscacha rat
(Tympanoctomys barrerae) 		102[91] Highest number known in mammals, thought to be a tetraploid[92] or allotetraploid.[93]
Walking catfish
(Clarias batrachus) 		104[94]
American paddlefish
(Polyodon spathula) 		120[95]
Northern lamprey
(Petromyzontinae) 		174[96]
Rattlesnake fern
(Botrypus virginianus) 		184[97]
Red king crab
(Paralithodes camtschaticus) 		208
Field horsetail
(Equisetum arvense) 		216
Adders-tongue
(Ophioglossum) 		240 n=120–720 with a high degree of polyploidization[98] n=720 in hexaploid species O. reticulatum. A google book search for "ophioglossum reticulatum chromosomes" returns values of 2n=768 and 2n=1260, though these sources may be wp:circular and unreliable.
Agrodiaetus butterfly
(Agrodiaetus shahrami) 		268[99] This insect has one of the highest chromosome numbers among all animals.
Black mulberry
(Morus nigra) 		308[100] In this case, the chromosome number is docosaploid, or 22 times the basic number.
Atlas blue
(Polyommatus atlantica) 		448-452[101] 2n = circa 448-452. Highest number of chromosomes in the non-polyploid eukaryotic organisms.[101]
Ciliated protozoa
(Tetrahymena thermophila) 		10 (in micronucleus) 50x = 12,500 (in macronucleus, except minichromosomes)
10,000x = 10,000 (macronuclear minichromosomes)[102]
Ciliated protozoa
(Oxytricha trifallax) 		15,600 MAC chromosomes × 1900 ploidy level =
29.64 × 106 chromosomes[103][104][105] 		Macronuclear "nanochromosomes"; ampliploid.

See also

References

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External links

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