Haplogroup O-M175

Haplogroup O-M175
Haplogroup O-M175
Possible time of origin	36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] ybp (YFull); ; 41,900 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202] years ago (Karmin 2015)
Coalescence age	31,200 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull); ; 34,042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942] years ago (Karmin 2015); ; 35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia [citation needed]
Ancestor	NO
Descendants	O-F75(O-MSY2.2, O-M268); O-M122
Defining mutations	M175, P186, P191, P196[citation needed]

Haplogroup O-M175 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, Oceania, Madagascar, and the Comoros. The clade descends from the haplogroup NO.

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories, either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006, TMC & ?, Shi 2005, and Bradshaw & ?) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012) between 28,000 and 41,000 years before present according to Scheinfeldt 2006 or between 23,000 and 32,000 years before present according to Yan et al. 2013.^[4]

Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most of populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. Certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania. Significant presence of Haplogroup O-M50 have been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along with a single instance of O-MSY2.2(xM50)^[5] while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar.^[6]^[7]

Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119, O-M268, and O-M122.^{[citation needed]}

Paragroup O-M175

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surkhandarya, 1/70 = 1.4% Khorezm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells 2001). However, nearly all of these Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,^{[Note 1]} and later studies do not support the finding of Paragroup O-M175(Xue 2005, Kim 2011). O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176.

A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 1/18 Iranians from Teheran, 2/37 Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.^[8]

O-F75

O1a-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O-F75, approximately 23,400 [95% CI 21,600 to 25,300] YBP.^[4]^[9] O-F75, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O3-M122 approximately 24,700 [95% CI 23,000 to 26,500] YBP.^[4] Thus, O-F75 existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O3-M122 for a duration of approximately 1,300 years (or anywhere from 0 to 4,900 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268.

O-MSY2.2

O-M119: Found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Tai–Kadai peoples.

O-M268

O-K18
- O-CTS10887
- O-PK4
  - O-F838 Found with low frequency among Han Chinese^[10]
  - O-M95
    - O-M95(xM88): Found frequently among Austroasiatic- and Tai-speaking peoples, Malays, western Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, (Firasat 2006 and Fornarino 2009) Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia.^{[citation needed]}
    - O-M88: Found frequently among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese.^{[citation needed]}
O-M176
- O-M176(x47z): Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Buryats, Daurs, Evenks, Hezhe, Indonesians, Japanese, Manchus, Micronesians, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, Udegeys, and Vietnamese.^{[citation needed]}
- O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans, Manchus, Thais, and Vietnamese.^{[citation needed]}

O-M122

Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia (Shi 2005).

O-M134: Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.^{[citation needed]}
O-M7: Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture^[11] and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples,^[12] with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese (Xue 2006), Buyei (Xue 2006), Bai (Wen 2004), Mosuo (Wen 2004), Tibetans (Wen 2004), Qiang (Xue 2006), Oroqen (Xue 2006), Tujia (Su 2000), Thai (Su 2000), Orang Asli (Su 2000), western Indonesians (Su 2000 and Kayser 2008), Malaysians (Kayser 2008), Vietnamese (Kayser 2008), and Atayal (Su 2000).

Languages families and genes

The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem (vanDriem 2011). It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.

"Proto‑ Asiatic" (O‑M175)

Northern Asiatic (O-M122)

Sino-Tibetan (O-M134)

	Sinitic (O-M117)

	Tibeto-Burman

Hmong–Mien (O-M7)

	Hmong (Miao)

	She (Ratliff 1998)

Mien (Yao)

Southern Asiatic (Austric)

Austroasiatic (O-M95)

	Munda

	Mon–Khmer

Austro-Tai (O-M119)

Austronesian

	Formosan

	Malayo-Polynesian

Tai–Kadai

Kadai ^{[Note 2]}

Kam–Tai

	Kam–Sui

	Tai

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a
O-SRY465	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b
O-47z	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b
O-M159	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

3

Phylogenetic trees

ISOGG 2017 tree(ver.12.244).^[13]

O (M175)
- O1 (54)
  - O1a (M119)F265/M13
    - O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
      - O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
        O1a1a1 (F446)
        O1a1a1a (F140)
        O1a1a1a1 (F78)
        O1a1a1a1a (F81)
        O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
        O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
        
        O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
        
        O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
        O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
        O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
        O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
        
        O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
        
        O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
        O1a1a1b1 (M101)
        
        O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
        O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
        O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
        
        O1a1a2 (CTS52)
        O1a1a2a (CTS701)
        O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
      - O1a1b (CTS5726)
    - O1a2 (M110)
      - O1a2a (F3288)
        O1a2a1 (B392)
        O1a2a1a (B393)
    - O1a3 (Page109)
  - O1b (M268)
    - O1b1 (F2320)
      - O1b1a (M1470)
        O1b1a1 (PK4)
        O1b1a1a (M95)
        O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
        O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
        O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
        O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
        
        O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
        O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
        
        O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
        O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
        O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
        O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
        
        O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
        
        O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
        
        O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
        
        O1b1a1b (F838)
        O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
        
        O1b1a2 (Page59)
        O1b1a2a (F993)
        O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
        O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
        
        O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
        O1b1a2b1 (F840)
        O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
        
        O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
        
        O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
    - O1b2 (P49, M176)
      - O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
        O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
        O1b2a1a (F1204)
        O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
        O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
        O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
        
        O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
        
        O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
        
        O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
        O1b2a1a2a (L682)
        O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
        O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
        
        O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
        O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
        
        O1b2a1a2b (F940)
        
        O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
        O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
        
        O1b2a1b (CTS562)
        
        O1b2a2 (Page90)
- O2 (M122)
  - O2a (M324)
    - O2a1 (L127.1)
      - O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
        O2a1a1 (F2159)
        O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
        O2a1a1a1 (F852)
        O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
        O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
        O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
        O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
        
        O2a1a1a1b (F854)
        O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
        
        O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
        
        O2a1a1b (F915)
        O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
        O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
        O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
        
        O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
        
        O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
      - O2a1b (M164)
      - O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
        O2a1c1 (F18)
        O2a1c1a (F117)
        O2a1c1a1 (F13)
        O2a1c1a1a (F11)
        O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
        O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
        O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
        
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
        
        O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
        
        O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
        
        O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
        O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
        
        O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
        
        O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
        
        O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
        O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
        
        O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
        O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
        O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
        O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
        O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
        
        O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
        O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
        
        O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
        O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
        O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
        
        O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
        
        O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
        
        O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
        
        O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
        
        O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
        
        O2a1c1b (F449)
        O2a1c1b1 (F238)
        O2a1c1b1a (F134)
        O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
        
        O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
        
        O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
        
        O2a1c1c (CTS498)
        
        O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
    - O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
      - O2a2a (M188)
        O2a2a1 (F2588)
        O2a2a1a (CTS445)
        O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
        O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
        
        O2a2a1a2 (M7)
        O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
        O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
        O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
        O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
        
        O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
        O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
        O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
        
        O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
        
        O2a2a1b (F1837)
        
        O2a2a2 (F879)
        O2a2a2a (F1226)
        O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
      - O2a2b (P164)
        O2a2b1 (M134)
        O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
        O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
        O2a2b1a1a (M133)
        O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
        O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
        
        O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
        O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
        O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
        O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
        O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
        O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
        O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
        O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
        O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
        O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
        O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
        
        O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
        O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
        
        O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
        
        O2a2b1a2 (F114)
        O2a2b1a2a (F79)
        O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
        O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
        
        O2a2b1a2b (F743)
        O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
        O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
        O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
        
        O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
        
        O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
        O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
        
        O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
        
        O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
        O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
        O2a2b2a1 (N7)
        O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
        O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
        
        O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
        
        O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
        O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
        
        O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
        O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
        
        O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
        O2a2b2a2a (F717)
        O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
        
        O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
        
        O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
        O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
        O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
        O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
        
        O2a2b2b (A16433)
        O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
        O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
        O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
        
        O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
    - O2a3 (M300)
    - O2a4 (M333)
  - O2b (F742)
    - O2b1 (F1150)
      - O2b1a (F837)
        O2b1a1 (F1025)
    - O2b2 (F1055)
      - O2b2a (F3021)

Notes

^ O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".
^ The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017
^ ^a ^b Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research (2015) 25: 459-466. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114
^ G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez et al. (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (2013). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last1= (help)
^ Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76: 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051.
^ Tofanelli, Sergio; Bertoncini, Stefania; Castrì, Loredana; et al. (September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last4= (help)
^ Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazieres S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." PLoS ONE 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748
^ Gregory R Magoon; et al. (2013-11-22). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv 000802. {{cite bioRxiv}}: Check |biorxiv= value (help)
^ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G; Santos, Fabricio R; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; John Mitchell, R; Jin, Li; Soodyall, Himla; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Cooper, Alan; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Royyuru, Ajay K; Platt, Daniel E; Parida, Laxmi; Blue-Smith, Jason; Soria Hernanz, David F; Spencer Wells, R (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
^ Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Ling-; Wang, E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007). "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics. 122 (3–4): 383–388. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509.
^ Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ "Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2017".

Works cited

Journal articles

Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris (ed.). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands" (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. Dynamics of Human Diversity, 361-390. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Ratliff, Martha (1998). "Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. (2006). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–11. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. (2000). "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. (2004). "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation". Science China Life Sciences. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1360/02yc0207. PMID 15382670. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. (2005). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Websites

Bradshaw Foundation. "Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World".
ISOGG (2012). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012".
TMC (1998). "Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory".

External links

Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O (DNAHaplogroups.org)
Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
China DNA at Family Tree DNA

[vanOven2014-16] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-17] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-18] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-19] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-20] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-21] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-22] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-23] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-24] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-25] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-26] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-27] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-28] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-29] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[8] O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".

[14] The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.

[YFull-1] YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017

[Karmin2015-2] Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research (2015) 25: 459-466. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114

[Poznik2016-3] G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez et al. (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.

[Yan2013-4] Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (2013). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[Msaidie2010-5] Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last1= (help)

[Hurles2005-6] Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76: 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051.

[7] Tofanelli, Sergio; Bertoncini, Stefania; Castrì, Loredana; et al. (September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last4= (help)

[DiCristofaro2013-9] Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazieres S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." PLoS ONE 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748

[10] Gregory R Magoon; et al. (2013-11-22). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv 000802. {{cite bioRxiv}}: Check |biorxiv= value (help)

[Yan2011-11] Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G; Santos, Fabricio R; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; John Mitchell, R; Jin, Li; Soodyall, Himla; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Cooper, Alan; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Royyuru, Ajay K; Platt, Daniel E; Parida, Laxmi; Blue-Smith, Jason; Soria Hernanz, David F; Spencer Wells, R (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.

[Li2007-12] Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Ling-; Wang, E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007). "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics. 122 (3–4): 383–388. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509.

[Cai2011-13] Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[15] "Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2017".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[Note 1]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[Note 2]

[13]

[χ 1]

[χ 2]

[χ 3]

[χ 4]

[χ 5]

[χ 6]

[χ 7]

[χ 8]

[χ 9]

[χ 10]

[χ 11]

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[χ 14]