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As with the rest of the Illyrians, today almost nothing survives except for names<ref>Wilkes (1992): "Though almost nothing of it survives, except for names, the Illyrian language has figured prominently…" (p. 67)</ref>.The Illyrians in the antiquity were subject to varying degrees of [[Celticization]]<ref name="ISBN 0195102339 1995, page 202">A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference,ISBN 0195102339,1995,page 202,"contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae"</ref><ref>Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. A Mocsy, S Frere</ref>, [[Hellenization]]<ref>Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and Sarah B. Pomeroy. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. Oxford University Press, p. 255.</ref>, [[Romanization]]<ref name="Epirus Vetus 2003, page 211">Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province (Duckworth Archaeology) by William Bowden,2003,page 211: "... in the ninth century. Wilkes suggested that they represented a `Romanized population of Illyrian origin driven out by Slav settlements further north', ..."</ref><ref name="Byzantium 1991, page 248">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (3-Volume Set) by Alexander P. Kazhdan,1991,page 248,"... were well fortified. In the 6th and 7th C. the romanized Thraco-Illyrian population was forced to settle in the mountains; they reappear ..."</ref> and later [[Slavicisation]].
As with the rest of the Illyrians, today almost nothing survives except for names<ref>Wilkes (1992): "Though almost nothing of it survives, except for names, the Illyrian language has figured prominently…" (p. 67)</ref>.The Illyrians in the antiquity were subject to varying degrees of [[Celticization]]<ref name="ISBN 0195102339 1995, page 202">A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference,ISBN 0195102339,1995,page 202,"contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae"</ref><ref>Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. A Mocsy, S Frere</ref>, [[Hellenization]]<ref>Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and Sarah B. Pomeroy. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. Oxford University Press, p. 255.</ref>, [[Romanization]]<ref name="Epirus Vetus 2003, page 211">Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province (Duckworth Archaeology) by William Bowden,2003,page 211: "... in the ninth century. Wilkes suggested that they represented a `Romanized population of Illyrian origin driven out by Slav settlements further north', ..."</ref><ref name="Byzantium 1991, page 248">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (3-Volume Set) by Alexander P. Kazhdan,1991,page 248,"... were well fortified. In the 6th and 7th C. the romanized Thraco-Illyrian population was forced to settle in the mountains; they reappear ..."</ref> and later [[Slavicisation]].

===Barbarians===
The tribe was for some reason seen as extremely "barbaric" by [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SFAXAQAAIAAJ&q=dardanians+bathed&dq=dardanians+bathed&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1980&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&hl=el&cd=19 An English translation of Claudius Aelianus' Varia historia]</ref><ref>The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae...Fanula Papazoglu,1978‎,page 517,"There must have been some reason why it was said of the Dardanians, and not of any other people, that they only bathed three times in their lives,"</ref>. [[Claudius Aelianus]] & other writers wrote that they bathed only three<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=balneae-cn&highlight=bathed%2Cdardanians Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)] "whence it is said of the Dardanians, an Illyrian people, that they bathe only thrice in their lives,--at birth, marriage, and after death."</ref> times in their lives. At birth, when they were wed and after they died. [[Strabo]] refers to them as wild<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rQipbjusDyQC&pg=PA249&dq=dardanians+dirty&lr=&as_brr=0&hl=el&cd=2#v=onepage&q=dardanians%20dirty&f=false History of ancient geography]</ref> and dwelling in dirty caves under dung-hills<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=5&highlight=dardanians Strabo,7.5],"The Dardanians are so utterly wild that they dig caves beneath their dung-hills and live there, but still they care for music, always making use of musical instruments, both flutes and stringed instruments"</ref>. This however may have had to do not with cleanliness, as bathing had to do with monetary<ref>The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae...Fanula Papazoglu,1978‎,page 517,"like the Dardanians', which was applied not to dirty folk, as might be expected, but to the miserly (επί τών φειδωλών)! . For the Greeks, obviously, to bathe or not was only a question of expense and financial means."</ref> status from the viewpoint of the [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]]. At the same time, Strabo writes that they had some interest in music.


==Rulers & Nobles==
==Rulers & Nobles==

Revision as of 23:53, 31 March 2010

This article is about the ancient peoples. For the Trojan allies, see Dardanoi.
Dardania prior to Roman conquest, shown with red on the upper part of the map

Dardania (Ancient Greek: Δαρδανία; Latin: Dardania) was the region of the Dardani (Ancient Greek: Δαρδάνιοι; Latin: Dardani).[1][2] Located at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone, their identification as either Illyrian or Thracian tribe is uncertain[3][4]. Their territory itself was not considered part of Illyria[5] by Strabo. The term used for their territory was ([Δαρδανική] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help))[6], while for other tribes had more unspecified terms, such as ([Αυταριατών χώρα] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) for the Autariatae. Other than that, little to no data[7] exists on the territory of the Dardanii prior to Roman conquest, especially on its southern extent.

The region was inhabited by Illyrians, Celts[8][9] and Thracians[9][10]. After Roman conquest of Illyria at 168 BC, Romans colonized and founded several cities in the region[11].

Name and mythic origins

Beginning with Johann Georg von Hahn in 1854, 19th century historical linguistics concluded that Dardanoi and Dardania may be related to a proto-Albanian word meaning pear tree (dardha in modern Albanian the definite form, dardhë indefinite form). Opinions differ whether the ultimate etymon of this word in Proto-Indo-European was *g'hord- (which would make it related also to Greek achrás 'wild pear'), or *dheregh-.[12]

Robert Graves connected Greek δάρδανος "burned up" (from the verb δαρδάπτω dardapto "to wear, to slay, to burn up").[13]

In Greek mythology, Dardanus (Δάρδανος), one of the sons of Illyrius (the others being Enchelus, Autarieus, Maedus, Taulas, and Perrhaebus) was the eponymous ancestor of the Dardanoi (Δάρδανοι).[14] Some Roman ethnographers proposed a connection between Dardani of the Balkans and the Dardans of Troy, having a group of Dardan colonists settle in the Balkans and subsequently degenerate into a state of barbarism[15], but the Romans[16] considered them to be Greeks as a whole, which contradicts modern scholarship.

History

Main article: Illyrians

In 88 BC, they invaded the Roman province of Macedonia together with the Scordisci and the Maedi.[17] The Dardanians are first mentioned in 88 BC when they invaded Macedonia. They settled in the West land of the Triballians (present-day Kosovo)[18]. The settlements were Thracian (Triballi) in pre-Roman times, attested in the etymology of place names surviving in the 3rd century AD when Dardania was given higher status. They make an appearance as a political entity in their own right in 86 BC, when they allied themselves with Mithridates VI of Pontus and are consequently defeated by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Polybius[19] writes of an event in which the Dardani ask for Roman aid against their enemies.

When the Rhodian envoys arrived in Rome the Senate, after listening to their address, deferred its answer. Meanwhile the Dardanian envoys came with reports as to the number of the Bastarnae, the size of their men, and their courage in the field.They gave information also of the treacherous practices of Perseus and the Gauls, and said that they were more afraid of him than of the Bastarnae, and therefore begged the help of the Romans. The report of the Dardani being supported by that of the Thessalian envoys who arrived at that time, and who also begged for help, the Senators determined to send some commissioners to see with their own eyes the truth of these reports; and they accordingly at once appointed and despatched Aulus Postumius, accompanied by some young men.

In AD 6, they were conquered by Rome and became part of the province of Moesia Superior (corresponding to present-day Serbia, northern fringes of Macedonia and northern Bulgaria). According to Strabo, they were divided into two sub-groups, the Galabri and the Thunaki[20].

Dardania was conquered in AD 6 by Gaius Scribonius Curio and included into the Roman Empire, the Latin language was soon adopted as the main language of the tribe as many other conquered and Romanized[18]. At first, Dardania was not a separate Roman province, but was a region in the province of Moesia Superior in AD 87.[21][22] Emperor Diocletian later (284) made Dardania into a separate [23] province with its capital at Naissus (Niš). During the Byzantine administration (in the 6th century AD), there was a Byzantine province of Dardania that included cities of Ulpiana, Scupi, Stobi, Justiniana Prima, and others.

As with the rest of the Illyrians, today almost nothing survives except for names[24].The Illyrians in the antiquity were subject to varying degrees of Celticization[25][26], Hellenization[27], Romanization[28][29] and later Slavicisation.

Rulers & Nobles

Main article: List of Illyrians

Dardanian Kingdom

Kingdom of Dardania, 3rd-1st century BC

The forerunners of the dynasty of Bardyllis, the Peresadyes, were Thracians[42]. The domain of the Dardanian kings was made up of many[43] tribes. The first and most prominent king of the Dardani was Bardyllis[31] who ruled from 385 BC to 358 BC. He was perhaps succeeded by Grabos (358 BC - 356 BC)[32][34] that may have been[33] Bardyllis's son. Little is known about Bardyllis II[36] (4th century BC) Bardyllis's son. Cleitus the Illyrian[36] (4th century BC) was his son. Monunius and Mytilus followed. Tribal chiefs Longarus and his son Bato of Dardania took part in the wars[41] against Romans and Macedonians. The Dardanians, in all their history, always[44] had separate domains from the rest of the Illyrians.

Roman Dardania

Main article: Moesia
Roman province of Dardania in the 4th century
Roman province of Dardania in the Late Roman Empire (after eastern part of the province was separated from Dardania and was transformed into new province named Dacia Mediterranea)
Byzantine Dardania, 6th century

During the administrative reforms of Diocletian (244 - 311) and Constantine I (272 – 337), the Diocese of Moesia was created, encompassing most of the central Balkans and the Greek peninsula. After a few years, however, the diocese was split in two, forming the Diocese of Macedonia and the Diocese of Dacia, encompassing the provinces of Dacia Mediterranea, Moesia Inferior, Dardania, Praevalitana and Dacia Ripensis.

Since 238, Moesia was constantly invaded or raided by the Carpi, and the Goths, who had already invaded Moesia in 250. Hard pressed by the Huns, the Goths again crossed the Danube during the reign of Valens (376) and with his permission settled in Moesia.

Late Roman[45] Dardania did not include the eastern part of the Dardania of Aurelian.

Byzantine Dardania

Main article: Diocese of Moesia
Further information: Diocese of Dacia
Further information: Diocese of Macedonia

The area remained part of the Byzantine empire until the late 9th century, when it was conquered by the First Bulgarian Empire. After this it passed on the Byzantine empire again under Basil II and the Komnenos dynasty, and later in the Serbian Raška (state), and in the 14th century it became part of the Serbian Empire.

Cities

Main article: List_of_ancient_cities_in_Illyria § Roman_Dardania

Dardania's largest towns by the time it was part of the Roman province of Moesia Superior were Ulpiana, Therranda, Vicianum, Skopi[46], Vindenis, and Velanis. By this time Naissus[47] (a previously Celtic settlement) was the province's most important city.The Romans had organized a mining town municipium Dardanicum[48] (in modern Socanica near the Ibar valley) was connected with the workings (metalla Dardanica[48]). Dacians[49] lived in Dardania in their city Quemedava.

Language

Main article: Illyrian languages

An extenstive study over onomastics has been undertaken by Radoslav Katičić which puts the Dardani language area in the Central Illyrian area ("Central Illyrian" consisting of most of ex-Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the North-West, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north).[50][51]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dardanioi, Georg Autenrieth, "A Homeric Dictionary", at Perseus
  2. ^ Latin Dictionary
  3. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, Page 85, "... Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that the area was originally populated with Thracians who where then exposed to direct contact with illyrians over a long period..."
  4. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians, Amsterdam 1978, by Fanula Papazoglu, ISBN 9025607934, page 131., "the Dardanians ... living in the frontiers of the Illyrian and the Thracian worlds retained their individuality and, alone among the peoples of that region succeeded in maintaining themselves as an ethnic unity even when they were militarily and politically subjected by the Roman arms [...] and when at the end of the ancient world, the Balkans were involved in far-reaching ethnic perturbations, the Dardanians, of all the Central Balkan tribes, played the greatest part in the genesis of the new peoples who took the place of the old"
  5. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae...Fanula Papazoglu,1978‎,page 217
  6. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae...Fanula Papazoglu,1978‎,page 523
  7. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae...Fanula Papazoglu,1978‎,page 187,"We have very little information about the territory of the Dardanians before its inclusion in the Roman state, "
  8. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians by Fanula Papazoglu,ISBN 9025607934,page 265
  9. ^ a b Pannonia and Upper Moesia: a history of the middle Danube provinces of the Roman Empire The Provinces of the Roman Empire Tome 4,ISBN-0710077149, 9780710077141,1974,page 9
  10. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075.,Page 85,"... Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that the area was originally populated with Thracians who where then exposed to direct contact with illyrians over a long period..."
  11. ^ Hauptstädte in Südosteuropa: Geschichte, Funktion, nationale Symbolkraft by Harald Heppner,page 134
  12. ^ Elsie, Robert (1998): "Dendronymica Albanica: A survey of Albanian tree and shrub names". Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 34: 163-200 online paper
  13. ^ The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, ISBN 0140171991
  14. ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, III, 1.2
  15. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 220, "... Leaving aside Strabo's comment on the dirty habits of the Dardanians, there is little on which to judge the general health of the Illyrian population. ..."
  16. ^ Greeks and Barbarians (Edinburgh Readings on the Ancient World) by T. Harrison,2001,ISBN 0415939593,page 140
  17. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, Page 140, "... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century Sc. ..."
  18. ^ a b http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/B_XXXVII_2007.pdf
  19. ^ Polybius, Histories,25.6
  20. ^ Strabo: Books 1‑7, 15‑17 in English translation, ed. H. L. Jones (1924), at LacusCurtius
  21. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 210,"... Here the old name of Dardania appears as a new province formed out of Moesia, along with Moesia Prima, Dacia (not Trajan's old province but a ...)"
  22. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992,ISBN 0631198075, page 210, "...Though its line is far from certain there seems little doubt that most of the Dardanians were excluded from Illyricum and were to become a part of the province of Moesia..."
  23. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 210,"...Here the old name of Dardania appears as a new province formed out of Moesia, along with Moesia Prima, Dacia (not Trajan's old province but a ...)"
  24. ^ Wilkes (1992): "Though almost nothing of it survives, except for names, the Illyrian language has figured prominently…" (p. 67)
  25. ^ A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference,ISBN 0195102339,1995,page 202,"contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae"
  26. ^ Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. A Mocsy, S Frere
  27. ^ Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and Sarah B. Pomeroy. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. Oxford University Press, p. 255.
  28. ^ Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province (Duckworth Archaeology) by William Bowden,2003,page 211: "... in the ninth century. Wilkes suggested that they represented a `Romanized population of Illyrian origin driven out by Slav settlements further north', ..."
  29. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (3-Volume Set) by Alexander P. Kazhdan,1991,page 248,"... were well fortified. In the 6th and 7th C. the romanized Thraco-Illyrian population was forced to settle in the mountains; they reappear ..."
  30. ^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.
  31. ^ a b Harding, Philip. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, 1985, p. 93, ISBN 0521299497. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.
  32. ^ a b Harding, p. 93. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.
  33. ^ a b The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 121,"The Illyrians of Grabus are unlikely to have been the subjects of Bardyllis defeated only two years earlier though some have suggested Grabus was his son and succesor"
  34. ^ a b The Greek world, 479-323 BC by Simon Hornblower,2002,ISBN-0415163269,page 272
  35. ^ Plutarch's Lives Volume 1 by Plutarch, Arthur Hugh Clough, John Dryden, and James Atlas,2001,"Bircenna, Bardyllis the Illyrian's daughter"
  36. ^ a b c d "The Journal of Hellenic Studies by Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England)", 1973, p. 79. Cleitus was evidently the son of Bardylis II the grandson of the very old Bardylis who had fallen in battle against Phillip II in 385 BC.
  37. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later"
  38. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 85"... Longarus, Bato and Monunius, whose daughter Etuta was married to the Illyrian king Gentius, are all Illyrian.
  39. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later
  40. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 86, "... including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with ..."
  41. ^ a b The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 85, "The recorded names of Dardanian leader during the Macedonian and the Roman wars, Longarus, Bato..."
  42. ^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.
  43. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae ... by Fanula Papazoglu,1978,ISBN-9025607934,page 445,"The assumption that the Dardanian kingdom was composed of a considerable number of tribes and tribal groups, finds confirmation in Strabo's statement about"
  44. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians by Fanula Papazoglu,ISBN 9025607934,page 216
  45. ^ Starinar,Books 45-46,by Srpsko arheološko društvo,Arheološki institut (Belgrade, Serbia),page 33
  46. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075,Page 49,"...historic Lychnitis around Ohrid and in Dardania around Skopje in the upper Vardar basin. Among the many tumuli surviving in Pelagonia only Visoi has so far been ..."
  47. ^ Naissos
  48. ^ a b The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, Page 258,"In the south the new city named municipium Dardanicum, was another 'mining town' connected with the local workings (Metalla Dardanica)."
  49. ^ Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area by Elemér Illyés,1988,ISBN-0880331461,page 223
  50. ^ Katičić, Radoslav (1964b) "Die neuesten Forschungen uber die einhemiche Sprachschist in den Illyrischen Provinzen" in Benac (1964a) 9-58 Katičić, Radoslav (1965b) "Zur frage der keltischen und panonischen Namengebieten im romischen Dalmatien" ANUBiH 3 GCBI 1, 53-76
  51. ^ Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague - Paris (1976)


Other sources

  • András Mócsy, Sheppard Frere, Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, Routledge (1974), ISBN 0710077149.
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