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[[Islamic science|Science in the Islamic world]] has played an important role in the [[history of science]]. There have also been some notable Muslim scientists in the present day. The following is an '''incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists'''.
[[Islamic science|Science in the Islamic world]] has played an important role in the [[history of science]]. There have also been some notable Muslim scientists in the present day. The following is an '''incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists'''.


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* [[Abolfadl Harawi]]
* [[Abolfadl Harawi]]
* [[Kerim Kerimov]], a founder of [[Soviet space program]] and a lead architect behind first [[human spaceflight]] ([[Vostok 1]]) and [[space station]]s ([[Salyut]] and [[Mir]])<ref>Peter Bond, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030407/ai_n12692130 Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref><ref>Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' '''3''' (3).</ref>
* [[Kerim Kerimov]], a founder of [[Soviet space program]] and a lead architect behind first [[human spaceflight]] ([[Vostok 1]]) and [[space station]]s ([[Salyut]] and [[Mir]])<ref>Peter Bond, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030407/ai_n12692130 Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 April 2003.</ref><ref>Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", ''[[Azerbaijan International]]'' '''3''' (3).</ref>
* [[Farouk El-Baz]], a [[NASA]] scientist involved in the first [[Moon landing]]s with the [[Apollo program]]<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1169545087624&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon], [[IslamOnline]] interview</ref>
* [[Abdul Kalam]]
* [[Abdul Kalam]]
* [[Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]
* [[Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]
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* [[Anousheh Ansari]]
* [[Anousheh Ansari]]
* [[Amir Ansari]]
* [[Amir Ansari]]
* [[Essam Heggy]], a planetary scientist involved in the [[NASA]] [[Exploration of Mars|Mars Exploration Program]]<ref> [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1177155965285&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout Essam Heggy: Into the Heart of Mars], [[IslamOnline]] interview</ref>
* [[Ahmed Salem]]
* [[Ahmed Salem]]
* [[Alaa Ibrahim]]
* [[Alaa Ibrahim]]
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* [[Sake Dean Mahomet]]
* [[Sake Dean Mahomet]]
* [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]]
* [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]]
* [[Ahmed H. Zewail]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], 1999
* [[Ahmed H. Zewail]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], 1999<ref>[http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry], [[Nobel Prize]]</ref>
* [[Ali Eftekhari]]
* [[Ali Eftekhari]]


== Computer Scientists ==
== Computer Scientists ==
*[[Lotfi Asker Zadeh]], [[Iran]]ian computer scientist; founder of [[Fuzzy Mathematics]], [[fuzzy logic]] and [[fuzzy set]] theory
*[[Lotfi Asker Zadeh]], [[Iran]]ian computer scientist; founder of [[fuzzy logic]] and [[fuzzy set]] theory<ref name=Zadeh>Zadeh, L.A. (1965) "Fuzzy sets", ''Information and Control'', 8, 338-353. </ref><ref name=Berkeley>[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~zadeh Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh], [[University of California, Berkeley]]</ref>
*[[Jawed Karim]], [[Bangladeshi American]] software engineer; lead architect of [[PayPal]] and co-founder of [[YouTube]]
*[[Jawed Karim]], [[Bangladeshi American]] software engineer; lead architect of [[PayPal]] and co-founder of [[YouTube]]<ref>[http://www.jawed.com/resume Jawed Karime Resume]</ref>
*[[Pierre Omidyar]], [[Iranian American]] entrepeneur; founder of [[eBay]]
*[[Pierre Omidyar]], [[Iranian American]] entrepeneur; founder of [[eBay]]<ref>
[http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=KQM6&datatype=Person World's Richest People], [[Forbes]]</ref>


==Economists and Social Scientists==
==Economists and Social Scientists==
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*[[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
*[[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
*[[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir]] (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
*[[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir]] (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
*[[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973-1048), considered the "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]" and father of [[Indology]]
*[[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973-1048), considered the "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]"<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> and father of [[Indology]]<ref name=Khan>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref>
*[[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
*[[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
*[[Ibn Miskawayh]] (b. 1030), economist
*[[Ibn Miskawayh]] (b. 1030), economist
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*[[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), [[List of sociologists|sociologist]]
*[[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), [[List of sociologists|sociologist]]
*[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), economist
*[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), economist
*[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406), father of [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> [[cultural history]],<ref>Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70.</ref> [[historiography]],<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569.</ref> the [[philosophy of history]],<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> [[sociology]],<ref name=Mowlana/><ref name=Akhtar/> the [[social sciences]],<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25.</ref> and [[economics]].<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0887066984.</ref><ref>Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118.</ref>
*[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406), father of [[cultural history]], [[demography]], [[economics]], [[historiography]], [[philosophy of history]], [[sociology]] and [[social sciences]]
*[[Al-Maqrizi]] (1364-1442), economist
*[[Al-Maqrizi]] (1364-1442), economist
*[[Akhtar Hameed Khan]], [[Pakistan]]i social scientist; pioneer of [[microcredit]]
*[[Akhtar Hameed Khan]], [[Pakistan]]i social scientist; pioneer of [[microcredit]]
*[[Mahbub ul Haq]], Pakistani economist; developer of [[Human Development Index]]
*[[Mahbub ul Haq]], Pakistani economist; developer of [[Human Development Index]] and founder of [[Human Development Report]]<ref>Mahbub ul Haq (1995), ''Reflections on Human Development'', [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0195101936.</ref><ref>[[Amartya Sen]] (2000), "A Decade of Human Development", ''Journal of Human Development'' '''1''' (1): 17-23.</ref>
*[[Muhammad Yunus]], [[Bangladesh]]i economist; father of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]
*[[Muhammad Yunus]], [[Bangladesh]]i economist; father of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]<ref>Paula A. Monopoli, "The Global Advancement Of Women: Barriers And Best PracticesForeword", ''University of Maryland's Law Journal on Race, Religion, Gender and Class'' '''6''' (273): 273-280.</ref><ref>[http://www.grameen-info.org/dialogue/Dialogue60/indiaFocus.htm Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation], Grameen Dialogue.</ref>


== Geographers and Earth Scientists ==
== Geographers and Earth Scientists ==
{{see|Muslim Agricultural Revolution}}
{{see|Muslim Agricultural Revolution}}


* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[environmental philosophy]]<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129 [119-129], [[Blackwell Publishing]], ISBN 140510659X.</ref>
* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[environmentalism|ecological responsibility]]
* [[Al-Masudi]], the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of [[historical geography]]
* [[Al-Masudi]], the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of [[historical geography]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 Mas'udi, al-." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 2006.</ref>
* [[Al-Kindi]], pioneer of [[environmental science]]
* [[Al-Kindi]], pioneer of [[environmental science]]<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref>
* [[Qusta ibn Luqa]]
* [[Qusta ibn Luqa]]
* [[Al-Razi]]
* [[Al-Razi]]
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* [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], also a [[cartographer]]
* [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], also a [[cartographer]]
* [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]]
* [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]]
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], father of [[geodesy]], considered the first [[geologist]] and "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]"
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], father of [[geodesy]],<ref name=Ahmed/><ref>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> considered the first [[geologist]] and "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]"<ref name=Ahmed/>
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Ibn Jumay]]
* [[Ibn Jumay]]
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* [[Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar]]
* [[Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar]]
* [[Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] (Algorismi) - father of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]]s
* [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] (Algorismi) - father of [[algebra]]<ref>Solomon Gandz (1936), "The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra", ''Osiris'' '''I''', p. 263–277."</ref> and [[algorithm]]s<ref>Serish Nanisetti, [http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062301070600.htm Father of algorithms and algebra], ''[[The Hindu]]'', June 23, 2006.</ref>
* [[Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī]]
* [[Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī]]
* [['Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk]]
* [['Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk]]
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* [[Muhammad Baqir Yazdi]]
* [[Muhammad Baqir Yazdi]]
* [[Ibn Baso]]
* [[Ibn Baso]]
*[[Lotfi Asker Zadeh]], [[Iran]]ian computer scientist; founder of [[Fuzzy Mathematics]] and [[fuzzy set]] theory<ref name=Zadeh/><ref name=Berkeley/>
* [[Sibt al-Mardini]]
* [[Cumrun Vafa]]
* [[Cumrun Vafa]]


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{{see|Early Muslim sociology}}
{{see|Early Muslim sociology}}


* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[Mental disorder|mental illness]]
* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[Mental disorder|mental illness]]<ref name=Talib/>
* [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus), pioneer of [[psychotherapy]] and [[music therapy]]<ref name=Saoud>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf |title=The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World |accessdate=2007-01-12 |format=PDF |author= Saoud, R}}</ref>
* [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus), pioneer of [[music therapy]] and [[psychotherapy]]
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], pioneer of [[psychiatry]], [[clinical psychiatry]] and [[clinical psychology]]
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], pioneer of [[psychiatry]], [[clinical psychiatry]] and [[clinical psychology]]<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions
of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361]</ref>
* [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]], pioneer of [[mental health]], [[medical psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], [[cognitive therapy]], [[psychophysiology]] and [[psychosomatic medicine]]
* [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]], pioneer of [[mental health]],<ref name=Talib>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' '''4''' (2), p. 76-79.</ref> [[medical psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], [[cognitive therapy]], [[psychophysiology]] and [[psychosomatic medicine]]<ref>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [362]</ref>
* [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]] (Rhazes), pioneer of [[psychiatric hospital]]
* [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]] (Rhazes), pioneer of [[psychiatric hospital]]
* [[Najab ud-din Muhammad]], pioneer of [[mental disorder]] classification
* [[Najab ud-din Muhammad]], pioneer of [[mental disorder]] classification<ref name=Syed-7>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''[[The Islamic Medical Association of North America|Journal of the Islamic Medical Association]]'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref>
* [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius), pioneer of [[social psychology]] and [[consciousness]] studies
* [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius), pioneer of [[social psychology]] and [[consciousness]] studies<ref name=Amber-363>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [363].</ref>
* [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] (Haly Abbas), pioneer of [[neuroanatomy]], [[neurobiology]] and [[neurophysiology]]
* [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] (Haly Abbas), pioneer of [[neuroanatomy]], [[neurobiology]] and [[neurophysiology]]<ref name=Amber-363/>
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis), pioneer of [[neurosurgery]]
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis), pioneer of [[neurosurgery]]<ref name=Martinez>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen), founder of [[experimental psychology]], [[psychophysics]], [[phenomenology]] and [[visual perception]]
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen), founder of [[experimental psychology]], [[psychophysics]], [[phenomenology]] and [[visual perception]]<ref name=Khaleefa>Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' '''16''' (2).</ref>
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], pioneer of [[reaction time]]
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], pioneer of [[reaction time]]<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture"</ref>
* [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna), pioneer of [[physiological psychology]], [[neuropsychiatry]], [[thought experiment]], [[self-awareness]] and [[self-consciousness]]
* [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina), pioneer of [[physiological psychology]],<ref name=Syed-7/> [[neuropsychiatry]],<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref> [[thought experiment]], [[self-awareness]] and [[self-consciousness]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|coauthors=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=History of Islamic Philosophy|pages=315 & 1022-1023|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0415131596}}</ref>
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar), pioneer of [[neurology]] and [[neuropharmacology]]
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar), pioneer of [[neurology]] and [[neuropharmacology]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Averroes]], pioneer of [[Parkinson's disease]]
* [[Averroes]], pioneer of [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Ibn Tufail]], pioneer of [[tabula rasa]] and [[nature versus nurture]]
* [[Ibn Tufail]], pioneer of [[tabula rasa]] and [[nature versus nurture]]<ref name=Russell>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', pp. 224-262, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004094598.</ref>


== Physicians and Surgeons ==
== Physicians and Surgeons ==
{{See|Islamic medicine}}
{{See|Islamic medicine}}


* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[Infectious disease|contagion]]<ref name=Conrad>Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), ''Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies'', "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". [[Ashgate]], ISBN 0754602583.</ref><ref>Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", ''Speculum'' '''58''' (4), p. 891-916.</ref>
* [[Muhammad]], pioneer of [[Infectious disease|contagion]]
* [[Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[Jafar al-Sadiq]]
* [[Jafar al-Sadiq]]
* [[Shapur ibn Sahl]] (d. 869), pioneer of [[pharmacy]] and [[pharmacopoeia]]
* [[Shapur ibn Sahl]] (d. 869), pioneer of [[pharmacy]] and [[pharmacopoeia]]<ref>Levey M. (1973), ''Early Arabic Pharmacology'', E. J. Brill, Leiden.</ref>
* [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of [[pharmacology]]
* [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of [[pharmacology]]<ref name=Frank>Felix Klein-Frank (2001), ''Al-Kindi'', in [[Oliver Leaman]] and [[Hossein Nasr]], ''History of Islamic Philosophy'', p. 172. [[Routledge]], London.</ref>
* [[Abbas Ibn Firnas]] (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* [[Abbas Ibn Firnas]] (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* [[Al-Jahiz]], pioneer of [[natural selection]]
* [[Al-Jahiz]], pioneer of [[natural selection]]
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], pioneer of medical [[encyclopedia]]
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], pioneer of medical [[encyclopedia]]<ref name=Amber/>
* [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]]
* [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]]
* [[Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi]] (854–931), pioneer of [[peer review]] and [[medical peer review]]
* [[Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi]] (854–931), pioneer of [[peer review]] and [[medical peer review]]<ref>Ray Spier (2002), "The history of the peer-review process", ''Trends in Biotechnology'' '''20''' (8), p. 357-358 [357].</ref>
* [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]] (Rhazes), father of [[pediatrics]],<ref name=Tschanz/> and pioneer of [[allergology]], [[immunology]]<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref> and [[chemotherapy]]<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/The_Valuable_Contributions_of_al-Razi_in_the_History_of_Pharmacy.pdf The Valuable Contribution of al-Razi (Rhazes) to the History of Pharmacy], FSTC.</ref>
* [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]] (Rhazes), father of [[pediatrics]], and pioneer of [[allergology]], [[chemotherapy]] and [[immunology]]
* [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius)
* [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius)
* [[Abul Hasan al-Tabari]] - physician
* [[Abul Hasan al-Tabari]] - physician
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] - physician
* [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] - physician
* [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]]
* [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]]
* [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] (d. 994), pioneer of [[obstetrics]] and [[perinatology]]
* [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] (d. 994), pioneer of [[obstetrics]] and [[perinatology]]<ref name=Abouleish>Ezzat Abouleish, "Contributions Of Islam To Medicine", in Shahid Athar (1993), ''Islamic Perspectives in Medicine'', [[Edinburgh University Press]], Edinburgh.</ref>
* [[Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar]] (10th century), pioneer of [[dental restoration]]
* [[Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar]] (10th century), pioneer of [[dental restoration]]<ref>Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'' '''2''', pp. 56-57.</ref>
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) - father of modern [[surgery]], pioneer of [[craniotomy]], [[hematology]], [[neurosurgery]] and [[dental surgery]]
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) - father of modern [[surgery]], and pioneer of [[neurosurgery]],<ref name=Martinez/> [[craniotomy]],<ref name=Abouleish/> [[hematology]]<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref> and [[dental surgery]]<ref>Henry W. Noble, PhD (2002), [http://www.rcpsg.ac.uk/hdrg/2002oct4.htm Tooth transplantation: a controversial story], History of Dentistry Research Group, Scottish Society for the History of Medicine.</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), pioneer of [[eye surgery]], [[visual perception]] and [[visual system]]
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), pioneer of [[eye surgery]], [[visual system]]<ref name=Saad/> and [[visual perception]]<ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.</ref>
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]]
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]]
* [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern [[medicine]], founder of [[Unani]] medicine, pioneer of [[Biomedical research|experimental medicine]], [[evidence-based medicine]], [[pharmaceutical sciences]], [[clinical pharmacology]], [[aromatherapy]], [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]], and also a philosopher
* [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern [[medicine]],<ref name=Cesk>Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", ''Becka J.'' '''119''' (1), p. 17-23.</ref> founder of [[Unani]] medicine,<ref name=Patricia/> pioneer of [[Biomedical research|experimental medicine]], [[evidence-based medicine]], [[pharmaceutical sciences]], [[clinical pharmacology]],<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> [[aromatherapy]],<ref>Marlene Ericksen (2000). ''Healing with Aromatherapy'', p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.</ref> [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]],<ref>Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", ''Heart Views'' '''1''' (4), pp. 136-140 [138-140].</ref> and also a philosopher
* [[Ibn Miskawayh]]
* [[Ibn Miskawayh]]
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) - father of experimental [[surgery]], pioneer of experimental [[anatomy]], experimental [[physiology]], human [[dissection]], [[autopsy]] and [[tracheotomy]]
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) - father of experimental [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631-1641.</ref> and pioneer of experimental [[anatomy]], experimental [[physiology]], human [[dissection]], [[autopsy]]<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> and [[tracheotomy]]<ref name=Makki>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', Januray-February 2006.</ref>
* [[Ibn Bajjah]] (Avempace)
* [[Ibn Bajjah]] (Avempace)
* [[Ibn Tufail]] (Abubacer)
* [[Ibn Tufail]] (Abubacer)
Line 280: Line 282:
* [[Ibn al-Baitar]]
* [[Ibn al-Baitar]]
* [[Nasir al-Din Tusi]]
* [[Nasir al-Din Tusi]]
* [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), father of [[Circulatory system|circulatory physiology]], pioneer of circulatory [[anatomy]], and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology, [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]]
* [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), father of [[Circulatory system|circulatory physiology]], pioneer of circulatory [[anatomy]],<ref>Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", ''Heart Views'' '''5''' (2), p. 74-85 [80].</ref> and founder of Nafisian anatomy, [[physiology]],<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 3 & 6, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615]</ref> [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]]<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 224-228, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615]</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Quff]] (1233-1305), pioneer of [[embryology]]
* [[Ibn al-Quff]] (1233-1305), pioneer of modern [[embryology]]<ref name=Abouleish/>
* [[Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī]]
* [[Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī]]
* [[Ibn Khatima]] (14th century), pioneer of [[bacteriology]] and [[microbiology]]
* [[Ibn Khatima]] (14th century), pioneer of [[bacteriology]] and [[microbiology]]<ref name=Syed>Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D. (2002). "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''[[The Islamic Medical Association of North America|Journal of the Islamic Medical Association]]'' '''2''', p. 2-9.</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Khatib]] (1313-1374)
* [[Ibn al-Khatib]] (1313-1374)
* [[Mansur ibn Ilyas]]
* [[Mansur ibn Ilyas]]
Line 289: Line 291:
* [[Toffy Musivand]]
* [[Toffy Musivand]]
* [[Samuel Rahbar]]
* [[Samuel Rahbar]]
* [[Muhammad B. Yunus]], the "father of our modern view of [[fibromyalgia]]"<ref name=Winfield>John B. Winfield (2007), "Fibromyalgia and Related Central Sensitivity Syndromes: Twenty-five Years of Progress", ''Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism'' '''36''' (6): 335-338.</ref>
* [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], pioneer of [[biomedical research]] in space<ref name=star1/><ref name=star2/>
* [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], pioneer of [[biomedical research]] in space<ref name=star1/><ref name=star2/>


== Physicists ==
== Physicists ==
⚫
{{moresources}}

* [[Jafar al-Sadiq]], 8th century
* [[Jafar al-Sadiq]], 8th century
* [[Banū Mūsā]] (Ben Mousa), 9th century
* [[Banū Mūsā]] (Ben Mousa), 9th century
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Islam and science]]
[[Category:Islam and science]]

Revision as of 19:45, 13 January 2008

Science in the Islamic world has played an important role in the history of science. There have also been some notable Muslim scientists in the present day. The following is an incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists.

Astronomers and Astrophysicists

Main article: List of Muslim astronomers
Further information: Islamic astronomy

Chemists and Alchemists

Further information: Alchemy (Islam)

Computer Scientists

Economists and Social Scientists

Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

Geographers and Earth Scientists

Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

Neuroscientists and Psychologists

Further information: Early Muslim sociology

Physicians and Surgeons

Further information: Islamic medicine

Physicists

See also

References

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  2. ^ Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
  3. ^ Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon, IslamOnline interview
  4. ^ Essam Heggy: Into the Heart of Mars, IslamOnline interview
  5. ^ a b theStar (2007). "Tapping into space research". TheStar. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b theStar (2007). "Mission in space". {{cite web}}: Text "publisherTheStar" ignored (help)
  7. ^ John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.
  8. ^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber). University of Indonesia.
  9. ^ Paul Vallely. How Islamic inventors changed the world. The Independent.
  10. ^ All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, Nobel Prize
  11. ^ a b Zadeh, L.A. (1965) "Fuzzy sets", Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
  12. ^ a b Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, University of California, Berkeley
  13. ^ Jawed Karime Resume
  14. ^ World's Richest People, Forbes
  15. ^ Jawed A. Mohammed PhD and Alfred Oehlers (2007), Corporate social responsibility in Islam, School of Business, Auckland University of Technology.
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  34. ^ Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, The Hindu, June 23, 2006.
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  40. ^ a b Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [363].
  41. ^ a b c d Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), p. 877-892.
  42. ^ Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 (2).
  43. ^ Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture"
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  45. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 315 & 1022-1023. ISBN 0415131596. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004094598.
  47. ^ Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies, "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". Ashgate, ISBN 0754602583.
  48. ^ Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", Speculum 58 (4), p. 891-916.
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  53. ^ a b Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press.
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  56. ^ Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2, pp. 56-57.
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  66. ^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
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