Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup E
Time of origin	50,000 - 55,000 years BP[1]
Place of origin	East Africa[2] or Asia[3]
Ancestor	DE
Descendants	E1, E2
Defining mutations	SRY4064, M96, M40, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176)

In human genetics, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E, along with haplogroup D, make up the two main components of the older Haplogroup DE. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E-P147 and E-M75.

Contents 1 Origins 2 Distribution 2.1 E* 2.1.1 E1 2.1.2 E1a 2.1.3 E1b 2.1.3.1 E1b1 2.1.3.2 E1b1a 2.1.3.3 E1b1b 2.1.4 E2 3 Subclades 3.1 Tree 4 Notes 5 References 6 See also 7 External links 7.1 Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup E 7.2 Projects

Origins

Semino et al. (2004) proposed that haplogroup E arose in East Africa based on the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today).^[4] Other authors such as Chandrasekar et al. (2007), continue to accept the position of Hammer et al. (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in Asia, given that:

• E is a clade of Haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, haplogroup D, being East Asian.
• DE is a clade within M168 with the other two major clades, C and F considered to have a Eurasian origin.

However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely:

1. Underhill and Kivisild (2007) demonstrated that C and F have a common ancestor, meaning that DE has only one sibling which is non African.
2. DE* is found in both Asia and Africa, meaning that not only one, but several siblings of D are found in Africa.
3. Karafet et al. (2008), in which Hammer is a co-author, significantly rearranged time estimates leading to "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades".^[1] Amongst other things this article proposed a much older age for haplogroup E than had been considered previously, giving it a similar age to Haplogroup D, and DE itself, meaning that there is no longer any strong reason to see it as an offshoot of DE which must have happened long after DE came into existence and had entered Asia.^[5]

Distribution

E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b is observed in significant frequencies in Europe and western Asia in addition to Africa. Most Sub-Saharan Africans belong to subclades of E other than E1b1b, while most non-Africans who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade.^[6]

E*

Haplogroup E* has been found in one South African male^[1].

E1

E1a

While there have been no attested exemplars of E1*, its sub-clade, E1a (M33), is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men. Haplogroup E1a has also been detected among samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso, northern Cameroon, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, and Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region).^[7][8]

The small presence (<4%) of Haplogroup E1a in North Africa and Europe is generally attributed to the slave trade, as it is characteristic of West African populations.^[9]

E1b

So far there are no attested exempliars of E1b*. The clade is dominated by sub-clade E1b1 (E-P2 or E-PN2), is by far the most frequent clade. Another sub-clade, E1b2 (P75), a sub-clade of E1b, is much more unusual.

E1b1

E1b1, also known as E-P2 or E-PN2 includes the majority of all E lineages existing today.

It diverged into two main haplogroups: E1b1b (M35) approximately 24-27 000 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004), followed by E1b1a (M2) some 10,000 years later. Major sub-clades...

E1b1a

E1b1a is almost exclusively associated with West/Central/South/Southeastern Africans. It is the single most common Y haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa as well as amongst African slave descendents in the Americas and Caribbean. Elsewhere, it is observed in negligibly small frequencies and its spread is generally attributed to the Arab slave trade or immigration.

E1b1b

E1b1b, which is at once the most common Y haplogroup among Ethiopians, Somalis, Eritreans and North African Berbers and Arabs, is the third most common haplogroup in Europe.^[10] It is also common in the Near East, from where it spread into the Balkans and the rest of Europe. E1b1b has three common subclades: M78, M81, and M34.

E2

E2 (M75) is present among sub-Saharan Africans in both West and East Africa. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South African and Kenyan Bantus, with moderate frequencies of this haplogroup being observed in samples from Burkina Faso, Hutu and Tutsi from Rwanda, Malagasy from Madagascar, Fon from Benin, Iraqw from Tanzania,^[11] unidentified South African Khoisan, Sudan, northern Cameroon, and Senegal, as well as small frequencies in the Qatar, Oman, and Ethiopian Oromo samples).

The minor presence of Haplogroup E2 in the Omani and Qatari (<5%) as well as the Oromo (<2%).

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[1] and subsequent published research.

• • E (SRY4064, M96, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176)
    • E1 (P147)
      • E1a (M33, M132)
        • E1a1 (M44)
        • E1a2 (P110)
      • E1b (P177)
        • E1b1 (P2, P179, P180, P181, DYS391p)
          • E1b1a (M2, P1, M180 [P88], P46, P182, P189, P211, P293)
            • E1b1a1 (M58)
            • E1b1a2 (M116.2)
            • E1b1a3 (M149)
            • E1b1a4 (M154)
            • E1b1a5 (M155)
            • E1b1a6 (M10, M66, M156, M195)
            • E1b1a7 (M191, U186, U247)
              • E1b1a7a (U174)
                • E1b1a7a1 (P9.2)
                • E1b1a7a2 (P115)
                • E1b1a7a3 (P116)
                  • E1b1a7a3a (P113)
            • E1b1a8 (U175)
              • E1b1a8a (U209, P277, P278)
                • E1b1a8a1 (U290)
                  • E1b1a8a1a (U181)
                • E1b1a8a2 (P59)
            • E1b1a9 (P268, P269)
          • E1b1b (M215)
            • E1b1b1 (M35)
              • E1b1b1a (M78)
                • E1b1b1a1 (V12)
                  • E1b1b1a1a (M224)
                  • E1b1b1a1b (V32)
                • E1b1b1a2 (V13, V36)
                  • E1b1b1a2a (V27)
                  • E1b1b1a2b (P65)
                • E1b1b1a3 (V22)
                  • E1b1b1a3a (M148)
                  • E1b1b1a3b (V19)
                • E1b1b1a4 (V65)
              • E1b1b1b (M81)
              • E1b1b1c (M123)
                • E1b1b1c1 (M34)
                  • E1b1b1c1a (M84, M136)
                  • E1b1b1c1b (M290)
              • E1b1b1d (M281)
              • E1b1b1e (V6)
              • E1b1b1f (P72)
          • E1b1c (M329)
        • E1b2 (P75)
    • E2 (M75, P68)
      • E2a (M41)
      • E2b (M54, M90, M98)
        • E2b1 (M85)
          • E2b1a (M200)
            • E2b1a1 (P45)
            • E2b1a2 (P258)

Notes

References

• B. Arredi et al.: A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 338–345
• F. Cruciani et al.: A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1197–1214
• F. Cruciani et al.: Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1014–1022
• F. Cruciani et al.: Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup M-78
• J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations. (Errata) American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 523-544
• J. J. Sanchez et al.: High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 856–86
• A. Salas et al.: The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1082–1111
• O. Semino et al.: Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1023-1034
• E. T. Wood et al.: Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 867–876
• F. Cruciani et al.: Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12, 2007.

See also

• Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)

most recent common Y-ancestor

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External links

Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup E

• Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008
• Map of E1b1b1 distribution in Europe
• Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa
• Frequency Distributions of Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its subclades - with Video Tutorial

Projects

• E1b1b (E3b) Y-DNA Project at FTDNA
• Haplozone::The E-M35 Phylogeny Project (former E3b Project)
• Jewish E1b1b (E3b) Project at FTDNA