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Communist Party of Chile

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Communist Party of Chile
Partido Comunista de Chile
PresidentGuillermo Teillier
Secretary-GeneralLautaro Carmona [es]
Chief of DeputiesBoris Barrera
Founded4 June 1912; 112 years ago (1912-06-04)
HeadquartersVicuña Mackenna 31
Santiago
NewspaperEl Siglo
Youth wingCommunist Youth of Chile
Membership (2022)46,159[1]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[3] to far-left[4][5]
National affiliationWorthy Chile (since 2020)
Apruebo Dignidad (since 2021)
Formerly:
Regional affiliationSão Paulo Forum
International affiliation
Colours
  •   Red
  •   Yellow
Chamber of Deputies
12 / 155
Senate
2 / 50
Party flag
Website
www.pcchile.cl Edit this at Wikidata

The Communist Party of Chile (Template:Lang-es, PCCh) is a communist party in Chile. It was founded in 1912 as the Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Obrero Socialista) and adopted its current name in 1922. The party established a youth wing, the Communist Youth of Chile (Juventudes Comunistas de Chile, JJ.CC), in 1932.

History

Luis Emilio Recabarren, Communist Party of Chile leader and founder (1912–1924)
Luis Corvalán, Secretary-General of the PCCh (1958–1990)

The PCCh was founded on 4 June 1912 by Luis Emilio Recabarren, after he left the Democrat Party.[7] The party was initially known as the Socialist Workers' Party, before adopting its current name on 2 January 1922.

It achieved congressional representation shortly thereafter and played a leading role in the development of the Chilean labor movement. Closely tied to the Soviet Union and the Third International, the PCCh participated in the Popular Front (Frente Popular) government of 1938, growing rapidly among the unionized working class in the 1940s. It then participated to the Popular Front's successor, the Democratic Alliance.

Concern over the PCCh's success at building a strong electoral base, combined with the onset of the Cold War, led to its being outlawed in 1948 by a Radical government, a status it had to endure for almost a decade until 1958 when it was again legalized. By the 1960s, the party had become a veritable political subculture, with its own symbols and organizations and the support of prominent artists and intellectuals such as Pablo Neruda, the Nobel Prize-winning poet, and Violeta Parra, the songwriter and folk artist.[8] At the time, the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 27,500.[9]

It later came to power along with the Socialist Party in the Unidad Popular ("Popular Unity") coalition in 1970. Within the broad Unidad Popular alliance, the communists sided with Allende, a relative moderate from the Socialist Party, and other more moderate forces of that coalition, supporting more gradual reforms and urging to find a compromise with the Christian Democrats. This line was opposed by more radically leftist factions of the Socialist Party and smaller far-left groups. The party was outlawed after the 1973 coup d'état that deposed President Salvador Allende. Much of the Communist leadership went underground, and for a while the party's moderation continued even after the coup had taken place. Also, it has been argued by Mark Ensalaco that crushing the Communist Party was not a top priority for the military junta.[10] In its first statement after the coup, the party leadership still argued that the coup could succeed because the Unidad Popular was too isolated, due to actions of the 'far-left'. Around 1977, the party changed direction.[10] The Communist Party set up a guerrilla organization, the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front. With the restoration of democracy and the election of a new president in 1990, the Communist Party of Chile was legalized again.

As part of the Popular Unity coalition the PCCh advocated a broad alliance; however, it swung sharply to the left after the 1973 coup, regretting the failure to issue arms to the working class and pursuing an armed struggle against Pinochet's regime. Since the restoration of democracy it has acted independently of its previous partners. Between 1983 and 1987 it was a member of the People's Democratic Movement.

In the 1999/2000 presidential elections the party supported Gladys Marín Millie for the national presidential elections. She won 3.2% of the vote in the first round. At the 2005 legislative election, 11 December 2005, the party won 5.1% of the popular vote, but as a result of Chile's binomial electoral rules, no seats. The small but significant support of the PCCh is believed to have aided in the electoral victories of former socialist president Ricardo Lagos in the 2000 elections, and in the more recent victory of Chile's first female president, the socialist Michelle Bachelet in January 2006, both of whom won in competitive second round runoffs.

From 2013 to 2018, the PCCh was a member of New Majority (Template:Lang-es), a leftist coalition led by Michelle Bachelet.

Controversies

The PCCh faced criticism from several parties in Chile after congratulating Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro on his party's victory in the 2020 parliamentary election. Prominent members of the Party for Democracy, Radical Party, and Socialist Party questioned the PCCh's praise of the election as "flawless", echoing criticisms from opposition parties in Venezuela that the election was neither free nor fair.[11]

Leaders

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Related topics
General Secretary Tenure President Tenure
Ramón Sepúlveda Leal 1922–? Elías Lafertte 1956–1961
Luis A. González ?–? Dissolved 1961–2002
Galvarino Gil ?–? Gladys Marín 2002–2005
Maclovio Galdames ?–? Guillermo Teillier 2005–present
José Santos Zavala ?–? — —
Isaias Iriarte ?–1929 — —
Carlos Contreras Labarca 1931–1946 — —
Ricardo Fonseca 1946–1948 — —
Oyarzun Galo González 1948–1958 — —
Luis Corvalán 1958–1990 — —
Volodia Teitelboim 1990–1994 — —
Gladys Marín 1994–2002 — —
Guillermo Teillier 2002–2005 — —
Lautaro Carmona [es] 2005–present — —

Electoral performance

Keys
Election Chamber of Deputies Senate Presidential
No. of votes % of votes Seats No. of votes % of votes Seats Year Nominee No. of votes % of votes
1918 1,548 0.64% 0 — — — 1920 Luis Emilio Recabarren 681 0.41%
1921 4,814 2.16% 2 — — — 1925 José Santos Salas 74,091 28.4%
1924 1,212 0.49% 0 — — — 1927 None — —
1925 19,446 6.72% 9 — — — 1931 Elías Lafertte 2,434 0.9%
1932 3,350 1.0% 1 — — — 1932 Elías Lafertte 4,128 1.2%
1937 7,543 5.1% 1 7,543 7.1% 1 1938 Pedro Aguirre Cerda (RP) 222,720 50.5%
1941 65,671 14.4% 17 28,449 12.2% 3 1942 Juan Antonio Ríos (RP) 260,034 56.0%
1945 46,133 10.3% 15 25,708 12.8% 3 1946 Gabriel González Videla (RP) 192,207 40.2%
1961 157,572 11.8% 16 75,123 12.2% 3 1952 Salvador Allende (SP) 51,975 5.5%
1965 290,635 12.7% 18 — — 5 1958 Salvador Allende (SP) 356,493 28.9%
1969 383,049 16.6% 22 181,488 18.0% 9 1964 Salvador Allende (SP) 977,902 38.9%
1973 578,695 16.2% 24 — — 5 1970 Salvador Allende (PU–SP) 1,070,334 36.61%
1993 336,034 5.0% 0 65,073 3.5% 0 1989 Patricio Aylwin (PDC) 3,850,571 55.17%
1997 398,588 6.9% 0 357,825 8.4% 0 1993 Eugenio Pizarro (Ind) 327,402 4.70%
2001 320,668 5.2% 0 45,735 2.6% 0 1999 Gladys Marín 225,224 3.19%
2005 339,547 5.14% 0 104,687 2.19% 0 2005 Tomás Hirsch (HP) 375,048 5.40%
2009 133,718 2.02% 3 — — — 2009 Jorge Arrate 433,195 6.21%
2013 255,242 4.11% 6 6,467 0.145% 0 2013 Michelle Bachelet (NM–SP) 3,466,358 62.15%
2017 275,096 4.59% 8 20,209 1.21% 0 2017 Alejandro Guillier (NM–Ind) 3,157,750 45.42%
2021 464,885 7.35% 12 335,709 7.21% 2 2021 Gabriel Boric (AD–SC) 4,620,890 55.87%

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Total de Afiliados a partidos políticos" (in Spanish). Servicio Electoral de Chile. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  2. ^ Córdoba, Andrea Aguilar (14 December 2020). "Izquierda radical y populista en Chile, ¿realidad o especulación de Piñera?". Anadolu Agency (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Historia Política". bcn.cl. 2020.
  4. ^ Sanders, Philip (24 May 2021). "Communist Contender Vaults Atop New Poll of Chile's Presidential Race". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  5. ^ Cristóbal Rovira: "El Partido Republicano no es de extrema derecha; es derecha populista radical" Revista Pauta. October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  6. ^ "Communist and Workers' Parties". IMCWP. Retrieved 16 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Rubio, José Luis. Las internacionales obreras en América. Madrid: 1971. p. 61
  8. ^ "Chile - The Parties of the Left". countrystudies.us.
  9. ^ Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. (1968). "Communism and Economic Development". American Political Science Review. 62 (1): 122. doi:10.1017/S0003055400115679. JSTOR 1953329.
  10. ^ a b Ensalaco, Mark (2000). Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8122-3520-7.
  11. ^ Vargas, Felipe; Romero, Maria Cristina (10 December 2020). "Dirigentes políticos rechazan "congratulaciones" del PC a Maduro por elecciones legislativas en Venezuela". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2022.

Further reading

  • Olga Ulianova and Alfredo Riquelme (eds.), Chile en los archivos soviéticos: 1922–1991: Tomo I, Komintern y Chile, 1922–1931 (Chile in the Soviet Archives: Volume 1, Comintern and Chile, 1922–1931). Santiago: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Lom Ediciones, 2005.
  • Olga Ulianova and Alfredo Riquelme (eds.), Chile en los archivos soviéticos: 1922–1991: Tomo II, Komintern y Chile, 1931–1935 (Chile in the Soviet Archives: Volume 2, Comintern and Chile, 1931–1935). Santiago: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Lom Ediciones, 2009.
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