Scarborough Fair (ballad)

"Scarborough Fair" is a traditional ballad of Great Britain and more precisely Yorkshire.

The song relates the tale of a young man who instructs the listener to tell his former love to perform for him a series of impossible tasks, such as making him a shirt without a seam and then washing it in a dry well, adding that if she completes these tasks he will take her back. Often the song is sung as a duet, with the woman then giving her lover a series of equally impossible tasks, promising to give him his seamless shirt once he has finished.

As the versions of the ballad known under the title "Scarborough Fair" are usually limited to the exchange of these impossible tasks, many suggestions concerning the plot have been proposed, including the hypothesis that it is about the Great Plague of the late Middle Ages. The lyrics of "Scarborough Fair" appear to have something in common with an obscure Scottish ballad, The Elfin Knight (Child Ballad #2), which has been traced at least as far back as 1670 and may well be earlier. In this ballad, an elf threatens to abduct a young woman to be his lover unless she can perform an impossible task ("For thou must shape a sark to me / Without any cut or heme, quoth he"); she responds with a list of tasks that he must first perform ("I have an aiker of good ley-land / Which lyeth low by yon sea-strand").

The melody is very typical of the middle English period.

As the song spread, it was adapted, modified, and rewritten to the point that dozens of versions existed by the end of the 18th century, although only a few are typically sung nowadays. The references to the traditional English fair, "Scarborough Fair" and the refrain "parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme" date to 19th century versions, and the refrain may have been borrowed from the ballad Riddles Wisely Expounded, (Child Ballad #1), which has a similar plot. A number of older versions refer to locations other than Scarborough Fair, including Wittingham Fair, Cape Ann, "twixt Berwik and Lyne", etc. Many versions do not mention a place-name, and are often generically titled ("The Lovers' Tasks", "My Father Gave Me an Acre of Land", etc.).

Lyrics

As a popular and widely-distributed song, there are many versions of the lyrics. A version published in 1889 is typical of modern versions, aside from the place-name:

Are you going to Wittingham Fair?

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

Remember me to one who lives there,

For once she was a true lover of mine.

Tell her to make me a cambric shirt,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

Without a seam or needlework,

Then she shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell her to wash it in yonder well,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

Where never spring water or rain ever fell,

Ans she shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell her to dry it on yonder thorn,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

Which never bore blossom since Adam was born,

Then she shall be a true lover of mine.

Now he has asked me questions three,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

I hope he'll answer as many for me

Before he shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell him to buy me an acre of land,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

Betwixt the salt water and the sea sand,

Then he shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell him to plough it with a ram's horn,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

And sow it all over with one pepper corn,

And he shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell him to sheer't with a sickle of leather,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme;

And bind it up with a peacock feather.

And he shall be a true lover of mine.

Tell him to thrash it on yonder wall,

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme,

And never let one corn of it fall,

Then he shall be a true lover of mine.

When he has done and finished his work.

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme:

Oh, tell him to come and he'll have his shirt,

And he shall be a true lover of mine.

Alternate refrains

The oldest versions of "The Elfin Knight" (circa 1650) contain the refrain "my plaid away, my plaid away, the wind shall not blow my plaid away". Slightly younger versions often contain one of a group of related refrains:

• Sober and grave grows merry in time
• Every rose grows merry with time
• There's never a rose grows fairer with time

These are usually paired with "Once (s)he was a true love of mine" or some variant. "Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme" may simply be an alternate rhyming refrain to the original.

Commercial versions

The melody was used throughout director Fritz Lang's 1941 film Man Hunt starring Walter Pidgeon, Joan Bennett and George Sanders.

The earliest commercial recording of the ballad was by actor/singers Gordon Heath and Lee Payant, Americans who ran a cafe and nightclub, L'Abbaye, on the Rive Gauche in Paris. They recorded the song on the Elektra album Encores From The Abbaye in 1955. Their version used the melody from Frank Kidson's Collection Of Traditional Tunes, published in 1891, which reported it as being "as sung in Whitby streets twenty or thirty years ago" – that is, in about the 1860s.

The song was also included on A. L. Lloyd's 1955 album The English And Scottish Popular Ballads, using Kidson's melody, but the version using the melody later developed by Simon & Garfunkel in "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" was first recorded on a 1956 album, English Folk Songs, by Audrey Coppard. It was included by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger on The Singing Island, and then by Shirley Collins in 1959 on the album False True Lovers. It is likely that both Coppard and Collins learned it from MacColl, who claimed to have collected it "in part" from a Scottish miner. However, according to Alan Lomax, MacColl's source was probably Cecil Sharp's One Hundred English Folk Songs, published in 1916. A short comical version was featured on a 2001 episode of Futurama. It features a cold metalic voiced cylon replacing Paul Simon.

Simon & Garfunkel

"Scarborough Fair/Canticle"
Single by Simon & Garfunkel
from the album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
Released	February 1968 (Single release. LP release October 10, 1966)
Format	7" single
Recorded	July 26, 1966
Genre	Folk rock, baroque pop
Length	3:10
Label	Columbia Records
Producer	Bob Johnston
Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology
"Fakin' It" (1967) "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (1967) "Mrs. Robinson" (1968)

Paul Simon learned the song in London in 1965 from Martin Carthy, who had picked up the tune from the songbook by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger. Art Garfunkel then set it in counterpoint with "Canticle", a reworking of Simon's 1963 song "The Side of a Hill" with new, anti-war lyrics. It was the lead track of the 1966 album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme, and was released as a single after being featured on the soundtrack to The Graduate in 1968. The copyright credited only Simon and Garfunkel as the authors, causing ill-feeling on the part of Carthy, who felt the "traditional" source should have been credited. This rift remained until Simon invited Carthy to duet the song with him at a London concert in 2000. Simon performed this song with The Muppets when he guest starred on The Muppet Show.

Before Simon had learnt the song, Bob Dylan had borrowed the melody and several lines from Carthy's arrangement to create his song, "Girl from the North Country", which appeared on The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963), Nashville Skyline (1969) (together with Johnny Cash), Real Live (1984) and The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1993).

The Coolies' first album, dig..?, released in 1986 by DB Records, consisted of nine tongue-in-cheek covers of Simon & Garfunkel classics, including this track. "Scarborough Fair" b/w "The Sounds of Silence" was released as a 7" single.

Chart performance

Chart (1968)	Peak position
Australian Kent Music Report	49
Irish Singles Chart	5
UK Singles Chart	9
US Billboard Hot 100	11

Other recordings

Sergio Mendes and Brasil '66 made the US top 20 in 1968 with a jazzy version of the song.

Italian Nu-Jazz artist Nicola Conte released a version of the song on his 2011 album "Love & Revolution."

The King's Singers have recorded Scarborough Fair at least twice. One version appears on their LP Original Debut Recording from 1971 (reissued in 1994). Another version appears on their CD Annie Laurie: Folksongs of the British Isles from 1993.

Progressive rock/metal band Queensrÿche recorded a version, featured on the single Empire (1990). Laura Wright recorded a version, featured on her album The Last Rose (2011). Siobhan Owen recorded a version, featured on her album "Storybook Journey" (2012). The Stone Roses also used the ballad as the basis of their song "Elizabeth My Dear". Celtic Woman performed the song with lead vocals by Hayley Westenra. English Composer/Songwriter Daniel Woodward released his version as a duet with John Kelly in 2012.

Sarah Brightman recorded a version on her 2000 album La Luna. The song was released as a single in the same year.

Scarborough Fair was the main subject throughout episode 8 of Gunslinger Girl (season 2), "A Day in the Life of Claes". In the episode, Claes is shown carrying and reading The Elfin Knight. The ending theme, following the melody and lyrics of Simon & Garfunkel's popularized version, was sung by Aoi Tada.

External links

• "...Tell Her To Make Me A Cambric Shirt": From The "Elfin Knight" to "Scarborough Fair". History of the song at justanothertune.com
• The Elfin Knight Several variants, as collected by Child
• The Modern Herbalist: Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme: A Love Story
• About the song Scarborough Fair Simple fan page with lots of information and interpretations
• Explanation of Connection to the Plague
• Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme: A Historical Examination of Birth Control Methods from the Medieval and Renaissance Periods" by THLady Maimuna al-Bukhariyya.
• Scarborough Town Information
• Scarborough Fair in YouTube:
  • guitar solo, Per-Olov Kindgren
  • Corinna Herden with accompaniment
  • guitar solo, Peter Vail
  • a cappella, 8 part, Humber College students
  • Bill Bailey cover live at Sonisphere 2011
  • VOCALOID3 Oliver