1996 Atlantic hurricane season

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1996 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First storm formed June 17, 1996
Last storm dissipated November 24, 1996
Strongest storm Edouard – 933 mbar (hPa) (27.56 inHg), 145 mph (230 km/h)
Total storms 13
Hurricanes 9
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 6
Total fatalities 179
Total damage ~ $4.7 billion (1996 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
Related article

The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1965 in which all tropical cyclones reached tropical storm status. It officially began on June 1, 1996, and lasted until November 30, 1996. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.

The season was very active and produced a total of 13 tropical cyclones, nine of those storms attained hurricane status. In addition, there were six major hurricanes (Category 3+ on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale), which was the highest number produced in a single season since 1961. A La Niña which began during the previous season persisted into 1996, which is credited for increasing the amount of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic, while causing near record-low activity in the East Pacific basin.

Notable storms of the season include Hurricanes Bertha, Cesar, Fran, and Hortense. Hurricane Bertha caused moderate to heavy damage in North Carolina, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico in early to mid July. Hurricane Cesar killed at least 51 people in northern South America and Central America. Hurricane Fran caused an estimated $3.2 billion in damage, primarily in North Carolina. Hurricane Hortense caused large amounts of flood damage to Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic before heading north and grazing Nova Scotia. As a result of effects from Cesar, Fran, and Hortense, those three names were retired.

Contents

[edit] Season summary

[edit] Pre-season forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 1996 season
Source Date Named
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
CSU[1] November 1995 8 5 N/A
CSU[2] April 6, 1996 11 7 2
Record high activity 28 15 8
Record low activity 1 0 (tie) 0
Actual activity 13 9 6

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU). A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has eleven named storms, of which six reach hurricane strength, and two major hurricanes.[3] In November 1995, it was predicted by CSU that only eight named storms would form and five of those would become hurricanes; no specific number of major hurricanes was predicted.[1] However, in April 1996, CSU revised their forecast, stating that 11 named storms would develop, with seven of those strengthening into a hurricane, and two reaching major hurricane intensity.[2]

[edit] Seasonal activity

Image of Arthur's landfall in North Carolina.

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, but activity in 1996 began sixteen days later with the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur on June 17. It was an above average season in which 13 tropical depressions formed. All of the depressions attained tropical storm status, and nine of these attained hurricane status. In addition, six tropical cyclones reached major hurricane status, which was well above the 1950-2005 average of two per season. Seven hurricane and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 225 deaths and $4.7 billion (1996 USD) in damage. Hurricane Edouard and Hurricane Marco also caused damage and fatalities, but neither storm made landfall. The last storm of the season, Hurricane Marco, dissipated on November 26, only four days before the official end of the season on November 30.

Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Tropical Storm Arthur on June 17. In the month of July, two tropical cyclones formed, both of which later attained hurricane status. August was the most active month of the season, with a total of four storms developing in that period of time. The month of August also featured the strongest and costliest tropical cyclones of the season, Hurricane Edouard and Hurricane Fran, respectively.[4] Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season,[5] only two tropical cyclones developed in that month, although both reached major hurricane status. Four tropical cyclones formed in October, and the final one in that month eventually became Hurricane Lili. Finally, one tropical cyclone developed in November, Hurricane Marco. The storm lasted 10 days before dissipated on November 26, which was only four days before the official end of the season on November 30.[4]

The season's activity was reflected with a accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 166.[6] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.[7]

[edit] Storms

Hurricane Marco (1996) Hurricane Lili (1996) 1996 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Kyle Tropical Storm Josephine (1996) 1996 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Isidore Hurricane Hortense 1996 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Gustav Hurricane Fran Hurricane Edouard (1996) Hurricane Dolly (1996) Hurricane Cesar-Douglas Hurricane Bertha (1996) Tropical Storm Arthur (1996) Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Timeline of tropical activity in 1996 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit] Tropical Storm Arthur

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration June 17 – June 21
Intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min),  1002 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Arthur (1996)

The first tropical depression of the season developed from a tropical wave over Grand Bahama on June 19. The storm moved north and strengthened into Tropical Storm Arthur on June 19, and made landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina on June 20. Arthur turned to the east and back out into the Atlantic Ocean. It weakened to a tropical depression, became extra tropical, and was absorbed by another system on June 23.[8]

Since Arthur was a minimal tropical storm, only minor damage occurred. The storm brought light rainfall to North and South Carolina, peaking at 5 inches (130 mm) in Georgetown, South Carolina. Arthur also produced tropical storm force winds in some areas, with sustained winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) reported at the C-MAN station in Frying Pan Shoals, North Carolina. Arthur also caused $1 million (1996 USD) in damage to crops.[8]

[edit] Hurricane Bertha

Main article: Hurricane Bertha (1996)
Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration July 5 – July 14
Intensity 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min),  960 mbar (hPa)

A very early season Cape Verde-type hurricane, the tropical depression that became Bertha formed in the central Atlantic on July 5. Bertha traveled westward, and reached hurricane strength on July 8 as it approached the Leeward Islands. Hurricane Bertha passed Antigua and Barbuda later in the day as a category 1 storm, then passed across many of the other Leeward Islands. Its track shifted more to the north, and Bertha passed far enough from Puerto Rico that only tropical storm force winds were recorded there.[9]

As Bertha moved on, it passed just east of the Bahamas, and continued its slow turn, reaching category 3 north of Hispaniola, but weakened into a category 1 later. It's movement then slowed before it recurved northeast, making landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina on July 12 as a category 2 with 105 mph (165 km/h) winds and a pressure of 975 milibars. Bertha weakened to a tropical storm, and traveled up the east coast of the United States. Bertha finally moved into New Brunswick on July 14, and was declared extratropical. It was tracked to near Greenland.[9]

There were many indirect deaths associated with Bertha, but few were caused directly by the storm. Damage to the United States and its possessions is estimated at $270 million (1996 USD, $400 million 2012 USD). Estimates of damage in other affected areas are not available.[9]

[edit] Hurricane Cesar

Main article: Hurricane Cesar-Douglas
Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration July 24 – July 28
Intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min),  990 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Cesar formed off the coast of Venezuela, near Curaçao, on July 25. It traveled west, and landfall occurred near Bluefields, Nicaragua on July 28, with Cesar at Category 1 strength. A weakened Cesar moved into the Pacific Ocean where it was renamed Hurricane Douglas. The previous hurricane to strike Nicaragua, Hurricane Joan in 1988, also made the transition to a Pacific hurricane.[10]

There were 51 deaths caused by Cesar, 26 of which were in Costa Rica. Most deaths were due to flooding and mud slides caused by Cesar's heavy rainfall.[10]

[edit] Hurricane Dolly

Main article: Hurricane Dolly (1996)
Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 19 – August 25
Intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min),  989 mbar (hPa)

Dolly was named on August 19 in the western Caribbean Sea between Jamaica and Honduras. Dolly strengthened and was a minimal hurricane at landfall near Chetumal, Quintana Roo on August 20. Weakened to a tropical storm, Dolly continued out into the Bay of Campeche, and it regained hurricane strength before a second landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas on August 23. The storm's remnants continued across Mexico before dissipating over the Pacific on August 25.[11]

Dolly dropped heavy rainfall across Mexico, peaking at 37.41 inches (950 mm) in Llano Gde. Hilarios. Heavy rainfall, in turn, lead to extensive flooding. Fourteen people were reported dead in Mexico, six of them drowning victims in Veracruz. Hundreds of homes were destroyed, and large areas of crop land were flooded. A monetary estimate of the damage is not available.[11]

[edit] Hurricane Edouard

Main article: Hurricane Edouard (1996)
Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 19 – September 3
Intensity 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min),  933 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave that moved off the African coast formed into a tropical depression 345 miles (555 km) southeast of Cape Verde on August 19. The depression moved west, and on August 22 strengthened into a tropical storm. The next day it was at hurricane strength. As Hurricane Edouard continued across the Atlantic, its winds increased to 145 mph (230 km/h), making it a Category 4 storm and the strongest of the season. It remained an intense hurricane for nearly eight days, an unusual occurrence. Hurricane Edouard's track took it well north of the Lesser Antilles, and on August 29, it began turning north. At this time, Edouard was observed to have three concentric eye walls, also an unusual occurrence. Now on a northward track, Edouard passed midway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda on September 1. The storm approached Nantucket, Massachusetts, but turned to the east before reaching land. Its closest approach was 75 miles (120 km) from the island. On September 3, the storm weakened and became extratropical. It was absorbed by a larger system on the September 7. Edouard was the strongest storm of the season.[12]

There are two deaths attributed to Edouard, both from high surf. Damage was largely limited to boats in southeastern Massachusetts, and totaled to $3.5 million (1996 USD, $5.19 million 2012 USD).[12]

[edit] Hurricane Fran

Main article: Hurricane Fran
Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 23 – September 8
Intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min),  946 mbar (hPa)

Fran was a Cape Verde-type hurricane that developed from a tropical wave to the southeast of Cape Verde on August 23. The depression moved west for several days and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fran on August 27 while 1,036 miles (1,667 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. Fran tracked west-northwestward and intensified into a hurricane on August 29. However, Fran became less organized, possibly due to Hurricane Edouard and weakened back to a tropical storm. Fran quickly re-intensified into a hurricane by August 31. As the storm continued toward the west-northwest and gradually curved north-northwestward, Fran slowly strengthened, and eventually peaked as a low-end Category 3 hurricane on September 5. Early on the following day, Fran made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[13]

Fran weakened and moved inland. Its remnants moved over the Great Lakes and were absorbed by a front on September 10.[13]

Hurricane Fran was responsible for 26 deaths, most from inland flooding. Property damage was estimated at $3.2 billion (1996 USD, $4.74 billion 2012 USD).[13]

[edit] Tropical Storm Gustav

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration August 26 – September 2
Intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min),  1005 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave exited Africa on August 24, and quickly developed a low-level circulation. By August 26, it organized enough to be declared a tropical depression to the south of Cape Verde. With a ridge to its north, the system moved west-southwestward, and conditions were initially unfavorable for development due to outflow from Hurricane Fran. On August 28, the depression began a motion to its northwest due to an approaching trough. Around the same time, the influence from Fran decreased, allowing the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Gustav.[14]

By August 29, Gustav reached its peak intensity as a 45 mph (75 km/h) tropical storm. The trough, previously causing the storm's northwest motion, transitioned into an upper-level low, which increased shear across the region. As a result, Gustav slowly weakened, and was downgraded to a tropical depression late on September 1. About 12 hours later on September 2, Gustav dissipated over the open eastern Atlantic Ocean.[14]

[edit] Hurricane Hortense

Main article: Hurricane Hortense
Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 3 – September 15
Intensity 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min),  935 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on August 30, and developed into Tropical Depression Eight on September 3. The depression slowly intensified as it tracked generally westward, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Hortense September 7 while east of the Lesser Antilles. On September 8, Hortense crossed over Guadeloupe, and once in the Caribbean Sea reached hurricane strength. Hortense turned northward, and crossed southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica on September 10. Hortense then grazed the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic and headed north.[15]

Hortense then brought hurricane force winds to the Turks and Caicos Islands. The storm continued strengthening, and briefly peaked at Category 4 strength. Its northward motion accelerated, and a weakened Hortense became extratropical near Newfoundland on September 15.[15]

There were 21 people killed, and another 21 reported missing. Damage in Puerto Rico was estimated at $127 million. Property damage in the Dominican Republic was severe but isolated, and no dollar figure is available.[15]

[edit] Hurricane Isidore

Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 24 – October 1
Intensity 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min),  960 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave with a well-defined circulation exited the African coast on September 22. It moved westward, passing south of Cape Verde and Dvorak classifications began the next day. Convection increased and concentrated near the center, and it is estimated the system developed into the ninth tropical depression of the season on September 24. Due to an anticyclone to its north, it initially moved quickly west-northwestward, and the convection became wrapped in the circulation with an increase in banding features. On September 25, the depression intensified to Tropical Storm Isidore, and only 24 hours later attained hurricane status. By September 28 Isidore turned toward the north, reaching major hurricane status with peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 960 mbar (hPa; 28.35 inHg).[16]

After reaching peak intensity, Hurricane Isidore began a weakening trend due to an increase in wind shear. By September 30 it weakened to tropical storm status, and a day later to tropical depression status. Convection deteriorated over the center, indicating a loss of tropical characteristics, and Isidore transitioned into an extratropical depression by October 2. The cyclone persisted another 12 hours before dissipating. Isidore remained far from land in its duration, and as a result there were no reports of damage or fatalities. Only one ship reported tropical storm-force winds.[16]

[edit] Tropical Storm Josephine

Main article: Tropical Storm Josephine (1996)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 4 – October 8
Intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min),  981 mbar (hPa)

A broad area of low pressure caused by a stalled cold front organized into a tropical depression on October 4 in the western Gulf of Mexico. As it drifted to the northeast, upper level shear inhibited development, though a strong pressure gradient allowed it to strengthen to a tropical storm on October 6. Josephine intensified greatly as it accelerated to the northeast, and struck the Florida Panhandle in Taylor County on October 8 as a 70 mph (110 km/h) tropical storm. Upper level shear weakened it, and caused the storm to become extra tropical over Georgia later that day. The remnants of Josephine evolved into a powerful nor'easter that impacted the East Coast of the United States and Canada before ultimately merging with another extra tropical low near Iceland on October 16.[17]

Tropical Storm Josephine brought heavy rainfall across the Florida Panhandle, amounting to a maximum of 8.5 inches (220 mm) in Foley. The storm produced a storm surge of up to 9 feet (3 m) in Levy County, and spawned 16 tornadoes, most of which caused only minor damage.[17] The storm also caused severe beach erosion in Texas,[18] as well as severe flooding in the Carolinas. Some of those locations had already dealt with hurricanes Bertha and Fran.[19] In all, Josephine caused an estimated $130 million (1996 USD, $193 million 2012 USD) in damage, and caused no direct deaths in its path.

[edit] Tropical Storm Kyle

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 11 – October 12
Intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min),  1001 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave exited Africa on September 27 and crossed the Atlantic and Caribbean before eventually developing into Tropical Depression Eleven on October 11. The depression drifted slowly southwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Kyle on later that day. Slightly further intensification occurred, and Kyle peaked as a 50 mph (85 km/h) tropical storm early on October 12. However, upper-level southwesterly shear caused Kyle to quickly weaken back to a tropical depression later that day. At 1800 UTC on October 12, Kyle made landfall in eastern Guatemala with winds of 30 mph (45 km/h). By early on October 13, the storm had completely dissipated inland.[20] Operationally, it appeared that Kyle dissipated while just offshore of Honduras late on October 12.[21]

Portions of the coasts of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico were under a tropical storm warning or hurricane watch as Kyle was approaching; however they were cancelled after Kyle abruptly weakened back to a tropical depression.[20] Impact from Kyle was minimal and limited to light rainfall in the countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. In Belize, rainfall peaked at 2.32 inches (59 mm).[22] Rainfall to the northwest of the center of Kyle was heavier, with some areas of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula receiving over 3 inches (76 mm) of rain; precipitation peaked at 5.71 inches (145 mm) in Tulum.[23]

[edit] Hurricane Lili

Main article: Hurricane Lili (1996)
Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 14 – October 27
Intensity 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min),  960 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Lili was a strong storm that took a track to the northeast for most of its existence. The tropical depression that would become Lili formed off the east coast of Nicaragua on October 14, and moved slowly to the northwest. On October 16, as it was north of Honduras, it reached tropical storm strength and was named Lili. A well-organized storm, Lili reached hurricane strength the next day. Lili grazed the Isle of Youth on October 18, then hit Matanzas Province, Cuba eight hours later at Category 2 strength. The storm's path turned eastward, and Lili emerged over water twelve hours later on Cuba's northern coast. Lili maintained most of its strength during its trip over Cuba, and as the storm approached the Bahamas, it strengthened further. The center passed over San Salvador Island and Great Exuma on October 19 before heading into the open ocean. Over open water, Lili reached Category 3 strength, and continued its northeastward track. It continued across the Atlantic until it was finally declared extratropical 345 miles (555 km) north of the Azores on October 27. The extratropical storm retained tropical storm force winds and crossed Ireland and Great Britain on October 28.[24]

The storm caused eight deaths in Central America from flooding during its formative stages. In Cuba, Lili also dropped heavy rainfall, with precipitation on the island peaking at 29.41 inches (747 mm); high winds were also reported across the island. The effects from Lili destroyed 2,300 buildings while damaging another 47,000, and caused severe crop damage. Severe damage was reported in the Bahamas, especially on the island of San Salvador. Extensive damage occurred on houses in Cockturn Town and Victoria Hill, while severe beach erosion was reported at French Bay. Lili dropped moderate rainfall in south Florida, peaking at 12.08 inches (307 mm). A frontal zone drew moisture from the hurricane, which caused Lili to drop as much as 13 inches (330 mm) of rain in New Hampshire, while remaining more than 900 miles (1,400 km) offshore. The remnants of Lili brought very strong winds to the British Isles. In United Kingdom, 4 foot (1.20 m) storm surge inundated the River Thames. In addition, 400 holiday cottages were severely damage. Overall, Lili caused 10 fatalities and approximately $660 million (1996 USD) in damage.

[edit] Possible storm

In addition to the 13 storms, the National Hurricane Center, in a post-operational review of the season, investigated another possible storm that developed northeast of Bermuda in the middle of November.[25]

[edit] Hurricane Marco

Main article: Hurricane Marco (1996)
Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration November 16 – November 26
Intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min),  983 mbar (hPa)

Marco formed in the southwestern Caribbean between Jamaica and Honduras on November 16. It achieved tropical storm status on November 19 while slowly moving south. It then turned to the east and strengthened into a minimal hurricane on November 20. It turned to the northeast, but on November 23 it weakened rapidly to a tropical depression while southeast of Jamaica. The depression moved west and restrengthened into a tropical storm, but a cold front caused it to dissipate on November 26 while south of western Cuba.

Although Hurricane Marco never made landfall, it was a large storm and caused heavy rainfall in Central America and Hispaniola. Flooding and mud slides caused by this rain were responsible for eight reported deaths. Property damage is unknown.

[edit] Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1996.[26] The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2002 season.[27] This is the same list used for the 1990 season except for Dolly and Kyle, which replaced Diana and Klaus.[28] A storm was named Kyle for the first time in 1996; the name Dolly was previously used in the 1953, 1954, 1968 and 1974 seasons.[29] Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

  • Omar (unused)
  • Paloma (unused)
  • Rene (unused)
  • Sally (unused)
  • Teddy (unused)
  • Vicky (unused)
  • Wilfred (unused)

[edit] Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The World Meteorological Organization retired three names in the spring of 1997: Cesar, Fran, and Hortense.[30] They were replaced in the 2002 season by Cristobal, Fay, and Hanna.[27]

[edit] Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, and all of the damage figures are in 1996 USD.

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
1996 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

 Max 1-min
wind

mph (km/h)

 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Areas affected Damage
(millions
USD)		 Deaths


Arthur June 17 – June 21 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1004 North Carolina 1 0
Bertha July 5 – July 14 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 960 Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Southeastern United States (North Carolina), Mid-Atlantic States, New England 335 4 (5)
Cesar July 24 – July 29 Category 1 hurricane 85 (130) 985 Curaçao, Central America (Honduras), Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico 253 122
Dolly August 19 – August 26 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 989 Mexico (Quintana Roo and Veracruz), Texas None 14
Edouard August 19 – September 3 Category 4 hurricane 145 (230) 933 Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic states, New England, Nova Scotia 20 2
Fran August 23 – September 8 Category 3 hurricane 120 (195) 946 Southeastern United States (North Carolina), Mid-Atlantic states, Midwestern United States, New England, Ontario 3200 22 (5)
Gustav August 26 – September 2 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1005 none none 0
Hortense September 3 – September 16 Category 4 hurricane 140 (220) 935 Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia) 158 39
Isidore September 24 – October 1 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 960 None None 0
Josephine October 4 – October 8 Tropical storm 70 (110) 981 Gulf Coast of the United States, Southeastern United States (Florida), Mid-Atlantic states, New England, Atlantic Canada 130 0 (2)
Kyle October 11 – October 13 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1001 Central America (Honduras), Mexico None 0
Lili October 14 – October 27 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 960 Central America, Cuba, Bahamas, Ireland, United Kingdom 660 10
Marco November 16 – November 26 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 983 Central America, Greater Antilles unknown 14
Season Aggregates
13 cyclones June 17 – November 26   145 (230) 933 4757 225 (12)

[edit] See also

Portal icon Tropical cyclones portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Flores, Ike (3 April 1996). "Hurricane Forecast Released". Ocala Star-Banner. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZupPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dgcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5241,643948&dq=1996+hurricane+season+predictions&hl=en. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  2. ^ a b Associated Press (6 April 1996). "Busy, Not Busiest Storm Season Is Predicted". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/06/us/busy-not-busiest-storm-season-is-predicted.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  3. ^ "Background information: the North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. August 4, 2011. http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml. Retrieved September 17, 2011. 
  4. ^ a b Pasch, Richard; Avila, Lixion (May 1999). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1996". National Hurricane Center. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1996.pdf. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
  5. ^ Dorst, Neal (21 January 2010). "Subject: G1) When is hurricane season ?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
  6. ^ Hurricane Research Division (March 2011). "Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Comparison_of_Original_and_Revised_HURDAT_mar11.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  7. ^ David Levinson (2008-08-20). "2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  8. ^ a b Mayfield, Max (19 August 1996). "Tropical Storm Arthur Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996arthur.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  9. ^ a b c Lawrence, Miles (9 November 1996). "Hurricane Bertha Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996bertha.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  10. ^ a b Avila, Lixion (27 August 1996). "Hurricane Cesar Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996cesar.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  11. ^ a b Rappaport, Edward (3 October 1996). "Hurricane Dolly Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996dolly.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  12. ^ a b Pasch, Richard (20 December 1996). "Hurricane Edouard Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996edouard.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  13. ^ a b c Mayfield, Max (10 October 1996). "Hurricane Fran Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996fran.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  14. ^ a b Lawrence, Miles (28 November 1996). "Tropical Storm Gustav Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996gustav.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010. 
  15. ^ a b c Aliva, Lixion (23 October 1996). "Hurricane Hortense Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996hortense.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 
  16. ^ a b Rappaport, Edward (1 November 1996). "Hurricane Isidore Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996isidore.html. Retrieved 27 October 2010. 
  17. ^ a b Pasch, Richard (21 February 1997). "Tropical Storm Josephine Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996josephin.html. Retrieved 5 November 2010. 
  18. ^ "Tropical Storm Josephine damages Texas beaches". Quarterdeck. 7 June 1997. http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.1/allison-5.1.html. Retrieved 5 November 2010. 
  19. ^ Steve, Marshall (11 June 1996). "Problems caused by Josephine". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wjosdmg.htm. Retrieved 5 November 2010. 
  20. ^ a b Mayfield, Max (5 November 1996). "Tropical Storm Kyle Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996kyle.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  21. ^ "Tropical Storm Kyle". Unisys. 2010. http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/atlantic/1996H/KYLE/track.dat. Retrieved 8 December 2011. 
  22. ^ "List of Appendices". Geology. 2007. ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/reposit/2007/2007032.pdf. Retrieved 18 May 2010. 
  23. ^ Roth, David (6 May 2009). "Tropical Storm Kyle - October 10-13, 1996". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/kyle1996.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  24. ^ Lawrence, Miles (18 November 1996). "Hurricane Lili Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996lili.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  25. ^ USA Today-1996
  26. ^ Leavitt, Paul (28 May 1996). "Workers scrambling to control Texas spill". USA Today. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/16348752.html?dids=16348752:16348752&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+28%2C+1996&author=Paul+Leavitt&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Workers+scrambling+to+control+Texas+spill&pqatl=google. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
  27. ^ a b "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. 3 March 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030411092257/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
  28. ^ "Germ warfare goes electronic". Toronto Star. 10 June 1990. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/472007281.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+10%2C+1990&author=Knight-Ridder&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Germ+warfare+goes+electronic&pqatl=google. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
  29. ^ Hurricane Research Division (August 2011). "Atlantic hurricane best track (Hurdat)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/tracks1851to2010_atl_reanal.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  30. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". National Hurricane Center. 9 September 2011. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml#retired. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 

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