Mohe people
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| Mohe people | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 말갈 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
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| History of Manchuria |
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The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. They are sometimes[when?] considered[by whom?] the ancestors of the Jurchens, modern-day Manchus and other Tungusic peoples.[citation needed] According to some records,[which?] they originally dwelt near the Liao River and later migrated southward. They were involved in the ancient history of Korea: the records of the southern Korean Kingdoms of Baekje and Silla during the 1st century and 2nd century AD include numerous battles against the Mohe. Later, they became subject to the northern Korean kingdom of Goguryeo and its successor state, Balhae.
The Mohe were divided into various tribes; among these were the Sumo Mohe, which were eventually conquered by the Korean Goguryeo empire, as well as other Mohe tribes which were conquered by the Chinese Sui Dynasty, which re-led to the Korean-Chinese Wars. Many Mohe moved back toward their northern homeland during this period of foreign rule. The "Mohe" section of the "Beidi Zhuan" (北狄傳, Communications of the Northern "Di" Barbarians) of the "Jiu Tang Shu" (舊唐書, Old Book of Tang) states: "Their country is all (or "roughly") composed of some tens of 'bu' (roughly "tribes," but also just generally meaning "divisions"), each having a chief, some of whom are attached to Goguryeo, and some of whom serve as common people (i.e., vassals) to the Tujue."
The Mohe were also a constituent population of the kingdom of Balhae, 698-926. The founder of Balhae, Dae Jo-yeong was possibly a former Goguryeo general of Sumo Mohe stock; however, the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Yusa), a Korean record written several hundred years later, states that he was of Goguryeo stock.[1]
After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the primary ethnic group from whom the Jurchen descended. In particular the Heishui Mohe eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the Manchu originated.[2]
The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese 新靺鞨, しんまか) or "New Mohe," which is the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it; the dance and song were introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara Period or around the beginning of the Heian Period from the Balhae Kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the "kana" reading Makkatsu (まっかつ), which is probably a transliteration based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe.
The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit (in Middle Chinese. Chinese characters: 勿吉, pinyin: Mòjí, Korean: 물길 [Mulgil], Japanese: もつきつ [Motsukitsu]).
The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary,[3] and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.[4][5]
Tribe name
The Chinese exonym Mohe 靺鞨 is a graphic pejorative written with mo 靺 "socks; stockings" and he 鞨 "shoes". Mo, Mal (靺) is adjective, has meaning like barbarian or Xiongnu,[citation needed] that name is just customary expression. He (鞨) is Gal, Gat in Middle Chinese, 'Gal' meaning is Stone by Mohe/Malgal, Jie/Gal language.[citation needed] hanja Shi (石) has meaning as Stone, thus Jie people ruler Shi Le (石勒) get surname Shi (石) from 'Gal' because Gal is Stone. by book of Jin sha (金史), Shi Tu Men (石土门) is prince of Jurchen people, first, surname Shi (石) from Jie people, connected to Mohe, Jurchen people.
Tribes
According to some records, there were seven/eight Mohe tribes :
| Moji/Merjie/Wuji (勿吉) | Mohe/Mogher/Malgal (靺鞨) | Modern location | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sumo tribe 粟末部 (Sùmò Bù) 속말부 (Songmalbu) |
Sumo tribe 粟末部 (Sùmò Bù) 속말부 (Songmalbu) |
near Songhua River | |
| Baishan tribe 白山部 (Báishān Bù) 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
Baishan tribe 白山部 (Báishān Bù) 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
near Baekdu Mountain | |
| Yulou tribe 虞婁 (Yúlóu) 우루 (Uru) |
Yulou tribe 虞婁 (Yúlóu) 우루 (Uru) |
on the Suifun River Basin | |
| Boduo tribe 伯咄部 (Bóduō Bù) 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
Boduo tribe 伯咄部 (Bóduō Bù) 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
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| Funie tribe 拂涅部 (Fúniè Bù) 불열 (Buryeol) |
Funie tribe 拂涅部 (Fúniè Bù) 불열 (Buryeol) |
near the Mudan River on the Khanka Basin | dwelled in Jixi and Mudanjiang |
| Anchegu tribe 安车骨部 (Ānchēgǔ Bù) 안차골부 (Anchagolbu) |
Tieli tribe 鐵利 (Tiělì) 철리 (Cheolli) |
near the Songhwa River | dwelled in Harbin |
| Haoshi tribe 号室部/號室部 (Hàoshì Bù) 호실부 (Hosilbu) |
Yuexi tribe 越喜 (Yuèxǐ) 월희 (Wolhui) |
dwelled in Dalnerechensk | |
| Heishui tribe 黑水部 (Hēishuǐ Bù) 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
Heishui tribe 黑水部 (Hēishuǐ Bù) 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
low banks of Amur River | dwelled in Hegang, Jiamusi, Shuangyashan, Khavarovsk, Birobidzhan, Yichun |
Notable personalities
Sumo Mohe/Yan Prefecture Mohe chieftains
- Tudiji (突地稽 pinyin: Tūdìjī, Hangul: 돌지계), ca. 580-620
- Li Jinhang (李謹行 pinyin: Lǐ Jǐnháng, Hangul: 이근행), 619-683, Tudiji's son
- Li Duozuo (李多祚 pinyin: Lǐ Duōzuò, Hangul: 이다조)
See also
- Jie people (Gal people)
- Shi Le
- Guanqiu Jian
Footnotes
- ^ Yi, U-song. "A Study of the Period of the Northern and Southern States". Korea Journal, Vol.17, No.1, Jan., 1977.
- ^ Huang, P.: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 50, no.1 (1990): 239-82. Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006.
- ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13-4.
- ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 14.
- ^ Aisin Gioro & Jin, p. 18.
- Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Volume Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Relationship between Mohe aristocratic names, Jurchens and Hungarian names[unreliable source?]