Apple cider vinegar: Difference between revisions
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== Folk medicine == |
== Folk medicine == |
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Despite its history of use in [[traditional medicine]], there is no [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] to support any [[health claim]]s – such as for [[weight loss]] or [[skin infection]]s – and its use is not [[Indication (medicine)|recommended]] in [[medical guidelines]] of any major public health organization.<ref name=NCPC>{{cite web|url=http://www.poison.org/articles/vinegar-164|title=Vinegar: Not Just for Salad|publisher=National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC|author=Mary Elizabeth May|date=2017|accessdate=1 March 2017}}</ref> There is no high-quality evidence that consuming apple cider vinegar has an effect on [[blood glucose]] and [[cholesterol]].<ref name=NCPC/> |
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Apple cider vinegar has been used as a [[traditional medicine|folk remedy]] for centuries.<ref name=ns /> Since the 1970s, it has been promoted with a number of [[health claim]]s, including that it can aid [[weight loss]] and prevent [[skin infection]].<ref name=ns /> Although the acetic acid in vinegar can help prevent the growth of certain bacteria and fungi,<ref name=MedlinePlus>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000622.htm |title=Swimmer’s ear |publisher=[[MedlinePlus]] ([[United States National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]) |date=31 August 2016 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015223641/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000622.htm |archive-date=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Mayo>{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351682 |title=Swimmer's ear |publisher=[[Mayo clinic|Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)]] |date=5 May 2016 |accessdate=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226093852/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351682 |archive-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> vinegar is not effective at inhibiting the growth of many bacteria that cause wound infections, and it can be caustic with prolonged contact.<ref name=NCPC>{{cite web|url=http://www.poison.org/articles/vinegar-164|title=Vinegar: Not Just for Salad|publisher=National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC|date=2017|accessdate=1 March 2017}}</ref> |
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There is no conclusive [[scientific evidence]] to support any of the claims of the health benefits of apple cider vinegar,<ref name=ns /> and its use is not [[Indication (medicine)|indicated]] in [[medical guidelines]] published by any major public health organisation. |
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The effect of apple cider vinegar consumption on [[blood glucose]] and [[cholesterol]] in humans has been the subject of research,<ref name=Diabetes>{{cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Carol S |last2=Kim |first2=Cindy M |last3=Buller |first3=Amanda J |last-author-amp=yes |date=January 2004 |title=Vinegar Improves Insulin Sensitivity to a High-Carbohydrate Meal in Subjects With Insulin Resistance or Type 2 Diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/1/281.full |journal=[[Diabetes Care]], [[American Diabetes Association]] |doi=10.2337/diacare.27.1.281 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=281–282 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015959/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/1/281 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name=EJCN>{{cite journal |last=Brighenti |first=F |last2=Castellani |first2=G |last3=Benini |first3=L |last4=Casiraghi |first4=MC |last5=Leopardi |first5=E |last6=Crovetti |first6=R |last7=Testolin |first7=G |last-author-amp=yes |date=April 1995 |title=Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7796781 |journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=242-247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219021453/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7796781 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019 |pmid=7796781 }}</ref> however studies have not yet produced sufficient evidence for medical organisations to consider any recommendations. Early results suggesting some positive effects on small sample sizes led to renewed media interest in apple cider vinegar.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37229792 |title=Are the health claims about apple cider vinegar true? |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]] |date=1 September 2016 |accessdate=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711014256/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37229792 |archive-date=11 July 2018}}</ref> |
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[[Topical medication|Topical]] application of solutions containing low concentrations of acetic acid is considered to be an effective treatment for uncomplicated cases of acute [[otitis externa]] (swimmer's ear).<ref name=Cochrane>{{cite journal |last=Kaushvik |first=V |last2=Malik |first2=T |last3=Saeed |first3=SR |last-author-amp=yes |date=20 January 2010 |title=Interventions for acute otitis externa |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091565 |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004740.pub2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226100439/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091565 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |pmid=20091565 }}</ref><ref name=BMJ>{{cite journal |last=Hajioff |first=Daniel |last2=MacKeith |first2=Samuel |last-author-amp=yes |date=15 June 2015 |title=Otitis externa |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466798/ |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |volume=2015:0510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112417/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074134 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |pmid=26074134 }}</ref><ref name=AAO-HNS>{{cite web|url=https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/swimmers-ear-otitis-externa/ |title=Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa) |publisher=[[American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery]] |date=August 2018 |accessdate=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226094042/https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/swimmers-ear-otitis-externa/ |archive-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> This is because the acetic acid lowers the [[pH]] of the [[ear canal]], which can in turn restrict the growth of bacteria and fungi.<ref name=NCPC /> Any appropriately formulated solution of acetic acid will have this effect; the effect is not unique to apple cider vinegar, or to vinegars in general. |
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Some authorities suggest the use of [[ear drop|ear drops]] made of solutions of vinegar and [[rubbing alcohol]] as a preventive treatment for mild cases of swimmer's ear, in conjunction with guidance from a qualified physician,<ref name=MedlinePlus /><ref name=Mayo /><ref name=AAO-HNS /> but caution that such treatments are not appropriate in cases where the eardrum has been perforated. |
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Although solutions of acetic acid intended for topical use are thought to be unlikely to present a significant risk of harm when used correctly, their low pH may cause more pain or irritation than alternative treatments.<ref name=BMJ /><ref name=NCPC /> Ear drops produced commercially for the treatment of otitis externa often contain [[corticosteroids]] to reduce swelling, as well as topical [[antibiotics]] or other substances in place of or in addition to acetic acid, which can improve their effectiveness and provide pain relief. |
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== Safety == |
== Safety == |
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Revision as of 00:11, 27 February 2019
| File:Apple cider vinegar.jpg | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 88 kJ (21 kcal) |
0.93 g | |
| Sugars | 0.40 g |
| Dietary fiber | 0 g |
0 g | |
0 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 0% 0 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 0% 0 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 0% 0 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 0% 0 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 0% 0 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 0% 0 μg |
| Vitamin B12 | 0% 0 μg |
| Vitamin C | 0% 0 mg |
| Vitamin E | 0% 0 mg |
| Vitamin K | 0% 0 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 1% 7 mg |
| Iron | 1% 0.20 mg |
| Magnesium | 1% 5 mg |
| Phosphorus | 1% 8 mg |
| Potassium | 2% 73 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 5 mg |
| Zinc | 0% 0.04 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 93.81 g |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] | |
Apple cider vinegar, a vinegar made from fermented apple juice,[3] is used in salad dressings, marinades, vinaigrettes, food preservatives, and chutneys. It is made by crushing apples, then squeezing out the juice. Bacteria and yeast are added to the liquid to start the alcoholic fermentation process, which converts the sugars to alcohol. In a second fermentation step, the alcohol is converted into vinegar by acetic acid-forming bacteria (Acetobacter species). Acetic acid and malic acid combine to give vinegar its sour taste.[3] Apple cider vinegar has no medicinal or nutritional value. It is 94% water, with calories and all nutrients at negligible levels.
Folk medicine
Despite its history of use in traditional medicine, there is no clinical evidence to support any health claims – such as for weight loss or skin infections – and its use is not recommended in medical guidelines of any major public health organization.[4] There is no high-quality evidence that consuming apple cider vinegar has an effect on blood glucose and cholesterol.[4]
Safety
Ingestion of apple cider vinegar in tablet form poses a risk of injury to soft tissues of the mouth, throat, stomach, and kidneys.[5] Irritation and redness are common when the eyes come into contact with vinegar, and corneal injury can occur.[4]
Due to its acidity, long-term exposure of teeth to undiluted apple cider vinegar taken orally may destroy tooth enamel.[3] Long-term consumption may also lead to diminished bone mineral density and low blood potassium levels (hypokalemia). Apple cider vinegar should therefore be consumed cautiously by people with low potassium levels, and people taking potassium-lowering medications.[3] Reduced potassium levels risk increasing the toxicity of cardiac glycosides used to treat congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.[3]
Apple cider vinegar is considered likely to be safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women when ingested orally as a food flavoring, however there is insufficient data to recommend its use, and it may be unsafe when consumed in larger amounts.[3] There is insufficient data to recommend a safe level of consumption for children.[3]
Apple cider vinegar may contain chromium, which may affect insulin levels when consumed. It should therefore be used cautiously by people with diabetes.[3]
Mixing vinegar with chlorine bleach will release chlorine gas, which is highly irritating to the airways, eyes, nose and throat.[4]
See also
References
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Ulbricht CE, ed. (2010). "Apple Cider Vinegar". Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Guide: An Evidence-Based Reference (1st ed.). Elsevier. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-323-07295-3.
- ^ a b c d Mary Elizabeth May (2017). "Vinegar: Not Just for Salad". National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ Hill, LL; Woodruff, LH; Foote, JC; Barreto-Alcoba, M (2005). "Esophageal injury by apple cider vinegar tablets and subsequent evaluation of products". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 105 (7): 1141–1144. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.04.003. PMID 15983536.
| Authority control databases: National |
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