Companion planting
Companion planting is the planting of different crops in proximity (in gardening and agriculture), for pest control, pollination, and to otherwise increase crop productivity. Companion planting is a form of polyculture.
Companion planting is used by farmers and gardeners in both industrialized and developing countries for many reasons. Many of the modern principles of companion planting were present many centuries ago in cottage gardens in England and home gardens in Asia.
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[edit] History
In China the mosquito fern (Azolla species) has been used for at least one thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from getting to any competing plants, aside from the rice, which is planted when tall enough to stick out of the water above the azolla layer.[1]
Companion planting was practiced in various forms by the indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans. One common system was the planting of corn (maize) and pole beans together. The cornstalk would serve as a trellis for the beans to climb, while the beans would fix nitrogen which also benefited the corn. The inclusion of squash with these two plants completes the Three Sisters technique, pioneered by Native American peoples.[2] In the southwest, sunflowers were also grown along with beans as a trellis for them, or just to the north of the Three Sisters, to draw away aphids.[clarification needed]
Companion planting was widely promoted in the 1970s as part of the organic gardening movement.[citation needed] It was encouraged for pragmatic reasons, such as natural trellising, but mainly with the idea that different species of plant may thrive more when close together.[citation needed] It is also a technique frequently used in permaculture, together with mulching, polyculture, and changing of crops.[citation needed]
[edit] Examples of companion plants
Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are a food plant of some caterpillars which feed primarily on members of the cabbage family (brassicas),[3] and some gardeners claim that planting them around brassicas protects the food crops from damage, as eggs of the pests are preferentially laid on the nasturtium.[4] This practice is called trap cropping.
The smell of the foliage of marigolds is claimed to deter aphids from feeding on neighbouring crops. Marigolds with simple flowers also attract nectar-feeding adult hoverflies, the larvae of which are predators of aphids.[citation needed]
[edit] Versions
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There are a number of systems and ideas using companion planting.
Square foot gardening attempts to protect plants from many normal gardening problems[which?] by packing them as closely together as possible, which is facilitated by using companion plants, which can be closer together than normal.[clarification needed]
Another system using companion planting is the forest garden, where companion plants are intermingled to create an actual ecosystem, emulating the interaction of up to seven levels of plants in a forest or woodland.
Organic gardening may make use of companion planting, since many synthetic means of fertilizing, weed reduction and pest control are forbidden.
[edit] Host-finding disruption
Recent studies on host-plant finding have shown that flying pests are far less successful if their host-plants are surrounded by any other plant or even "decoy-plants" made of green plastic, cardboard, or any other green material.
The host-plant finding process occurs in phases:
- The first phase is stimulation by odours characteristic to the host-plant. This induces the insect to try to land on the plant it seeks. But insects avoid landing on brown (bare) soil. So if only the host-plant is present, the insects will quasi-systematically find it by simply landing on the only green thing around. This is called (from the point of view of the insect) "appropriate landing". When it does an "inappropriate landing", it flies off to any other nearby patch of green. It eventually leaves the area if there are too many 'inappropriate' landings.
- The second phase of host-plant finding is for the insect to make short flights from leaf to leaf to assess the plant's overall suitability. The number of leaf-to-leaf flights varies according to the insect species and to the host-plant stimulus received from each leaf. The insect must accumulate sufficient stimuli from the host-plant to lay eggs; so it must make a certain number of consecutive 'appropriate' landings. Hence if it makes an 'inappropriate landing', the assessment of that plant is negative, and the insect must start the process anew.
Thus it was shown that clover used as a ground cover had the same disruptive effect on eight pest species from four different insect orders. An experiment showed that 36% of cabbage root flies laid eggs beside cabbages growing in bare soil (which resulted in no crop), compared to only 7% beside cabbages growing in clover (which allowed a good crop). Simple decoys made of green cardboard also disrupted appropriate landings just as well as did the live ground cover.[5]
[edit] Companion plant categories
The use of companion planting can be of benefit to the grower in a number of different ways, including:
- Hedged investment – the growing of different crops in the same space increases the odds of some yield being given, even if one crop fails.
- Increased level interaction – when crops are grown on different levels in the same space, such as providing ground cover or one crop working as a trellis for another, the overall yield of a plot may be increased.
- Protective shelter is when one type of plant may serve as a wind break or provide shade for another.
- Pest suppression – some companion plants may help prevent pest insects or pathogenic fungi from damaging the crop, through chemical means.[6]
- Predator recruitment and positive hosting – The use of companion plants that produce copious nectar or pollen in a vegetable garden (insectary plants) may help encourage higher populations of beneficial insects that control pests,[7] as some beneficial predatory insects only consume pests in their larval form and are nectar or pollen feeders in their adult form.
- Trap cropping – some companion plants are claimed to attract pests away from others.
- Pattern disruption – in a monoculture pests spread easily from one crop plant to the next, whereas such easy progress may be disrupted by surrounding companion plants of a different type.[5]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Nitrogen in Rice
- ^ Mt. Pleasant, Jane (2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz. Histories of maize: Multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize. Amsterdam. pp. 529–537.
- ^ "Cabbage caterpillars". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Pest control / Companion planting". Notcutts. October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-27.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne : "Insects can see clearly now the weeds have gone". Finch, S. & Collier, R. H. (2003). Biologist, 50 (3), 132-135
- ^ "The Self-Sufficient Gardener Podcast--Episode 24 Companion Planting and Crop Rotation". Retrieved 2010-08-13.
- ^ "Pacific Northwest Nursery IPM. Flowers, Sweets and a Nice Place to Stay: Courting Beneficials to Your Nursery". Oregon State University. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
[edit] External links
- Companion planting: A chemical-free way to repel pests with plants Jessica Damiano
- A companion planting table
- Companion Planting at Golden Harvest Organics
