Pyatigorsk
| Pyatigorsk (English) Пятигорск (Russian) |
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 View of Pyatigorsk from Mt.Mashuk, 2007 |
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.svg) Location of Stavropol Krai in Russia |
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 Pyatigorsk
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| Coordinates: 44°02′N 43°03′E / 44.033°N 43.05°ECoordinates: 44°02′N 43°03′E / 44.033°N 43.05°E | |
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| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Stavropol Krai |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug[citation needed] |
| Head[citation needed] | Lev Travnev[citation needed] |
| Representative body | Council of Deputies[citation needed] |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 97 km2 (37 sq mi)[citation needed] |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
142,397 inhabitants[1] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 121st |
| Population (2002 Census) | 140,559 inhabitants[2] |
| - Rank in 2002 | 119th |
| Density | 1,468 /km2 (3,800 /sq mi)[3] |
| Time zone | MSD (UTC+04:00)[4] |
| Founded | 1780[citation needed] |
| Postal code(s) | 357500[citation needed] |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8793[citation needed] |
| Official website | |
Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятиго́рск) is a city in Stavropol Krai on the Podkumok River, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Mineralnye Vody. Since January 19, 2010 it has been the administrative center of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. Population: 142,397 (2010 Census preliminary results);[1] 140,559 (2002 Census);[5] 129,499 (1989 Census).[6]
The name Pyatigorsk is derived from the fused Russian words "пять гор" (five mountains) and the city is so called because of the five peaks of the Beshtau (which also means five mountains in Turkic) of the Caucasian mountain range overlooking the city. It was founded in 1780, and has been a health spa with mineral springs since 1803. The Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov was shot in a duel at Pyatigorsk on July 27, 1841. There is a museum in the city devoted to his memory. The Zionist activist Joseph Trumpeldor was born in Pyatigorsk.
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[edit] History
The first mention of the mineral springs is found in the writings of the 14th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta. Scientific interest in them was first shown by Peter the Great, but the information collected on his expedition has since been lost. Interest was revived at the end of the 18th century when the first Russian settlement was founded — Konstantinogorskaya fortress, erected at Mt. Mashuk in 1780.
The value of the Caucasian mineral waters led to the construction of a resort in 1803, and the first studies of their medical properties began thereafter: on April 24, Alexander I signed a decree which made the mineral waters state property. There are now many settlements near the springs. The first such settlement was Goryachevodsk (now part of Pyatigorsk) at the bottom of Mt. Mashuk, then Kislovodsk, Yessentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Pyatigorsk
During World War II Pyatigorsk was occupied for a while by the German Wehrmacht. The Einsatzkommando 12 of Einsatzgruppe D had its headquarter in Pyatigorsk in 1942.[7] Many Jewish inhabitants of the region were killed.[8]
[edit] Economy
The industry of Pyatigorsk is primarily oriented towards service of the health resort. There is also a food industry (a meat-processing plant, a winery, a dairy, a brewery, a confectionery), textiles (clothing, shoe, carpet factories), machine industry and metal working (PО Pyatigorskselmash specialises in machines and equipment for aviculture; a special automobile equipment works, an electromechanical plant, etc.); a chemical factory and a ceramics factory (TEMP Ceramics) who specialise in porcelain and ceramic gifts such as samovars, figurines, vases and decorative ceramic wall hanging panels. In 1991, the Pyatigorsk health resort had ten sanatoriums, four boarding houses and five sanatoriums-preventoriums. The number of people who stayed at the health resort within a year totalled about 170,000.
[edit] Geography and climate
The city is situated on a small plateau, 512 metres (1,680 ft) above sea-level, at the foot of the Beshtau, Mashuk and three other outliers of the Caucasian mountain range, which protect it on the north. The snow-covered summits of Mount Elbrus are visible to the south.
The climate of Pyatigorsk is moderately continental, without sharp fluctuations of annual and daily temperatures. The summer is steadily warm (average temperature of July +22°C), with a moderately soft winter (average temperature of January −4°C) lasting 2–3 months. Spring is early and cool, with a sharp transition by the summer, and a warm, dry, and long autumn. Relative humidity of the air varies from 54 to 80%. There is an average of 98 sunny days in a year.
[edit] Tourism
Pyatigorsk is a convenient starting point for numerous tourist routes. The southern slope of Mashuk has a 20 metres (66 ft) deep doline (the Proval), at the bottom of which there is a small lake. To climb Mashuk, there is a cable and a foot road. At the centre of the health resorts, on the slopes and at the bottoms of Mounts Beshtau, Mashuk, Zmeyka, Razvalka, Zheleznaya, Ostrov and Medovaya, there is a Mount Beshtau forestland (mainly ash, oak, hornbeam, and beech).
[edit] Points of interest
The state memorial estate of Mikhail Lermontov was founded in 1973. It unites all of the Lermontov memorial places in the region: the place where he fought his duel and was killed, a necropolis, Lermontov's small house, Verzilin's houses, the house of Alexander Alyabyev, the Lermontov square, and monument.
The Aeolian harp (Эолова Арфа) is a small stone pavilion in the classical style, constructed by the brothers Bernardacci in 1828.
Diana's grotto (Грот Дианы) was built in 1830, in honour of the first ascent of Mount Elbrus.
Pyatigorsk is well known in the Caucasus region for its excellent restaurants and nightlife, as well as for its extremely large marketplace. A major thoroughfare is known to locals as "Broadway", which runs through the center of town, and on which most of the best restaurants, nightclubs, and attractions are located. Broadway is also a popular spot for people watching at young locals dressed in their best outfits and strolling along the middle of the street. The influence of the Caucasus region is felt here most noticeably in the music and cuisine, which incorporate aspects of many former Soviet republics such as Armenia. Pyatigorsk features prominently in Jonathan Littel's 2009 novel, "The Kindly Ones".
Pyatigorsk is a sister city of Dubuque, Iowa, United States.
[edit] Honors
An asteroid 2192 Pyatigoriya discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after the city.[9]
[edit] Gallery
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Giant Eagle Sculpture
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[edit] International relations
Pyatigorsk is twinned with:
[edit] References
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication).
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ (German) Jonathan Littell: Die Wohlgesinnten - Materialienband. Berlin 2006. P. 66
- ^ [1] The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous: Russia // Kira Belkova
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 178. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=2190+Coubertin+GV3.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pyatigorsk |
- An informational website about Pyatigorsk (Russian)
- Weather forecast for Pyatigorsk
- BBC News article
- all Pyatigorsk
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