United States Marine Raider stiletto

United States Marine Raider stiletto
United States Marine Raider stiletto
	A Marine Raider stiletto with scabbard
Type	Dagger
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Wars	World War II

The United States Marine Raider stiletto was issued to the Marine Raiders and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion during World War II.

Background

At the start of World War II, the Mark I Trench Knife was the only knife issued to Marines. It was introduced during World War I for trench warfare, but its "knuckle duster" hilt was cumbersome and contained nearly 1 pound (0.45 kg) of brass, making the knife expensive to produce. In addition, the Mark I could not be held in the "fencing-grip" position, the preferred position for the thrust. The Marine Corps began issuing the KA-BAR, a combination fighting/utility knife, in 1942 due to the inadequacies of the Mark I. The Marine Raiders, however, desired a dagger designed solely for knife fighting, but none was available that met the requirements.^[1]

History

The history of the U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto began at the Commando Training Centre in Achnacarry, Scotland. The stiletto was patterned after the Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife, which was in use at the centre before the arrival of the Marine Raiders.^[2]^[3]

The U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto was the first knife in United States Marine Corps history to be designed by a U.S. Marine Corps officer, the then Lieutenant Colonel Clifford H. Shuey, who retired as a brigadier general and was formerly in charge of the Engineer Division at Headquarters Marine Corps.^[4] Shuey largely copied the Fairbairn-Sykes pattern, but changed the material specifications of some components (notably the handle) to reduce the need for high-priority strategic materials.^[2] These changes would eventually result in durability problems for the Raider stiletto. The knife was designed in 1942 and officially issued on a selective basis to the Marines, with priority to elite units such as the Raiders.^[2]

The new knife was manufactured by the Camillus Cutlery Company, with 14,370 knives produced; a relatively small number compared to the 2.5 million M3 fighting knife units issued.^[2] In addition to Raider units, it is known that Scout and Sniper companies of the 1st Marine Division were issued the stiletto, and some members of the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion also acquired them, either by barter and trade, or by unofficial requisition from Quartermaster stores.^[3]

The Raider stiletto was also issued to the 1st Marine Raider Battalion commanded by Colonel Merritt A. Edson,^[5] the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion, and to Marines in the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion commanded by Lt. Col. Evans F. Carlson. The Marines of the 1st Raider battalion found the Raider stiletto to be well designed for silent killing, but was of little use for any other purpose, and too frail for general utility tasks.^[5]^[6] After their first combat, many of the Marines in the 2nd Raider Battalion exchanged their Raider stilettos for general-purpose short machetes (machetes pequeños) and hunting knives.^[7] In late 1943 the Raider Stiletto was replaced by the new Marine Corps fighting and utility knife designated 1219C2 (later to become famous as the KA-BAR), a change welcomed by Edson's Marines.^[5]

Specifications

The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto was similar to the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife. Both were designed hilt-heavy to lie in the hand so as to reduce the risk of dropping. Both had a tapered, double-edge blade with stiletto-sharp tip and diamond-shaped cross section, sharpened on both cutting edges all the way to the oval crossguard. Both had a slender symmetrical grip, with a middle convexity. They weighed the same 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg).^[8] The primary difference was that the U.S. Marine Raider stiletto hilt was a one-piece construction, die-cast directly onto the blade tang.^[8]

The stiletto hilt was die-cast using zinc aluminum alloy, which exhibited the desirable characteristics of sharp casting, low shrinkage, low cost, and minimal use of scarce war-priority metals. However, over time it was discovered that the zinc ions in this alloy tended to leach out, leaving the casting extremely brittle. As a result, more than half of the few Raider stilettos still in existence today have very fine hilt cracks or entire portions of the hilt missing, with pieces having simply flaked off; many more have replacement handles. This decay can be delayed to some extent by coating the hilt with petroleum jelly.^[8]

The stiletto blade was approximately 0.25 inches (0.64 cm) longer than the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife and considerably thinner. It is believed that thinner design was a manufacturing compromise, rather than an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the blade.^[8]

Manufacturing

The Marine Raider stiletto blade was "blanked" or stamped out of steel sheet stock. Had a thicker sheet metal gauge been used, it would have been more costly. In addition, it would have required more steel, a commodity which had to be conserved during the war. The flat knife blank was then machined to the diamond cross section.^[9] By comparison the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife was more expensive to make, but stronger. It was drop-forged to shape, a process which strengthens the steel, then hand-ground to final finish.

Sheath

Within the same basic model, four different variants of the Marine Raider sheath have been noted and identified. These variants include the four combinations of with and without steel staples at the throat portion of the sheath and with and without steel tip plates (1.75 in by 2 in), front and back of the sheath to prevent the sharp tip from piercing the scabbard and injuring the wearer.^[10]

The purpose of the row of staples at the throat was to prevent the sharp knife from slashing through the sheath. Unfortunately, these staples could severely scar the stiletto blade. It is believed that these sheath variants evolved by trial and error, as the late issues had both staples and plates.

Use

The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto was designed for one purpose: killing the enemy, and its design was not compromised. The stiletto was a finely designed, almost delicate, single-purpose weapon, which did not include a variety of other tasks normally associated with a machete or utility knife. Due to the thin tip, even thinner than the tip of the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife, the stiletto was not designed to be used for opening ration cans or as a pry bar to open cases.^[11]

USMC Major General Oscar F. Peatross, a veteran of the famous Makin Island raid and author of the book, Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II ISBN 0-9652325-0-6, recalled about the stiletto:

It was pointed out that it should never be thrown, as it was designed as a hand-held weapon to be used only in combat. It was also pointed out that it was brittle and would break even if just dropped, particularly the point.
— M.G. Oscar F. Peatross, USMC retired

The Marine Raiders found they could fit the sheath behind the standard issue M1911 pistol holster by inserting the sheath body between the holster body and belt attachment flap and tying the tip of the sheath and holster together with the tie-down thong. This gave more room on their web belt and made both the pistol and stiletto available to the right hand.^{[citation needed]}

1st Canadian Parachute Battalion

The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was issued a variant of the U.S. Marine Raider stiletto. The stiletto was manufactured by Camillus in the United States and was identical to the Raiders, except it had a parkerized finish. In addition, the hilt was without the U.S.M.C. scroll and the manufacturer's name was not etched on the blade.^[12]^[13] As part of the original production run, approximately 500 parkerized units were manufactured and issued to the Canadian Airborne.^[14]

Roy C. Rushton, who served as a sniper with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, reported about the stiletto:

"I was issued the knife you mention in 1943 or 1944 by our quartermaster stores. I recall that it was darkened but I am unable to recall what was imprinted on the blade. Our knives were always referred to as "killing knives" and they were used to dispatch German soldiers on at least two occasions. Some training was provided on how to attack or defend from the front and how to attack from the rear."
— Roy C. Rushton, 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion

Collectibility

The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto is a collectible knife for a number of reasons. It was one of the first Marine-designed and Marine-issued knives. It was issued to a special unit. Because of the decomposing zinc-alloy handle, the stiletto is one of the rarest knives in the world of militaria collecting and knife collecting, and existing specimens can be expensive.^[9]

References

^ Walker, Greg (1993). Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-87364-732-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rogers, Patrick A (December 2003). "Marines New SOCOM Pistol". SWAT Magazine: 52.
^ ^a ^b "Raiding the Past: New spec-ops unit harks back to WWII Raider battalions". Marine Corps Times. October 2003.
^ Carleton, P.D. (Capt. USMCR), A New Marine Corps Knife, Marine Corps Gazette, January 1944
^ ^a ^b ^c Alexander, Joseph H., Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II, Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-020-7 (2001), p. 67
^ Carleton, P.D. (Capt. USMCR), A New Marine Corps Knife, Marine Corps Gazette, January 1944: "The official knife adopted by the Marine Corps was a combat weapon designed by Lt. Colonel Clifford H. Shuey, USMC. Patterned after the British commando knife, this weapon was a sturdy all-steel (i.e. all-metal) stiletto. Though this type of knife had proved admirable for quick raids on the French and Norwegian coasts, and served excellently well the purpose for which it was provided in the Southwest Pacific, it could not be used for both [of] the purposes that any jungle knife must serve: hand-to-hand combat and the daily chores of campaign life; that is, for hacking vines, cutting saplings, or whittling branches; opening cans, preparing food, possibly even for grubbing out foxholes, duties for which the bayonet was awkward and too tender a weapon, and the machete too cumbrous."
^ Carter, Rila, Carter's Cutlery Commentaries No. 3: The Little Machetes, retrieved 18 August 2011
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hughes, Gordon; Barry Jenkins; Robert A. Buerlein (2006). Knives of War An International Guide to Military Knives From World War I to the Present. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-58160-516-7.
^ ^a ^b McCarthy, John (2008). "WWII Marine Raider Stiletto Reborn". Raider Patch. U.S. Marine Raider Association. p. 4.
^ Meyers, Bruce F. (2004). Swift, Silent, and Deadly: Marine Amphibious Reconnaissance in the Pacific, 1942-1945. Arlington, VA: Naval Institute Press. pp. 17–18, 140. ISBN 978-1-59114-484-7.
^ Alexander, Joseph H. (2000). Edson's Raiders: the 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Naval Institute Press. pp. 67–68, 308. ISBN 9781557500205.
^ Military Fighting Knives – Canadian version of Raider stiletto
^ 1st Canadian Parachute Virtual Museum
^ Stiletto & 1 Can Para Bn “Killing Knife”

External links

U.S. Marine Raider Association

[walker93-1] Walker, Greg (1993). Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-87364-732-7.

[swat-2] Rogers, Patrick A (December 2003). "Marines New SOCOM Pistol". SWAT Magazine: 52.

[mct-3] "Raiding the Past: New spec-ops unit harks back to WWII Raider battalions". Marine Corps Times. October 2003.

[4] Carleton, P.D. (Capt. USMCR), A New Marine Corps Knife, Marine Corps Gazette, January 1944

[ALEX-5] Alexander, Joseph H., Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II, Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-020-7 (2001), p. 67

[6] Carleton, P.D. (Capt. USMCR), A New Marine Corps Knife, Marine Corps Gazette, January 1944: "The official knife adopted by the Marine Corps was a combat weapon designed by Lt. Colonel Clifford H. Shuey, USMC. Patterned after the British commando knife, this weapon was a sturdy all-steel (i.e. all-metal) stiletto. Though this type of knife had proved admirable for quick raids on the French and Norwegian coasts, and served excellently well the purpose for which it was provided in the Southwest Pacific, it could not be used for both [of] the purposes that any jungle knife must serve: hand-to-hand combat and the daily chores of campaign life; that is, for hacking vines, cutting saplings, or whittling branches; opening cans, preparing food, possibly even for grubbing out foxholes, duties for which the bayonet was awkward and too tender a weapon, and the machete too cumbrous."

[7] Carter, Rila, Carter's Cutlery Commentaries No. 3: The Little Machetes, retrieved 18 August 2011

[kow-8] Hughes, Gordon; Barry Jenkins; Robert A. Buerlein (2006). Knives of War An International Guide to Military Knives From World War I to the Present. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-58160-516-7.

[patch-9] McCarthy, John (2008). "WWII Marine Raider Stiletto Reborn". Raider Patch. U.S. Marine Raider Association. p. 4.

[bfm-10] Meyers, Bruce F. (2004). Swift, Silent, and Deadly: Marine Amphibious Reconnaissance in the Pacific, 1942-1945. Arlington, VA: Naval Institute Press. pp. 17–18, 140. ISBN 978-1-59114-484-7.

[11] Alexander, Joseph H. (2000). Edson's Raiders: the 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Naval Institute Press. pp. 67–68, 308. ISBN 9781557500205.

[12] Military Fighting Knives – Canadian version of Raider stiletto

[13] 1st Canadian Parachute Virtual Museum

[14] Stiletto & 1 Can Para Bn “Killing Knife”

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

v t e Knives and daggers
List of daggers List of blade materials
Kitchen and table knives	Boning Boti Bread knife Butcher knife Butter knife Caidao Cheese knife Chef's knife Cleaver Electric knife Fillet knife Grapefruit knife Lame Mezzaluna Parmesan knife Pizza cutter Splayd Steak knife Tomato knife Japanese kitchen knives Deba bōchō Maguro bōchō Nakiri bōchō Santoku Sashimi bōchō Udon kiri Unagisaki hōchō Usuba bōchō Yanagi ba
Other knives	Aircrew Survival Egress Knife Athame Balisong/Butterfly Ballistic Ballpoint pen knife Bayonet Boline Bolo Boot knife Bowie Cane knife Ceramic knife Clip point Combat knife Commander Corvo CQC-6 Deba bōchō Diving knife Drop point Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife Gerber Mark II Ginsu Golok Gravity knife Guna Hacking knife Higonokami Hunting knife Husa knife Ivan's Knife Jacob's ladder Karambit Kard Kirpan Kitchen knife Kukri Laguiole knife Machete Mandau Marking knife Misericorde Mora knife Multi-tool Navaja Neck knife Nontron knife Opinel knife Palette knife Pantographic knife Parang Penknife Penny knife Pesh-kabz Pirah Pocketknife Phurba Putty knife Puukko Rampuri Resolza Sabatier Sami knife SARK Scalpel Seax Sgian dubh Sharpfinger Sheath knife Shiv Sliding knife Smatchet SOG Knife Straight razor Strider SMF Survival knife Swiss Army knife Switchblade Taping knife Throwing knife Trench knife Tumi Ulu Utility knife Verlängerungsmesser Warrior knife Wedung X-Acto Yarara Parachute Knife Yatagan
Daggers	Anelace Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife Arkansas toothpick BC-41 Bagh nakh Balarao Baselard Bichuwa Bollock dagger Cinquedea Dha Dirk Ear dagger Emeici Facón French Nail Gunong Hunting dagger Jambiya Jile Kabutowari Kaiken Kalis Katar Khanjali Khanjar Kris Kunai Liaoning dagger Mark I trench knife Microtech Jagdkommando Parrying dagger Poignard Pugio Push dagger Rondel dagger Seme Shobo Sica Stiletto Tantō U.S. Marine Raider stiletto V-42 Yoroi-dōshi
Manufacturers	Aitor Knife Company Al Mar Knives American Tomahawk Company Aritsugu Benchmade Böker Buck Knives Camillus Cutlery Company Cattaraugus Cutlery Company Chris Reeve Knives Chroma Cnife Clauss Cutlery Company Cobray Company Cold Steel Columbia River Knife & Tool Cuisinart Cutco Dalian Hanwei Metal Dexter-Russell Ek Commando Knife Co. EKA Emerson Knives F. Dick Fällkniven FAMAE Fiskars Gerber Legendary Blades Füritechnics Glock Ges.m.b.H. Imperial Schrade Ivan's Ka-Bar Kershaw Knives KitchenAid Korin Japanese Trading Company Kyocera Leatherman Mad Dog Knives Marble Arms Medford Knife and Tool Microtech Knives Morseth Muela Murphy Knives OLFA Ontario Knife Company Opinel Randall Made Knives Ranz Cuchillos Rösle Sabatier Shun Cutlery Slice, Inc. SOG Specialty Knives Spyderco STI Knives Strider Knives Thiers Issard TOPS Knives Tramontina Victorinox W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. Carl Walther GmbH Wenger Western Knife Company Wilkinson Sword Wüsthof Yoshida Metal Industry Global Zero Tolerance Knives Zwilling J. A. Henckels
Knifemakers	Rex Applegate James Black Tom Brown Jr. Blackie Collins John Nelson Cooper Jack W. Crain Ernest Emerson Jerry Fisk Bill Harsey Jr. Phill Hartsfield Gil Hibben Jimmy Lile Bob Loveless William F. Moran Ken Onion Ralph Osterhout Bo Randall Chris Reeve A. G. Russell Jody Samson William Scagel Mike Snody Robert Terzuola Michael Walker Buster Warenski Daniel Winkler
Associations	American Bladesmith Society Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association Knifemakers' Guild
Category:Knives / Daggers