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==Scientology presence in Germany==
==Scientology presence in Germany==
[[Image:Scientology Kirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Scientology Church in Hamburg.]]
[[Image:Scientology Kirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Scientology Church in Hamburg.]]
Scientology first established a presence in Germany in 1970.<ref name=FAZ>Staff (2007-12-07). [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub594835B672714A1DB1A121534F010EE1/Doc~E56C3D2CC7DD24408AD3F751C55E213DB~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html?rss_aktuell "Innenminister erwägen Verbot – 'Scientology unvereinbar mit dem Grundgesetz'"], ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> Today (2007), there are ten Scientology Churches located in Germany's major cities, as well as fourteen Scientology Missions.<ref name=FAZ /> Cities with major Scientology bases include [[Munich]], [[Hamburg]], [[Berlin]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Hanover]] and [[Stuttgart]].<ref name=BMPbases>Staff (2007-01-15). [http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article180767/Organisation_mit_bundesweit_5000_Anhaengern.html "Organisation mit bundesweit 5000 Anhängern"], ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> There are nine missions in [[Baden-Württemberg]], and three in [[Bavaria]].<ref name=BMPbases />
Scientology first established a presence in Germany in 1970.<ref name=FAZ>Staff (2007-12-07). [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub594835B672714A1DB1A121534F010EE1/Doc~E56C3D2CC7DD24408AD3F751C55E213DB~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html?rss_aktuell "Innenminister erwägen Verbot – 'Scientology unvereinbar mit dem Grundgesetz'"], ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> Today (2007), there are ten Scientology Churches" located in Germany's major cities, as well as fourteen Scientology Missions.<ref name=FAZ /> Cities with major Scientology bases include [[Munich]], [[Hamburg]], [[Berlin]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Hanover]] and [[Stuttgart]].<ref name=BMPbases>Staff (2007-01-15). [http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article180767/Organisation_mit_bundesweit_5000_Anhaengern.html "Organisation mit bundesweit 5000 Anhängern"], ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> There are nine missions in [[Baden-Württemberg]], and three in [[Bavaria]].<ref name=BMPbases />


The [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution) estimates that there are between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in Germany.<ref name=FAZ /><ref name=BMP>Staff (2007-06-24). [http://www.morgenpost.de/incoming/article206331/Scientology.html "Scientology"], ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> This is a significantly lower number than the figure given by the [[Church of Scientology]], which speaks of around 30,000 members.<ref name=BMP />
The [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution) estimates that there are between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in Germany.<ref name=FAZ /><ref name=BMP>Staff (2007-06-24). [http://www.morgenpost.de/incoming/article206331/Scientology.html "Scientology"], ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'' {{de icon}}</ref> This is a significantly lower number than the figure given by the [[Church of Scientology]], which speaks of around 30,000 members.<ref name=BMP />
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The German government has recently confirmed that it does not consider Scientology a religious or philosophical community.<ref name="BundestagRFRW"/>
The German government has recently confirmed that it does not consider Scientology a religious or philosophical community.<ref name="BundestagRFRW"/>


==Monitoring by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution==
==Monitoring by the German domestic intelligence services==
[[Image:Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz Logo.svg|thumb|200px|left|The logo of the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz.]]
[[Image:Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz Logo.svg|thumb|200px|left|The logo of the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz.]]
Since 1997, Scientology has been monitored in some German states by the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]], which takes the view that the aims of Scientology run counter to Germany's free and democratic basic order.<ref name=Hering>Hering, Lars (2004-11-11). [http://www.rundschau-online.de/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=ksta/ksArtikel/Druckfassung&aid=1099064834893 "Scientology darf weiter beobachtet werden"], ''[[Kölnische Rundschau]]'' {{de icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht Report] of the German federal [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] intelligence agency {{de icon}}</ref> Minister for Family Policy [[Claudia Nolte]] instituted the surveillance, saying that the church had [[totalitarian]] tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all means at her disposal.<ref name=C&S1>{{cite journal |last=Hendon |first=David W.|author= |authorlink= |coauthors=James M. Kennedy |date= |year=1996 |month= Spring|day= |title=Notes on Church-State Affairs:Germany |journal= Journal of Church & State|volume=38 |issue=2 |page= |pages=445 |publisher= |location= |issn= |pmid= |pmc= |doi= |bibcode= |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}</ref>
Since 1997, Scientology has been monitored in some German states by the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] ("BfV", Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution), which takes the view that the aims of Scientology run counter to Germany's free and democratic basic order.<ref name=Hering>Hering, Lars (2004-11-11). [http://www.rundschau-online.de/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=ksta/ksArtikel/Druckfassung&aid=1099064834893 "Scientology darf weiter beobachtet werden"], ''[[Kölnische Rundschau]]'' {{de icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht Report] of the German federal [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] intelligence agency {{de icon}}</ref> Minister for Family Policy [[Claudia Nolte]] instituted the surveillance, saying that the church had [[totalitarian]] tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all means at her disposal.<ref name=C&S1>{{cite journal |last=Hendon |first=David W.|author= |authorlink= |coauthors=James M. Kennedy |date= |year=1996 |month= Spring|day= |title=Notes on Church-State Affairs:Germany |journal= Journal of Church & State|volume=38 |issue=2 |page= |pages=445 |publisher= |location= |issn= |pmid= |pmc= |doi= |bibcode= |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}</ref>


In December 2001, the Administrative Court in [[Berlin]] ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants. The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate.<ref>Staff (2001-12-14). [http://www.genios.de/r_googlearchiv/landing.html?START=CN0&DOKV_DB=bz&DOKV_NO=2001121412484441483414844&T_TEMPLATE=googlearchiv&ZG_PORTAL=news_archiv_vor "Keine V-Leute"], ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', p. 12</ref><ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/2002/scient_gen01.htm Berlin Administrative Court Rules Against the Use of Undercover Agents Posing as Scientologists by German Intelligence in Its Scientology-Watching Activities (Dec. 13, 2001): Court's Press Release in German, with English Translation] {{de icon}} / {{en icon}}</ref> In 2003, the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report, given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution.<ref name=Besier>{{cite book
In December 2001, the Administrative Court in [[Berlin]] ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants. The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate.<ref>Staff (2001-12-14). [http://www.genios.de/r_googlearchiv/landing.html?START=CN0&DOKV_DB=bz&DOKV_NO=2001121412484441483414844&T_TEMPLATE=googlearchiv&ZG_PORTAL=news_archiv_vor "Keine V-Leute"], ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', p. 12</ref><ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/2002/scient_gen01.htm Berlin Administrative Court Rules Against the Use of Undercover Agents Posing as Scientologists by German Intelligence in Its Scientology-Watching Activities (Dec. 13, 2001): Court's Press Release in German, with English Translation] {{de icon}} / {{en icon}}</ref> In 2003, the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report, given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution.<ref name=Besier>{{cite book
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In November 2008, Germany gave up on its attempt to ban Scientology, after finding insufficient evidence of illegal or unconstitutional activity.<ref name=Drop>(2008-11-21). [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/11/21/germany.html "Germany drops attempt to ban Scientology"], ''[[CBC News]]'' / AP </ref> Commenting on the decision, Ehrhart Körting, Berlin's interior minister, said, "This organization pursues goals – through its writings, its concept and its disrespect for minorities – that we cannot tolerate and that we consider in violation of the constitution. But they put very little of this into practice. The appraisal of the Government at the moment is that [Scientology] is a lousy organization, but it is not an organization that we have to take a hammer to."<ref name=Fischer>Fischer, Michael (2008-11-23). [http://www.theage.com.au/world/germany-abandons--bid-to-ban-scientology-20081122-6ehd.html?page=-1 "Germany abandons bid to ban Scientology"], ''[[The Age]]''</ref> The Church of Scientology expressed satisfaction with the decision, describing it as the "only one possible".<ref name=Fischer /> Monitoring of Scientology's activities by the German intelligence services continues.<ref name=Drop />
In November 2008, Germany gave up on its attempt to ban Scientology, after finding insufficient evidence of illegal or unconstitutional activity.<ref name=Drop>(2008-11-21). [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/11/21/germany.html "Germany drops attempt to ban Scientology"], ''[[CBC News]]'' / AP </ref> Commenting on the decision, Ehrhart Körting, Berlin's interior minister, said, "This organization pursues goals – through its writings, its concept and its disrespect for minorities – that we cannot tolerate and that we consider in violation of the constitution. But they put very little of this into practice. The appraisal of the Government at the moment is that [Scientology] is a lousy organization, but it is not an organization that we have to take a hammer to."<ref name=Fischer>Fischer, Michael (2008-11-23). [http://www.theage.com.au/world/germany-abandons--bid-to-ban-scientology-20081122-6ehd.html?page=-1 "Germany abandons bid to ban Scientology"], ''[[The Age]]''</ref> The Church of Scientology expressed satisfaction with the decision, describing it as the "only one possible".<ref name=Fischer /> Monitoring of Scientology's activities by the German intelligence services continues.<ref name=Drop />


==Response to Germany's stance==
==Criticism of Germany's stance==
[[Image:TomCruiseDec08MTV.jpg|thumb|left|125px|Tom Cruise is one of several Scientologist artists and celebrities who have been subject to [[boycott]] calls in Germany.<ref name=Cohen1996 /><ref name=Zeit>Staff (2007-07-09). [http://www.zeit.de/news/artikel/2007/07/09/2335735.xml "Stauffenberg-Film: Rückendeckung aus Hollywood"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'' {{de icon}} </ref>]]
[[Image:TomCruiseDec08MTV.jpg|thumb|left|125px|Tom Cruise is one of several Scientologist artists and celebrities who have been subject to [[boycott]] calls in Germany.<ref name=Cohen1996 /><ref name=Zeit>Staff (2007-07-09). [http://www.zeit.de/news/artikel/2007/07/09/2335735.xml "Stauffenberg-Film: Rückendeckung aus Hollywood"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'' {{de icon}} </ref>]]
The [[U.S. Department of State]] has taken a partially supportive stance towards Scientology in relation to Germany,{{Fact|date=February 2009}} despite a general preponderance of negative accounts of Scientology in domestic U.S. news.{{syn}}<ref name=Schoen>Schön, Brigitte (January 2001): [http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/schoen.html "Framing Effects in the Coverage of Scientology versus Germany: Some Thoughts on the Role of Press and Scholars"], ''[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]'', Volume 6, No. 1</ref> [[Richard Cohen (Washington Post columnist)|Richard Cohen]] writing in the ''[[Washington Post]]'', said in 1996: "Scientology might be one weird religion, but the German reaction to it is weirder still – not to mention disturbing."<ref name=Schoen /><ref name=Cohen1996 />
The United States have taken a partially supportive stance towards Scientology in relation to Germany, despite a general preponderance of negative accounts of Scientology in domestic U.S. news.<ref name=Schoen>Schön, Brigitte (January 2001): [http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/schoen.html "Framing Effects in the Coverage of Scientology versus Germany: Some Thoughts on the Role of Press and Scholars"], ''[[Marburg Journal of Religion]]'', Volume 6, No. 1</ref> [[Richard Cohen (Washington Post columnist)|Richard Cohen]], writing in the ''[[Washington Post]]'', said in 1996: "Scientology might be one weird religion, but the German reaction to it is weirder still – not to mention disturbing."<ref name=Schoen /><ref name=Cohen1996 />


The U.S. Department of State has repeatedly claimed that Germany's actions constitute government and societal discrimination against minority religious groups – within which it includes Scientology – and expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists' individual rights posed by sect filters.<ref>Lehmann, Hartmut (2004). ''Koexistenz und Konflikt von Religionen im Vereinten Europa'', Wallstein Verlag, ISBN 3892447462, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vyQKDoZFqDoC&pg=PA68&dq=%22Kritik+seitens+der+USA%22+scientology&client=firefox-a#PPA68,M1 pp. 68–71] {{de icon}} / {{en icon}}</ref><ref name=Wash>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-704081.html Germany, America and Scientology], ''Washington Post'', February 1, 1997</ref><ref name=NYT19970309>{{cite web | first = Douglas | last = Frantz | title = Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7DE1639F93AA35750C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work = | publisher = [[New York Times]] | date = [[1997-03-09]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref><ref name=Asylum /> It has also warned that companies and artists associated with Scientology may be subject to "government-approved discrimination and boycotts" in Germany.<ref>{{cite web | first = Ron | last = Tank | coauthors = Reuters | title = U.S. report backs Scientologists in dispute with Germany | url = http://www.cnn.com/US/9701/30/scientologists/index.html | work = | publisher = [[CNN]] | date = [[1997-01-30]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> Past targets of such actions have included actors [[Tom Cruise]] and [[John Travolta]], as well as [[jazz]] pianist [[Chick Corea]].<ref name=Bonfante /><ref name=Cohen1996 /><ref name=Zeit />
The [[U.S. Department of State]] has repeatedly claimed that Germany's actions constitute government and societal discrimination against minority religious groups – within which it includes Scientology – and expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists' individual rights posed by sect filters.<ref>Lehmann, Hartmut (2004). ''Koexistenz und Konflikt von Religionen im Vereinten Europa'', Wallstein Verlag, ISBN 3892447462, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vyQKDoZFqDoC&pg=PA68&dq=%22Kritik+seitens+der+USA%22+scientology&client=firefox-a#PPA68,M1 pp. 68–71] {{de icon}} / {{en icon}}</ref><ref name=Wash>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-704081.html Germany, America and Scientology], ''Washington Post'', February 1, 1997</ref><ref name=NYT19970309>{{cite web | first = Douglas | last = Frantz | title = Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7DE1639F93AA35750C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work = | publisher = [[New York Times]] | date = [[1997-03-09]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref><ref name=Asylum /> It has also warned that companies and artists associated with Scientology may be subject to "government-approved discrimination and boycotts" in Germany.<ref>{{cite web | first = Ron | last = Tank | coauthors = Reuters | title = U.S. report backs Scientologists in dispute with Germany | url = http://www.cnn.com/US/9701/30/scientologists/index.html | work = | publisher = [[CNN]] | date = [[1997-01-30]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> Past targets of such actions have included actors [[Tom Cruise]] and [[John Travolta]], as well as [[jazz]] pianist [[Chick Corea]].<ref name=Bonfante /><ref name=Cohen1996 /><ref name=Zeit />


In 1997, an open letter to then-Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], published as a newspaper advertisement in the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany and [[Nazi]] policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s.<ref name=IHT /><ref name=Wash /> The letter was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry, including actors [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Goldie Hawn]], director [[Oliver Stone]], writers [[Mario Puzo]] and [[Gore Vidal]] and talk-show host [[Larry King]].<ref>Drozdiak, William (1997-01-14). [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/10844567.html?dids=10844567:10844567&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+14%2C+1997&author=William+Drozdiak&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=U.S.+Celebrities+Defend+Scientology+in+Germany&pqatl=google U.S. Celebrities Defend Scientology in Germany], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', p. A11</ref><ref name=Wash /><ref name=Bonfante>Bonfante, Jordan; van Voorst, Bruce (1997-02-10). "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985883-1,00.html Does Germany Have Something Against These Guys?]", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref>
In 1997, an open letter to then-Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], published as a newspaper advertisement in the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany and [[Nazi]] policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s.<ref name=IHT /><ref name=Wash /> The letter was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry, including actors [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Goldie Hawn]], director [[Oliver Stone]], writers [[Mario Puzo]] and [[Gore Vidal]] and talk-show host [[Larry King]].<ref>Drozdiak, William (1997-01-14). [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/10844567.html?dids=10844567:10844567&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+14%2C+1997&author=William+Drozdiak&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=U.S.+Celebrities+Defend+Scientology+in+Germany&pqatl=google U.S. Celebrities Defend Scientology in Germany], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', p. A11</ref><ref name=Wash /><ref name=Bonfante>Bonfante, Jordan; van Voorst, Bruce (1997-02-10). "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985883-1,00.html Does Germany Have Something Against These Guys?]", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref>


German officials sharply rejected the accusations.<ref name=Bonfante /> They said that Germany guarantees the [[freedom of religion]], but characterized Scientology as a profit-making enterprise, rather than a religion.<ref name=Bonfante /> They emphasized that precisely because of Germany's Nazi past, Germany took a determined stance against all "radical cults and sects, including right-wing Nazi groups", and not just against Scientology.<ref name=Bonfante /> The response from Kohl's [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] party was to denounce the letter, calling it "the most despicable sort of offensive propaganda", and to cite previous German court rulings stating that Scientology had primarily economic goals and could legitimately be referred to using phrases such as a "contemptuous [[cartel]] of oppression".<ref name=IHT>
German officials sharply rejected the accusations.<ref name=Bonfante /> They said that Germany guarantees the [[freedom of religion]], but characterized Scientology as a profit-making enterprise, rather than a religion.<ref name=Bonfante /> They emphasized that precisely because of Germany's Nazi past, Germany took a determined stance against all "radical cults and sects, including right-wing Nazi groups", and not just against Scientology.<ref name=Bonfante /> The response from Kohl's [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] party was to denounce the letter as "absurd" and cite previous German court rulings stating that Scientology had primarily economic goals and could legitimately be referred to using phrases such as a "contemptuous [[cartel]] of oppression".<ref name=IHT>
Schmid, John (1997-01-15). [http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/01/15/scient.t.php German Party Replies To Scientology Backers], ''[[Herald Tribune]]''</ref>
Schmid, John (1997-01-15). [http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/01/15/scient.t.php German Party Replies To Scientology Backers], ''[[Herald Tribune]]''</ref>

The dispute escalated in [[Bonn]] when the [[Bavaria|Bavarian]] [[Christian Social Union]] (CSU) admonished the church of Scientology for making a comparison between the party and the Nazis. In a statement, German politician Bernd Protzner said that the church's accusations had insulted millions of CSU voters and noted that they were indicative of a new low in a "smear campaign" against Germany.<ref>{{cite web | first = Ron | last = Tank | coauthors = Reuters | title = U.S. report backs Scientologists in dispute with Germany | url = http://www.cnn.com/US/9701/30/scientologists/index.html | work = | publisher = [[CNN]] | date = [[1997-01-30]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>


A U.S. Department of State spokesman rejected the Nazi comparisons in the open letter as "outrageous" and said: "We have criticized the Germans on this, but we aren't going to support the Scientologists' terror tactics against the German government."<ref name=Bonfante /><ref name=Schoen />
A U.S. Department of State spokesman rejected the Nazi comparisons in the open letter as "outrageous" and said: "We have criticized the Germans on this, but we aren't going to support the Scientologists' terror tactics against the German government."<ref name=Bonfante /><ref name=Schoen />


In late 1997, the United States granted [[asylum]] to a German Scientologist who claimed she would be subject to [[religious persecution]] in her homeland.<ref name=Asylum /> A [[United Nations]] report in April 1998 asserted that individuals in Germany were discriminated against because of their affiliation with Scientology.<ref name="USS1999" /> However, it rejected the comparison of the treatment of Scientologists with that of [[Jew]]s during the [[Nazi]] era.<ref name="USS1999">[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report_1999_-_Germany U.S. Department of State – International Religious Freedom Report 1999: Germany]</ref>
In late 1997, the United States granted [[asylum]] to a German Scientologist who claimed she would be subject to [[religious persecution]] in her homeland.<ref name=Asylum /> A [[United Nations]] report in April 1998 asserted that individuals in Germany were discriminated against because of their affiliation with Scientology.<ref name="USS1999" /> However, it rejected the comparison of the treatment of Scientologists with that of [[Jew]]s during the [[Nazi]] era.<ref name="USS1999">[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report_1999_-_Germany U.S. Department of State – International Religious Freedom Report 1999: Germany]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Scientology and the legal system]]
*[[Scientology and celebrities]]
*[[Scientology controversies]]
*[[Scientology as a business]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:16, 14 February 2009

Scientology has had a difficult time achieving legal recognition in Germany. Various German courts have come to contradictory decisions on Scientology's status as a religion. The German government takes the view that Scientology is not a religion, and that its goals are in conflict with the German constitution.

Scientologists in Germany are subject to discrimination and surveillance by Germany's intelligence services. Germany has been criticized over its stance towards Scientology, notably by the United States.

Scientology presence in Germany

The Scientology Church in Hamburg.

Scientology first established a presence in Germany in 1970.[1] Today (2007), there are ten Scientology Churches" located in Germany's major cities, as well as fourteen Scientology Missions.[1] Cities with major Scientology bases include Munich, Hamburg, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hanover and Stuttgart.[2] There are nine missions in Baden-Württemberg, and three in Bavaria.[2]

The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution) estimates that there are between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in Germany.[1][3] This is a significantly lower number than the figure given by the Church of Scientology, which speaks of around 30,000 members.[3]

While Scientology considers itself a church, and is recognised as such in the United States and in a number of European countries, critics in Germany refer to it as a "sect".[3] Pastor Thomas Gandow, a prominent spokesperson for the German Lutheran Church, has called Scientology a "totalitarian commercial cult" and has described the Scientologist Hollywood actor Tom Cruise as the "Goebbels of Scientology".[4][5] Most Germans consider Scientology a subversive organization, with pollsters reporting popular support for banning the Church running at 70%.[6]

The legal status of Scientology in Germany is currently unresolved.[7] Two points are contested: firstly, whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a "religious or philosophical teaching" (Religion or Weltanschauung), and secondly, whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity; if the latter were the case, this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a "religious or philosophical community" (Religions- oder Weltanschauungsgemeinschaft) under Article 4 of the German constitution.[7] In 1995, the Federal Labor Court of Germany took the view that the Church of Scientology does not represent a religious or philosophical community entitled to protection under Article 4 of the German Constitution, but in 2003, in another decision, left this question open again.[7]

The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has not yet made an explicit decision on the matter, but implicitly assumed in 1980 that Scientology represents a religious or philosophical community.[7] The Upper Administrative Court in Hamburg explicitly asserted in 1994 that Scientology should be viewed as a philosophical community.[7] The Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg likewise does not endorse the view that the teachings of Scientology merely serve as a pretext for commercial activity.[7] The Federal Administrative Court of Germany in 2005 explicitly granted a Scientologist protection under Article 4.1 of the German Constitution, which declares the freedom of religion inviolate.[8][9][7]

In most legal cases, however, German courts have judged the status of Scientology to be irrelevant to their decision and have opted to leave the question open.[7]

The German government has recently confirmed that it does not consider Scientology a religious or philosophical community.[7]

Monitoring by the German domestic intelligence services

The logo of the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz.

Since 1997, Scientology has been monitored in some German states by the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz ("BfV", Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution), which takes the view that the aims of Scientology run counter to Germany's free and democratic basic order.[10][11] Minister for Family Policy Claudia Nolte instituted the surveillance, saying that the church had totalitarian tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all means at her disposal.[12]

In December 2001, the Administrative Court in Berlin ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants. The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate.[13][14] In 2003, the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report, given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution.[15]

German government-published information leaflets on threats to democracy, focusing on Islamic extremism, Scientology and organized crime. The slogan at the top of the leaflets translates as "Protect our democracy".

At the federal level, Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the BfV in November 2004 because the court gave its opinion that the aims of Scientology, as outlined in Hubbard's writings, were incompatible with the German constitution.[10][16] Lawyers acting for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution had accused Scientology of harboring designs on Germany's free, democratic basic order.[10] They said that Hubbard had written that civil rights, for example, should be restricted to Scientologists, and they asserted that the Scientology organization was taking systematic steps to infiltrate society and government institutions, in order to prevent anti-Scientology legislation.[10] Opposing counsel acting for the Church of Scientology had contended that Scientology was non-political, its aims were the liberation of the human being, and that Hubbard's instructions were valid only within the Church of Scientology and were subject to interpretation, and at any rate there was no effort to implement these instructions in Germany.[10] The court disagreed and ruled that many sources, some of them not accessible to the general public, indicated that the aims of the Church of Scientology did include the abrogation of the principle of equality and other essential human rights.[10]

In Saarland, surveillance was stopped by a court as inappropriate in 2005, because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members.[16] As of 6 May 2008, the Church of Scientology in Germany dropped the legal battle to prevent surveillance of its activities by the BfV after the North Rhine-Westphalia Higher Administrative Court in Münster refused to hear an appeal on the matter.[17] Being suspected of maintaining "ambitions against the free, democratic basic order", the Scientology organization added a declaration on human rights and democracy to its bylaws.[17]

The collection of intelligence on Scientology by the German intelligence services extends beyond German borders. In 1998, the Swiss government detained an agent of the German government, charging him with "carrying out illegal business for a foreign state, working for a political information service and falsifying identity documents".[18][19] The man had allegedly contacted Susanne Haller, a member of the city council of Basel, where the Church of Scientology operates a mission. The German government posted bail for the agent.[20] He was eventually given a 30-day suspended jail sentence for spying on Scientology, and the German government apologized to Switzerland for the incident.[18][21]

"Sect filters"

A "sect filter" is a document that requires an applicant to acknowledge any association with a sect or new religious movement before being accepted for a position.[22] German government agencies have drafted such sect filters for use by businesses; in addition, various local governments operate "sect commissioner's" offices.[22] The city of Hamburg has set up a full-time office dedicated to opposing Scientology, the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority under the leadership of Ursula Caberta.[23] Sect filters are primarily used against Scientologists, establishing discrimination against Scientologists in employment.[22] In Bavaria, applicants for civil service positions are required to declare whether or not they are Scientologists, and a similar policy has been instituted in Hesse.[24]

Scientologists are also banned from joining major political parties in Germany such as the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union of Bavaria, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Free Democratic Party.[25][6][26] Existing Scientologist members of these parties have been purged.[6]

When it became known that Microsoft's Windows 2000 operating system included a disk defragmenter developed by Executive Software International (a company headed by a Scientologist), this caused significant concern among German government officials and clergy over potential security issues.[22][27] To assuage these concerns, Microsoft Germany agreed to provide a means to disable the utility.[22][27]

Abortive attempt to ban Scientology

The new Scientology headquarters in Berlin.

In March 2007, it was reported that German authorities were increasing their efforts to monitor Scientology in response to the opening of a new Scientology headquarters in Berlin.[28] On December 7, 2007, German federal and state interior ministers expressed the view that the Scientology organization continued to pursue anti-constitutional goals and asked Germany's domestic intelligence agencies to collect and evaluate the necessary information that would be required for a possible judicial inquiry aimed at banning the organization.[29][30] However, the move was criticized by politicians from all parts of the political spectrum, with legal experts expressing concern that an attempt to ban the organization would most likely fail in the courts.[29][31] This view was echoed by the German intelligence agencies, who warned that a ban would be doomed to fail.[32] Sabine Weber, president of the Church of Scientology in Berlin, called the accusations "unrealistic" and "absurd" and said the German interior minister's evaluation was based "on a few sentences out of 500,000 pages of Scientological literature".[33]

In November 2008, Germany gave up on its attempt to ban Scientology, after finding insufficient evidence of illegal or unconstitutional activity.[34] Commenting on the decision, Ehrhart Körting, Berlin's interior minister, said, "This organization pursues goals – through its writings, its concept and its disrespect for minorities – that we cannot tolerate and that we consider in violation of the constitution. But they put very little of this into practice. The appraisal of the Government at the moment is that [Scientology] is a lousy organization, but it is not an organization that we have to take a hammer to."[35] The Church of Scientology expressed satisfaction with the decision, describing it as the "only one possible".[35] Monitoring of Scientology's activities by the German intelligence services continues.[34]

Criticism of Germany's stance

Tom Cruise is one of several Scientologist artists and celebrities who have been subject to boycott calls in Germany.[24][36]

The United States have taken a partially supportive stance towards Scientology in relation to Germany, despite a general preponderance of negative accounts of Scientology in domestic U.S. news.[37] Richard Cohen, writing in the Washington Post, said in 1996: "Scientology might be one weird religion, but the German reaction to it is weirder still – not to mention disturbing."[37][24]

The U.S. Department of State has repeatedly claimed that Germany's actions constitute government and societal discrimination against minority religious groups – within which it includes Scientology – and expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists' individual rights posed by sect filters.[38][39][40][26] It has also warned that companies and artists associated with Scientology may be subject to "government-approved discrimination and boycotts" in Germany.[41] Past targets of such actions have included actors Tom Cruise and John Travolta, as well as jazz pianist Chick Corea.[6][24][36]

In 1997, an open letter to then-Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s.[42][39] The letter was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry, including actors Dustin Hoffman and Goldie Hawn, director Oliver Stone, writers Mario Puzo and Gore Vidal and talk-show host Larry King.[43][39][6]

German officials sharply rejected the accusations.[6] They said that Germany guarantees the freedom of religion, but characterized Scientology as a profit-making enterprise, rather than a religion.[6] They emphasized that precisely because of Germany's Nazi past, Germany took a determined stance against all "radical cults and sects, including right-wing Nazi groups", and not just against Scientology.[6] The response from Kohl's Christian Democratic Union party was to denounce the letter as "absurd" and cite previous German court rulings stating that Scientology had primarily economic goals and could legitimately be referred to using phrases such as a "contemptuous cartel of oppression".[42]

A U.S. Department of State spokesman rejected the Nazi comparisons in the open letter as "outrageous" and said: "We have criticized the Germans on this, but we aren't going to support the Scientologists' terror tactics against the German government."[6][37]

In late 1997, the United States granted asylum to a German Scientologist who claimed she would be subject to religious persecution in her homeland.[26] A United Nations report in April 1998 asserted that individuals in Germany were discriminated against because of their affiliation with Scientology.[44] However, it rejected the comparison of the treatment of Scientologists with that of Jews during the Nazi era.[44]

References

  1. ^ a b c Staff (2007-12-07). "Innenminister erwägen Verbot – 'Scientology unvereinbar mit dem Grundgesetz'", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Template:De icon
  2. ^ a b Staff (2007-01-15). "Organisation mit bundesweit 5000 Anhängern", Berliner Morgenpost Template:De icon
  3. ^ a b c Staff (2007-06-24). "Scientology", Berliner Morgenpost Template:De icon
  4. ^ Moore, Tristana (2008-01-13). "Scientologists in German push", BBC
  5. ^ Paterson, Tony (2007-07-23). "Cruise is 'Goebbels of Scientology', says German church", The Independent
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bonfante, Jordan; van Voorst, Bruce (1997-02-10). "Does Germany Have Something Against These Guys?", Time
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i bundestag.de: Legal questions concerning religious and philosophical communities, prepared by the Scientific Services staff of the German Parliament Template:Languageicon
  8. ^ Zacharias, Diana (2006-10-01). "Protective Declarations Against Scientology as Unjustified Detriments to Freedom of Religion: A Comment on the Decision of the German Federal Administrative Court of 15 December 2005", German Law Journal, Volume 7, No. 10
  9. ^ BVerwG Az.: 7 C 20.04, 15 December 2005 Template:Languageicon
  10. ^ a b c d e f Hering, Lars (2004-11-11). "Scientology darf weiter beobachtet werden", Kölnische Rundschau Template:De icon
  11. ^ Report of the German federal Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz intelligence agency Template:De icon
  12. ^ Hendon, David W. (1996). "Notes on Church-State Affairs:Germany". Journal of Church & State. 38 (2): 445. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, |day=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Staff (2001-12-14). "Keine V-Leute", Berliner Zeitung, p. 12
  14. ^ Berlin Administrative Court Rules Against the Use of Undercover Agents Posing as Scientologists by German Intelligence in Its Scientology-Watching Activities (Dec. 13, 2001): Court's Press Release in German, with English Translation Template:De icon / Template:En icon
  15. ^ Besier, Gerhard (2004). Zeitdiagnosen: Religionsfreiheit und Konformismus. Über Minderheiten und die Macht der Mehrheit. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag. p. 213. ISBN 3825876543. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Template:De icon
  16. ^ a b Staff (2005-04-27). "Scientology darf nicht mehr ausspioniert werden", Spiegel Online Template:De icon
  17. ^ a b Staff (2008-05-07). "German Scientology church drops court challenge; adds human rights declaration to bylaws", AP/Arab Times
  18. ^ a b Staff (1998-04-09). "Germany apologises to Switzerland for spying on Scientologists", BBC
  19. ^ Staff (1998-06-23). "German charged with spying on Scientologists", BBC
  20. ^ Hendon, David W. (1998). "Notes on Church-State Affairs: Germany". Journal of Church & State. 40 (3): 714. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, |day=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Switzerland: Scientology Spying by a German Official Spurs Jail Term (AP, 1999-12-01)
  22. ^ a b c d e Shupe, Anson (2006). Agents of Discord. New Brunswick (U.S.A.), London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers. p. 231. ISBN 0-7658-0323-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). The Church of Scientology. Salt Lake City: Signature Press. p. 62. ISBN 1-56085-139-2.
  24. ^ a b c d Cohen, Richard (1996-11-15). "Germany's Odd Obsession With Scientology", Washington Post
  25. ^ Staff (2006-09-15). "USA finden Deutschland zu intolerant", Der Spiegel Template:De icon
  26. ^ a b c Frantz, Douglas (1997-11-08). "U.S. Immigration Court Grants Asylum to German Scientologist", New York Times
  27. ^ a b Haddadin, Haitham (2000-11-06). "Scientologist-software man blasts Germany", Independent Online
  28. ^ Stark, Holger (2007-03-27). "Scientology's New European Offensive: The March of the 'Orgs'". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b Staff (2007-12-08). "Scientology – Zweifel an Verbotsplänen", Tagesspiegel Template:Languageicon
  30. ^ Sammlung der zur Veröffentlichung freigegebenen Beschlüsse der 185. Sitzung der Ständigen Konferenz der Innenminister und -senatoren der Länder am 7. Dezember 2007 in Berlin (German interior ministers' conference resolutions released for publication, 2007-12-07) Template:Languageicon
  31. ^ Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007-12-07). "Innenminister fordern Verbot von Scientology", Die Welt Template:Languageicon
  32. ^ "Lack of Evidence: Agencies Warn Scientology Ban Doomed to Fail". Der Spiegel. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2007-12-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Grieshaber, Kirsten (2007-12-09). German official seeks ban on Scientology, USA Today / AP
  34. ^ a b (2008-11-21). "Germany drops attempt to ban Scientology", CBC News / AP
  35. ^ a b Fischer, Michael (2008-11-23). "Germany abandons bid to ban Scientology", The Age
  36. ^ a b Staff (2007-07-09). "Stauffenberg-Film: Rückendeckung aus Hollywood", Die Zeit Template:De icon
  37. ^ a b c Schön, Brigitte (January 2001): "Framing Effects in the Coverage of Scientology versus Germany: Some Thoughts on the Role of Press and Scholars", Marburg Journal of Religion, Volume 6, No. 1
  38. ^ Lehmann, Hartmut (2004). Koexistenz und Konflikt von Religionen im Vereinten Europa, Wallstein Verlag, ISBN 3892447462, pp. 68–71 Template:De icon / Template:En icon
  39. ^ a b c Germany, America and Scientology, Washington Post, February 1, 1997
  40. ^ Frantz, Douglas (1997-03-09). "Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ Tank, Ron (1997-01-30). "U.S. report backs Scientologists in dispute with Germany". CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ a b Schmid, John (1997-01-15). German Party Replies To Scientology Backers, Herald Tribune
  43. ^ Drozdiak, William (1997-01-14). U.S. Celebrities Defend Scientology in Germany, The Washington Post, p. A11
  44. ^ a b U.S. Department of State – International Religious Freedom Report 1999: Germany
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