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| Birth_name = Christopher George Latore Wallace
| Birth_name = Christopher George Latore Wallace
| Alias = Biggie Smalls, Frank White, Big Poppa
| Alias = Biggie Smalls, Frank White, Big Poppa
| Born = [[May 21]], [[1972]]<br><small>{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]
| Born = [[May 21]], [[1972]]<br /><small>{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]
| Died = [[March 9]], [[1997]] (age {{Age at date|1972|5|21|1997|3|9}})<br><small>{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
| Died = [[March 9]], [[1997]] (age {{Age at date|1972|5|21|1997|3|9}})<br /><small>{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Years_active = 1992&ndash;1997
| Years_active = 1992&ndash;1997
| Label = [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]], [[Arista Records|Atlantic]]
| Label = [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]], [[Arista Records|Atlantic]]
| Associated_acts = [[Faith Evans]]<br>[[Tupac Shakur]]<br>[[Sean Combs]]<br>[[Lil Kim]]<br>[[Junior M.A.F.I.A.]]<br>[[Ma$e]]<br>[[D-Block (hip hop)|The L.O.X.]] <br>[[Jay-Z]]
| Associated_acts = [[Faith Evans]]<br />[[Tupac Shakur]]<br />[[Sean Combs]]<br />[[Lil Kim]]<br />[[Junior M.A.F.I.A.]]<br />[[Ma$e]]<br />[[D-Block (hip hop)|The L.O.X.]] <br />[[Jay-Z]]
}}
}}
'''Christopher George Latore Wallace''' ([[May 21]], [[1972]] &ndash; [[March 9]], [[1997]]), popularly known as '''Biggie Smalls''' (after a [[gangster]] in the [[1975]] film ''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]''),<ref>Reid, Shaheem; Bland, Bridget. Kash, Tim [http://www.mtv.com/bands/n/notorious_big/news_feature_070305/index4.jhtml Notorious B.I.G.: In His Own Words, And Those of His Friends] ''MTV News'', [[2007-03-07]]. Retrieved on [[2007-03-11]]</ref> '''Big Poppa''', '''Frank White''' (from the film ''[[King of New York]]''), and his primary stage name, '''The Notorious B.I.G.''' ('''B'''usiness '''I'''nstead of '''G'''ame),<ref>After he switched from dealing drugs to rap; see [http://rockpopgallery.easystorecreator.com/items/collectible-figures/notorious-b-i-g-deluxe-action-figure-set-by-mezco-cf-jtmeznbig1-detail.htm Notorious B.I.G. Deluxe Action Figure Set description]</ref> was an [[United States|American]] [[rapper]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist.
'''Christopher George Latore Wallace''' ([[May 21]], [[1972]] &ndash; [[March 9]], [[1997]]), popularly known as '''Biggie Smalls''' (after a [[gangster]] in the [[1975]] film ''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]''),<ref>Reid, Shaheem; Bland, Bridget. Kash, Tim [http://www.mtv.com/bands/n/notorious_big/news_feature_070305/index4.jhtml Notorious B.I.G.: In His Own Words, And Those of His Friends] ''MTV News'', [[2007-03-07]]. Retrieved on [[2007-03-11]]</ref> '''Big Poppa''', '''Frank White''' (from the film ''[[King of New York]]''), and his primary stage name, '''The Notorious B.I.G.''' ('''B'''usiness '''I'''nstead of '''G'''ame),<ref>After he switched from dealing drugs to rap; see [http://rockpopgallery.easystorecreator.com/items/collectible-figures/notorious-b-i-g-deluxe-action-figure-set-by-mezco-cf-jtmeznbig1-detail.htm Notorious B.I.G. Deluxe Action Figure Set description]</ref> was an [[United States|American]] [[rapper]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist.
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Before his death, Biggie founded a hip-hop [[supergroup]] called [[The Commission (hip hop)|The Commission]], which consisted of Jay-Z, [[Lil' Cease]], Combs, [[Charli Baltimore]] and himself. The Commission was mentioned by Biggie in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on ''Life After Death'' and "[[Victory (song)|Victory]]" from ''[[No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)|No Way Out]]'' but never completed an album. A song on ''Duets: The Final Chapter'' titled "Whatchu Want (The Commission)" featuring Jay-Z was based on the group.
Before his death, Biggie founded a hip-hop [[supergroup]] called [[The Commission (hip hop)|The Commission]], which consisted of Jay-Z, [[Lil' Cease]], Combs, [[Charli Baltimore]] and himself. The Commission was mentioned by Biggie in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on ''Life After Death'' and "[[Victory (song)|Victory]]" from ''[[No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)|No Way Out]]'' but never completed an album. A song on ''Duets: The Final Chapter'' titled "Whatchu Want (The Commission)" featuring Jay-Z was based on the group.


Biggie had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Biggie on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=4055|title=B.I.G.'s Brooklyn Mint Clothing Line Debuts, Jay-Z Gets Down|publisher=AllHipHop|author=Strong, Nolan|date=2005-02-08|accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the Estate's licensing efforts. <ref>{{cite|The Licensing Letter|epmcom.com|title=Properties Available for Licensing|publisher=EPM|author=The Licensing Letter|date=2006-07-17}}</ref> Biggie-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=5822|title=Limited Action Figures Of B.I.G., Public Enemy Coming This Fall|publisher=AllHipHop|author=Wolfe, Roman|date=2006-06-22|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>
Biggie had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Biggie on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=4055|title=B.I.G.'s Brooklyn Mint Clothing Line Debuts, Jay-Z Gets Down|publisher=AllHipHop|author=Strong, Nolan|date=2005-02-08|accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the Estate's licensing efforts.<ref>{{cite|The Licensing Letter|epmcom.com|title=Properties Available for Licensing|publisher=EPM|author=The Licensing Letter|date=2006-07-17}}</ref> Biggie-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=5822|title=Limited Action Figures Of B.I.G., Public Enemy Coming This Fall|publisher=AllHipHop|author=Wolfe, Roman|date=2006-06-22|accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>


The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and supplies and to honor the memory of the late rapper. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".<ref>{{cite news
The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and supplies and to honor the memory of the late rapper. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".<ref>{{cite news
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*[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2681726 Biggie Smalls Freestyle] film clip from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, 1989
*[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2681726 Biggie Smalls Freestyle] film clip from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, 1989
*Rare [http://www.blender.com/video/979/NotoriousB.I.G.UNRELEASEDLIVECLIP.video?pn=1&vsid=7&src=blender_ed footage] of Notorious B.I.G. performing "Warning," released posthumously
*Rare [http://www.blender.com/video/979/NotoriousB.I.G.UNRELEASEDLIVECLIP.video?pn=1&vsid=7&src=blender_ed footage] of Notorious B.I.G. performing "Warning," released posthumously
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{{The Notorious B.I.G.}}
{{The Notorious B.I.G.}}
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{{Bad boy}}
{{Bad boy}}


Revision as of 03:30, 5 July 2007

The Notorious B.I.G.

Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), popularly known as Biggie Smalls (after a gangster in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again),[1] Big Poppa, Frank White (from the film King of New York), and his primary stage name, The Notorious B.I.G. (Business Instead of Game),[2] was an American rapper and hip hop artist.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Biggie grew up during the peak years of the 1980s crack epidemic and started dealing drugs from an early age. When he debuted with the 1994 album Ready to Die, he was a central figure in East Coast hip-hop and increased New York's viability at a time when the genre was mostly dominated by West Coast artists.[3] The following year, Biggie led his childhood friends to chart success through his protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A.

While recording his second album, Biggie was heavily involved in the East Coast-West Coast hip hop feud dominating the scene at the time. On March 9, 1997, he was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. His double-disc set Life After Death, released fifteen days later, hit #1 on the U.S. album charts and was certified diamond in 2000.[4] Biggie was noted for his “loose, easy flow”,[5] dark semi-autobiographical lyrics and storytelling abilities. Since his death, a further two albums have been released and he has been described by the media as one of the greatest rappers.[6][7]

Biography

Childhood and youth

Biggie was born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York. He was the only child to Voletta Wallace, a pre-school teacher of Jamaican origin and George Letore, a welder and small-time Jamaican politician.[8] His father left the family when Biggie was two years old, leaving his mother to work two jobs while raising him. At the Queen of All Saints Middle School, Biggie was a good student, winning several awards as an English student. He was nicknamed "Big" because of his size before he turned ten years old.[9] From the age of twelve, he sold drugs, unbeknownst to his mother.[10]

Biggie transferred out of the private Roman Catholic school that he attended, at his request, to attend the state-funded George Westinghouse Information Technology High School, where Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also students. According to his mother, he was still a good student, but developed a "smart-ass" attitude.[8] At 17, Biggie dropped out of high school and became further involved in crime. In 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation.[11] A year later, Biggie was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail until he made bail.[10]

Rapping career

Biggie started rapping from a young age, performing with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers and the Techniques.[3] After leaving prison, he made a demo tape under the name of Biggie Smalls, a reference to his childhood nickname and to his stature; he stood at 6'3" (1.90 m) and weighed between 300 and 380 pounds (between 136 and 172 kg) by differing accounts.[12] The tape was reportedly made with no serious intent on getting a recording deal, but was promoted by New York-based DJ Mister Cee, who had previously worked with Big Daddy Kane, and was heard by the editor of The Source magazine.[11]

In March 1992, Biggie featured in The Source's Unsigned Hype column, dedicated to aspiring rappers and was invited to produce a recording with other unsigned artists, in a move that was reportedly uncommon at the time.[13] The demo tape was heard by Uptown Records A&R and producer, Sean "Puffy" Combs, who arranged for a meeting with Biggie. He was signed to Uptown immediately and made an appearance on label mates, Heavy D & the Boyz' "A Buncha Niggas" (from Blue Funk).[3][14]

File:Notorious BIG - Flava in Ya Ear Remix screenshot.jpg
Biggie (shown alongside Combs) performed the first verse of the Flava In Ya Ear remix, which reached #9 in the Hot 100 in 1994. It marked Biggie's first appearance in a music video directed by Hype Williams. Audio file "Craig Mack - Flava In Ya Ear Remix.ogg" not found

Soon after signing his recording contract, Combs was fired from Uptown and started a new label.[15] Biggie followed and in the summer of 1992, signed to Combs' new imprint label, Bad Boy Records. On August 10, 1992 Biggie's long-term partner gave birth to his first child, T-yanna.[16] Biggie continued selling drugs after the birth to support his daughter financially. Once this was discovered by Combs, he was made to quit.[3]

Biggie gained exposure later in the year on a remix to Mary J. Blige's single "Real Love", under the pseudonym The Notorious B.I.G.; the name he would record under for the remainder of his career after finding his original moniker was in use.[17] "Real Love" peaked at #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was followed by a remix of Blige's "What's the 411".

He continued this success, to a lesser extent, on remixes with Neneh Cherry ("Buddy X") and reggae artist Supercat ("Dolly My Baby", also featuring Combs) in 1993. In April 1993, his solo track, "Party and Bullshit", appeared on the Who's the Man? soundtrack.[16] In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix to label mate Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear", reaching #9 on the Hot 100. In the same year, Biggie collaborated on "Runnin'" and other songs with rapper Tupac Shakur, a New York City native who he met in Los Angeles.

Ready to Die release

Main article: Ready to Die
File:Notorious BIG-Juicy still.JPG
Biggie with his daughter, T-yanna, in the music video for the lead single of Ready to Die, "Juicy", 1994.

On August 4, 1994, Biggie married R&B singer Faith Evans ten days after they met at a Bad Boy photoshoot.[18][16] Four days later, Biggie had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, "Juicy/Unbelievable", which reached #27 as the lead single to his debut album.

Ready to Die was released on September 14, 1994 and reached #15 on the Billboard 200 chart,[19] eventually being certified four times platinum.[20] The album, released at a time when West Coast hip hop was prominent in the U.S. charts, according to Rolling Stone "almost single-handedly... shifted the focus back to East Coast rap".[21] It gained strong reviews on release and has received much praise in retrospect.[21][22] In addition to "Juicy", the album produced two hit singles; the platinum-selling "Big Poppa", which reached #1 on the U.S. rap chart,[5] and "One More Chance" featuring Faith Evans, a loosely related remix of an album track and its best selling single.

Junior M.A.F.I.A. and bi-coastal feud

In August 1995, Biggie's protegé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. (Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes), consisting of his friends from childhood released their debut album, Conspiracy. The group included rappers Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers.[23] The album went gold and its singles, "Player's Anthem" and "Get Money" both featuring Biggie, went gold and platinum. Biggie continued to work with R&B artists, collaborating with Bad Boy groups 112 (on "Only You") and Total (on "Can't You See"), with both reaching the top 20 of the Hot 100.

File:Biggie and Tupac still.jpg
Early image of Biggie (left) and Tupac Shakur. Taken from Biggie & Tupac (2002).

By the end of the year, Biggie was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B charts.[3] In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of The Source with the caption "The King of New York Takes Over". At the Source Awards, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year, Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year.[24] At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.[11]

In his year of success, Biggie became involved in a feud between the East and West Coast hip-hop scenes with former associate, Tupac Shakur. In an interview with Vibe in April 1995, Shakur (at the time in the Clinton Correctional Facility) accused Biggie and Combs of having prior knowledge of a robbery resulting in him being shot repeatedly and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry in November 1994. Biggie and his entourage were in the same New York recording studios at the time of the incident. They denied the accusations.[25]

It just happened to be a coincidence that he was in the studio. He just, he couldn't really say who really had something to do with it at the time. So he just kinda' leaned the blame on me.[26]

Following release from prison, Shakur signed to Los Angeles-based Death Row Records in October 1995. Bad Boy Records and Death Row, now business rivals, became involved in an intense feud.[27]

Arrests, death and birth

Biggie started recording his second album in September 1995. The album, recorded in New York, Trinidad and Los Angeles, was interrupted during its 18 months of creation by injury, legal wranglings and the highly publicized feud in which he was involved.[28]

On March 23, 1996, Biggie was arrested outside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two autograph seekers, smashing the windows of their taxicab and then pulling one of the fans out and punching them.[11] He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment and was sentenced to 100 hours community service. In the summer of 1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey for drug and weapons possession charges.[11]

In June 1996, Shakur released "Hit 'Em Up"; a diss song in which he explicitly claimed to have had sex with Biggie's at-the-time estranged wife Faith Evans, and that Biggie copied his style and image. Biggie acknowledged the former, referring to it in regards to his wife's pregnancy on Jay-Z's "Brooklyn's Finest" ("If Fay' had twins, she'd probably have two-Pac's/Get it? .. Tu-pac's") but did not directly respond to the record, stating in a 1997 radio interview it is "not [his] style" to respond.[26]

Shakur was killed in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas in September 1996; rumors of Biggie's involvement in the murder were reported almost immediately, and notably in a two-part article by Chuck Philips in the Los Angeles Times in 2002.[29] He denied the allegation claiming he was in a New York recording studio at the time.[25] Following his death, an anti-violence hip-hop summit was held; Biggie did not attend and received criticism.[3]

On October 29, 1996, Faith Evans gave birth to Biggie's first son, Christopher "CJ" Wallace, Jr.[16] The following month Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, Hard Core, under Biggie's direction while the two were involved in an apparent love affair.[3]

Life After Death

During the recording sessions for his second album, tentatively named Life After Death... 'Til Death Do Us Part, Biggie was involved in a car crash that shattered his left leg and temporarily confined him to a wheelchair.[3] The injury forced him to use a cane for the rest of his life.[25]

In January 1997, Biggie was ordered to pay $41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of a concert promoter who claimed to have been beaten and robbed following a dispute by Biggie and his entourage in May 1995.[30] He faced criminal assault charges for the incident which remain unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped.[11] Following the events of the previous year, Biggie spoke of a desire to focus on his "peace of mind". "My mom... my son... my daughter... my family are what matters to me now".[31]

Death

In March 1997, Biggie traveled to California to promote his upcoming album and record a music video for its lead single, "Hypnotize". Life After Death was scheduled for release on March 25, 1997. On March 8, 1997, he presented an award at the 11th Annual Soul Train Music Awards in Los Angeles and was booed by some of the audience.[25] After the ceremony, Biggie attended an after party hosted by Vibe magazine and Qwest Records at the Peterson Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.[25] Other guests included Faith Evans, Combs and members of the Bloods and Crips gangs.[9]

On March 9, 1997, at 12:30 a.m., Biggie left with his entourage in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel after an announcement was made that the party would finish early. Biggie traveled in the front passenger seat alongside his associates, Damion "D-Rock" Butler, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Cease and driver, Gregory "G-Money" Young. Combs traveled in the other vehicle with three bodyguards. The two trucks were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy's director of security.[9]

By 12:45 a.m. the streets were crowded with people leaving the event. Biggie's truck stopped at a red light 50 yards from the museum. While waiting for the light to change, a white Toyota Land Cruiser made a U-turn and cut in-between Biggie's vehicle and the Chevrolet Blazer behind. Simultaneously, a black Chevrolet Impala pulled up alongside Biggie's truck. The driver of the Impala (an African-American male neatly dressed in a blue suit and bow tie) rolled down his window, drew a 9mm blue-steel pistol and shot numerous rounds into the GMC Suburban; four bullets hit Biggie in the chest.[9]

Biggie was rushed to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by his entourage but was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m.

File:Composite-of-BIG-shooting-suspect.jpg
Composite sketch of the murderer drawn a day after the slaying. A reportedly less accurate sketch was released by the LAPD to the media two weeks later.[32]

Biggie's murder remains unsolved and there are many theories as to the identities and motives of the murderers. In the month of his death, The Los Angeles Times reported that the Southside Compton Crips may have killed Biggie in retaliation for Bad Boy not paying them money owed for security services provided in the West Coast.[33] In the same month, MTV News published that witnesses had told the Associated Press they were afraid to speak to the police.[12]

In 2002, Randall Sullivan released LAbyrinth, a book compiling information regarding the murders of Biggie and Shakur based on evidence provided by retired LAPD detective, Russell Poole.[9][34] Sullivan accused Marion "Suge" Knight, co-founder of Death Row Records and an alleged Bloods affiliate, of conspiring with David Mack, an LAPD officer and alleged Death Row security employee, to kill Biggie and make Shakur and his deaths seem as a result of a fictitious bi-coastal rap rivalry.[35][36] Sullivan believed that one of Mack's associates, Amir Muhammed (also known as Harry Billups), was the hitman based on evidence provided by an informant, which has since been discredited, and due to his close resemblance of the facial composite.[36][35] Director Nick Broomfield released an investigative documentary, Biggie & Tupac (2002), based mainly around the evidence used in the book.[34]

An article published in Rolling Stone by Sullivan in December 2005, accused the LAPD of not fully investigating links with Death Row Records based on evidence from Poole. Sullivan claimed Combs "failed to fully cooperate with the investigation" and according to Poole, encouraged Bad Boy staff to do the same.[9] The accuracy of the article was later refuted in a letter by the Assistant Managing Editor of the LA Times accusing Sullivan of using "shoddy tactics". Sullivan, in response, quoted the lead attorney of the Wallace estate calling the newspaper "a co-conspirator in the cover-up".[37]

Lawsuits

In March 2005, the relatives of Biggie filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the LAPD based on the evidence championed by Russell Poole.[36] They claimed the LAPD had sufficient evidence to arrest the murderer, but failed to utilize it. Mack and Muhammad were originally named as defendants in the lawsuit, but were dropped shortly before the trial began after the LAPD and FBI dismissed them as suspects.[36] In July 2005, the case was declared a mistrial after the judge showed concern that the police were withholding evidence.[38] An attempt to expand the wrongful death lawsuit to include new claims failed in August 2006.[36] The criminal investigation was re-opened in July 2006.[39][40]

On April 16, 2007, relatives of Biggie filed a second wrongful death lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The suit also named two LAPD officers in the center of the LAPD Rampart Division corruption probe, Rafael Perez and Nino Durden. According to the lawsuit, Perez, an alleged affiliate of Death Row Records, admitted to LAPD officials that he and David Mack (who was not named in the lawsuit) "conspired to murder, and participated in the murder of Christopher Wallace". The Wallace family believe the LAPD "consciously concealed Rafael Perez's involvement in the murder of ... Wallace".[41]

On January 19, 2007, Tyruss Himes better known as Big Syke, a former friend of Shakur who was implicated in the killing by television channel KTTV and XXL magazine in 2005, had his defamation lawsuit regarding the accusations thrown out of court.[42]

Posthumous career

Fifteen days after his death, Biggie's double-disc second album was released as planned with the shortened title of Life After Death and hit #1 on the Billboard 200 charts, after making a premature appearance at #176 due to street-date violations. The album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor.[43] It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified diamond; the highest RIAA certification awarded to a solo hip-hop album.

Its lead single, "Hypnotize", was the last music video recording in which Biggie would partake. His biggest chart success was with its follow-up "Mo Money Mo Problems", featuring Combs (under the rap alias "Puff Daddy") and Ma$e. The video, directed by Hype Williams, is noted for having started the "Shiny Suit" era in hip hop.[44] Both singles reached #1 in the Hot 100, making Biggie the first artist to achieve this feat posthumously.[3] The third single, "Sky's The Limit", featuring 112, was noted for its use of children in its video, directed by Spike Jonze, who were used to portray Biggie and his contemporaries, including Combs, Lil' Kim, and Busta Rhymes. Biggie was named Artist of the Year and "Hypnotize" Single of the Year by Spin magazine in December 1997.[45]

During the summer of 1997, Combs released his debut album, No Way Out, which featured Biggie on five songs, notably on the third single "Victory". The most prominent single from the album was "I'll Be Missing You", featuring Puff Daddy, Faith Evans and 112, which was dedicated to Biggie's memory. At the 1998 Grammy Awards, Life After Death and its first two singles received nominations in the rap category. The album award was won by Combs' No Way Out and "I'll Be Missing You" gained the award in the category of "Mo Money Mo Problems".[46]

In December 1999, Bad Boy released Born Again. The album consisted of previously unreleased material mixed with guest appearances including many artists Biggie had never collaborated with in his lifetime. It gained some positive reviews but received criticism for its unlikely pairings, The Source describing it as "compiling some of the most awkward collaborations of his career".[47] In 2005, Duets: The Final Chapter continued the pattern and was criticised for the lack of significant Biggie vocals on some of its songs.[48][49] Its lead single "Nasty Girl" became Biggie's first UK #1. Combs and Voletta Wallace have stated the album will be the last release primarily featuring new material.[50]

Technique

Style

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end Template:Sample box end Biggie mostly rapped on his songs in a deep tone described by Rolling Stone as a "thick, jaunty grumble",[51] which went deeper on Life After Death.[52] He was often accompanied on songs with ad libs from Combs.

All Music Guide describe Biggie as having "a loose, easy flow" with "a talent for piling multiple rhymes on top of one another in quick succession".[5] TIME magazine write Biggie rapped with an ability to "make multi-syllabic rhymes sound... smooth",[22] while Krims describes Biggie's rhythmic style as "effusive".[53] Before starting a verse, Biggie sometimes used onomatopoeic vocables to "warm up" (for example "uhhh" at the beginning of "Hypnotize" and "Big Poppa").[54]

Biggie would occasionally vary from his usual style. On "Playa Hater" from his second album, he sang in a slow-falsetto.[55] On his collaboration with Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, "Notorious Thugs", he modified his style to match the rapid rhyme flow of the group.

Themes and lyrical content

Biggie's lyrical topics and themes included mafioso tales ("Niggas Bleed"), his drug dealing past ("10 Crack Commandments"), materialistic bragging ("Hypnotize"), as well as humor ("Just Playing (Dreams)"),[56] and romance ("Me & My Bitch").[56] Rolling Stone named Biggie in 2004 as "one of the few young male songwriters in any pop style writing credible love songs".[52]

According to Touré of the New York Times (in 1994), Biggie's lyrics "[mixed] autobiographical details about crime and violence with emotional honesty".[10] Marriott of the NY Times (in 1997) believed his lyrics were not strictly autobiographical and wrote he "had a knack for exaggeration that increased sales".[11] Biggie described his debut as "a big pie, with each slice indicating a different point in my life involving bitches and niggaz... from the beginning to the end".[57]

Ready to Die is described by Rolling Stone as a contrast of "bleak" street visions and being "full of high-spirited fun, bringing the pleasure principle back to hip-hop".[52] All Music Guide write of "a sense of doom" in some of his songs and the NY Times note some being "laced with paranoia";[5][58] Biggie described himself as feeling "broke and depressed" when he made his debut.[58] The final song on the album, "Suicidal Thoughts", featured Biggie contemplating suicide and concluded with him committing the act.

Biggie stood next to a hearse on the cover of Life After Death, 1997

On Life After Death, Biggie's lyrics went "deeper".[52] Krims explains how upbeat, dance-oriented tracks (which featured less heavily on his debut) alternate with "reality rap" songs on the album and suggests that he was "going pimp" through some of the lyrical topics of the former.[53] XXL magazine write that Biggie "revamped his image" through the portrayal of himself between the albums, going from "midlevel hustler" on his debut to "drug lord".[59]

All Music Guide believe Ready to Die's success is "mostly due to Biggie's skill as a storyteller";[5] Rolling Stone (in 1994) described Biggie's ability in this technique as painting "a sonic picture so vibrant that you're transported right to the scene".[21] On Life After Death Biggie notably demonstrated this skill on "I Got a Story to Tell" telling a story as a rap for the first half of the song and then as a story "for his boys" in conversation form.[55]

Legacy

File:Biggie grafitti.jpg
Grafitti art of Biggie in Queens, New York City, 2006

Biggie is celebrated as one of the greatest hip hop artists and is described by All Music Guide as "the savior of East Coast hip-hop".[3] In 2001, The Source named Biggie the greatest rapper of all time.[7] In 2003, when XXL magazine asked many hip-hop artists to list their five favorite MCs, Biggie's name appeared on more rappers' lists than anyone else. In 2006, he was ranked at #3 in MTV's The Greatest MC's of All Time.[6]

Since his death, Biggie's lyrics have been sampled and quoted by a variety of hip hop, R&B and pop artists including Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Nas, Fat Joe, Nelly, Pharrell Williams, Lil' Wayne, Ludacris, Big Pun, Beanie Sigel, Juelz Santana, Usher, Ashanti, Alicia Keys and Nelly Furtado. On August 28, 2005, at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, Combs and Snoop Dogg paid tribute to Biggie: an orchestra played while the vocals from "Juicy" and "Warning" played on the arena speakers.[60] In September 2005, VH1 had its second annual "Hip Hop Honors", with a tribute to Biggie headlining the show.[61]

Before his death, Biggie founded a hip-hop supergroup called The Commission, which consisted of Jay-Z, Lil' Cease, Combs, Charli Baltimore and himself. The Commission was mentioned by Biggie in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on Life After Death and "Victory" from No Way Out but never completed an album. A song on Duets: The Final Chapter titled "Whatchu Want (The Commission)" featuring Jay-Z was based on the group.

Biggie had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Biggie on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.[62] In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the Estate's licensing efforts.[63] Biggie-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.[64]

The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and supplies and to honor the memory of the late rapper. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".[65]

Selected discography

Main article: The Notorious B.I.G. discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Notes and references

  1. ^ Reid, Shaheem; Bland, Bridget. Kash, Tim Notorious B.I.G.: In His Own Words, And Those of His Friends MTV News, 2007-03-07. Retrieved on 2007-03-11
  2. ^ After he switched from dealing drugs to rap; see Notorious B.I.G. Deluxe Action Figure Set description
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Huey, Steve. "Notorious B.I.G. > Biography". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  4. ^ "Top 100 Albums". RIAA. 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2006-12-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Ready to Die > Overview". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  6. ^ a b The Greatest MCs of All Time MTV. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  7. ^ a b Music Profiles - The Notorious B.I.G. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-01-27
  8. ^ a b Coker, Cheo H. (2005-03-08). "Excerpt: Unbelievable - The Life, Death, and Afterlife of The Notorious B.I.G." Vibe. Retrieved 2006-10-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f Sullivan, Randall (2005-12-05). "The Unsolved Mystery of the Notorious B.I.G." Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2006-10-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c Touré "Biggie Smalls; Rap's Man of the Moment" The New York Times, 1994-12-18. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Marriott, Michel "The Short Life of a Rap Star, Shadowed by Many Troubles" The New York Times, 1997-03-17. Retrieved on 2006-12-28
  12. ^ a b "Police May Release Sketch of Biggie Gunman" MTV News, 1997-03-11. Retrieved on 2006-12-23
  13. ^ "Notorious BIG Photos > Biography". Atlantic Records. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  14. ^ Swihart, Stanton. "Blue Funk > Overview". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  15. ^ Duncan, Andrea et al The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business XXL, 2006-03-09. Retrieved on 2007-03-18
  16. ^ a b c d Biggie Duets - The Final Chapter (Timeline) Retrieved on 2006-12-28
  17. ^ Scott, Cathy (2000). The Murder of Biggie Smalls. New York City: St. Martin's Press. pp. p. 31. ISBN 0312266200. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Nero, Mark Edward Faith Evans Profile About.com. Accessed 2006-12-04.
  19. ^ "Artist Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  20. ^ "RIAA searchable database". RIAA. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  21. ^ a b c Ready to Die (Explicit) Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved on 2006-12-10
  22. ^ a b Tyrangiel, Josh "The All-TIME Albums" TIME, 2006-11-13. Retrieved on 2006-12-10
  23. ^ Lane, Lydia Junior M.A.F.I.A. Biography All Music Guide. Retrieved on 2007-02-18
  24. ^ "The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 1995". The 411 online. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  25. ^ a b c d e Bruno, Anthony The Murders of gangsta rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. Court TV Crime Library. Retrieved on 2007-01-24
  26. ^ a b MTV Bands - Archive - N MTV. Retrieved 2006-12-23
  27. ^ Carney, Thomas "Live from Death Row" PBS. Retrieved on 2006-12-09
  28. ^ Caramanica, Jon et al "The Making of Life After Death: Many Men" XXL (April 2003). Retrieved on 2007-01-06
  29. ^ "Paper investigates rapper murder" BBC News 2002-09-02. Retrieved on 2007-01-26
  30. ^ "Notorious B.I.G. Loses Lawsuit" MTV News, 1997-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-12-23
  31. ^ Brown, Jake (2004-05-24). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G. Colossus Books. p. 122. ISBN 0974977934. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Lait, Matt and Glover, Scott "Ex-LAPD Officer Is Suspect in Rapper's Slaying, Records Show" Los Angeles Times, 1999-12-09. Retrieved on 2007-01-01
  33. ^ "Rappers, Fans Turn Out for Notorious B.I.G.'s Funeral" MTV News, 1997-03-21. Retrieved on 2006-12-22
  34. ^ a b Fuchs, Cynthia "Biggie and Tupac review" PopMatters, 2002-09-06. Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
  35. ^ a b Serpick, Evan "Review: Rappers' deaths probed in 'LAbyrinth'" Entertainment Weekly, 2002-04-12. Retrieved on 2007-01-02
  36. ^ a b c d e Philips, Chuck "Slain rapper's family keeps pushing suit" Los Angeles Times, 2007-02-07. Retrieved on 2007-04-14
  37. ^ Duvoisin, Marc and Sullivan, Randall "L.A. Times Responds to Biggie Story" Rolling Stone, 2006-01-12. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
  38. ^ Reid, Shaheem "Notorious B.I.G. Wrongful-Death Case Declared A Mistrial" MTV News, 2005-07-05. Retrieved on 2007-02-14
  39. ^ Philips, Chuck (2006-07-31). "LAPD Renews Search for Rapper's Killer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-01-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ "LAPD launching new Notorious BIG task force". The Associated Press. 2006-08-03. Retrieved 2006-09-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ Wrongful Death Lawsuit KNBC-TV, 2007-04-17. Retrieved on 2007-05-09
  42. ^ "Lawsuit Involving Rapper Death Dismissed" ABC 7 News, 2007-01-19. Retrieved on 2007-01-20
  43. ^ Birchmeier, Jason Life After Death review All Music Guide. Retrieved on 2007-01-08
  44. ^ Juon, Steve 'Flash' (2004-03-09) Bad Boy's 10th Anniversary DVD review Rap Reviews. Retrieved on 2007-02-05
  45. ^ "B.I.G. Gets Props from Spin" Rolling Stone, 1997-12-07. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  46. ^ 1998 Grammy Awards - Rap music winners CNN. Retrieved on 2007-01-27
  47. ^ Born Again Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved on 2006-12-10
  48. ^ Duets: The Final Chapter Music Review Rolling Stone, 2006-01-12. Retrieved on 2006-12-10
  49. ^ Duets: The Final Chapter > Overview All Music Guide. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
  50. ^ Egere-Cooper, Matilda "Notorious B.I.G.: an album too far?" The Independent, 2006-01-26. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  51. ^ Life After Death review Rolling Stone, 1997-12-07. Retrieved on 2007-01-07
  52. ^ a b c d Notorious B.I.G.:Biography Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  53. ^ a b Krims, Adam (2000). Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. p. 85. ISBN 0521634474. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  54. ^ Smith, William E. (2005). Hip-hop as Performance and Ritual: Biography and Ethnography in Underground Hip Hop. Trafford Publishing. pp. p. 163. ISBN 1412053943. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  55. ^ a b Christgau, Robert Life After Death review Consumer Guide Reviews. Retrieved on 2007-01-07
  56. ^ a b Notorious B.I.G.: Still the Illest MTV. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  57. ^ Brown, Jake (2004-05-24). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G. Colossus Books. pp. p. 66. ISBN 0974977934. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  58. ^ a b Pareles, Jon "Rapping, Living and Dying a Gangsta Life" The New York Times, 1997-03-10. Retrieved on 2006-12-26
  59. ^ Ex, Kris "The History of Cocaine Rap:All White". XXL Magazine, 2006-11-06. Retrieved on 2007-02-10
  60. ^ Moss, Corey "Green Day Clean Up, Kelly Clarkson Gets Wet, 50 Rips Into Fat Joe At VMAs" MTV News, 2005-08-25. Retrieved on 2007-02-17
  61. ^ "VH1 to give Notorious B.I.G. Hip Hop Honors" Associated Press, 2005-06-25. Retrieved on 2006-02-17
  62. ^ Strong, Nolan (2005-02-08). "B.I.G.'s Brooklyn Mint Clothing Line Debuts, Jay-Z Gets Down". AllHipHop. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  63. ^ The Licensing Letter (2006-07-17), Properties Available for Licensing, EPM {{citation}}: Text "The Licensing Letter" ignored (help); Text "epmcom.com" ignored (help)
  64. ^ Wolfe, Roman (2006-06-22). "Limited Action Figures Of B.I.G., Public Enemy Coming This Fall". AllHipHop. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  65. ^ Reid, Shaheem (2003-03-21). "Biggie, Jam Master Jay, Left Eye And Their Mothers Honored At B.I.G. Night Out". MTV News. Retrieved 2006-08-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help)

Further reading

  • Coker, Cheo Hodari (2004). Unbelievable: The Life, Death, and Afterlife of the Notorious B.I.G. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609808354. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Wallace, Voletta (2005). Biggie: Voletta Wallace Remembers Her Son, Christopher Wallace, aka Notorious B.I.G. Atria. ISBN 0743470206. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links




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