Early life and career of Barack Obama: Difference between revisions
Acroterion (talk | contribs) m Reverted edits by 41.233.228.137 (talk) to last version by PhGustaf |
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In Indonesia, Obama was known |
In Indonesia, Obama was known as "Barry Soetoro."<ref>Beech, Hannah (March 29, 2010). [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1973272,00.html "Mixed Feelings For a Favorite Son"]. ''TIME''. Retrieved 29 March 2010.</ref><ref name="scharnberg">{{cite news |author=Scharnberg, Kirsten; Barker, Kim |date=March 25, 2007 |title=The not-so-simple story of Barack Obama's youth |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703250359mar25-archive,0,3329878,full.story| accessdate=January 14, 2008}}</ref> He attended kindergarten at [[Noelani Elementary School]], near his home.<ref name="hoover" /><ref name="Noelani Elementary">{{cite news |author=Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe |date=October 2008 |title=Being local, Barry and Bryan |work=Hawaii Business Magazine |url=http://hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/October-2008/Being-Local-Barry-and-Bryan |accessdate=November 26, 2008}}<br />{{cite news |author=San Nicholas, Claudine |date=January 21, 2009 |title=Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry |newspaper=Maui News | url=http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/513898.html?nav=5074 | accessdate=March 16, 2009}}</ref> While still resident in Manoa, Dunham married [[Indonesia]]n student [[Lolo Soetoro]] who was attending the University of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nakaso, Dan |date=September 12, 2008 |title=Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Sep/12/ln/hawaii809120379.html |accessdate=November 26, 2008}}<br />Obama's stepfather and Ann Dunham divorced in the late 1970s, and he died of a [[liver]] ailment in 1987. {{cite news | first=Scott | last=Fornek | title=Lolo Soetoro | date=September 9, 2007 | url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545455,BSX-News-wotreegg09.stng | work=Chicago Sun-Times | accessdate=January 4, 2008}} They had one daughter together, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Soetoro]], Obama's half-sister. On his father's side, Obama has two half-sisters and five surviving half-brothers. {{cite news | first=Michael | last=Sheridan | coauthors=Sarah Baxter | title=Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked | date=January 28, 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article1267352.ece | work=Sunday Times (UK) | accessdate=January 4, 2008 | location=London}} See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 2 and Chapters 15–19 (Part 3: Kenya).</ref> When [[Suharto]], a military leader in Soetoro's home country, [[Transition to the New Order|came to power]] in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to [[Indonesia]].<ref name="DFM-Soetoro">{{cite book |last = Obama |first=Barack |title=Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=1995 |location=New York, NY |pages=44–45 |isbn=0307383415}}</ref> During his time in Indonesia, Obama attended local schools in [[Jakarta]], from ages 6 to 10, where classes were taught in the [[Indonesian language]]. He first attended St. Francis Assisi Catholic school for almost three years.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pickler, Nedra (Associated Press) |date=January 24, 2007 |title=Obama debunks claim about Islamic school |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html |accessdate=April 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="barkermadrassa">{{cite news |author=Barker, Kim |date=March 25, 2007 |title=Obama madrassa myth debunked |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=28 |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-islam-story-archive,0,3358809.story |accessdate=January 4, 2008}}</ref> |
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When his family moved to a new neighborhood, [[Menteng]],<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |author=Williamson, Lucy |date=April 19, 2008 |title=Jakarta classmates recall 'Barry' Obama |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7350775.stm |accessdate=April 20, 2008}}</ref> he attended the [[secular]], government-run [[State Elementary School Menteng 01|SDN Menteng 1]] school (also known as the Besuki school) for his fourth year.<ref name="scharnberg" /><ref name="barkermadrassa" /><ref name=bbc2/><ref name="watson">{{cite news |author=Watson, Paul |date=March 15, 2007 |title=As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A1 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamachildhood15-2007mar15,0,673981,full.story |accessdate=March 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Anderton, Trish |date=June 26, 2007 |title=Obama's Jakarta trail |newspaper= Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/weekender/6reporter.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070626112725/http://www.thejakartapost.com/weekender/6reporter.asp |archivedate=June 26, 2007 |accessdate=January 4, 2008}}<br />Obama (1995, 2004), p. 154.<br />Obama (2006), p. 274.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Newton-Small, Jay |date=December 18, 2007 |title=Obama's foreign-policy problem |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1695803,00.html |accessdate=January 3, 2008 |quote=When prominent Indonesians visit the U.S., the first person they want to meet is Obama, says Parnohadiningrat Sudjadnan, the Indonesian ambassador to the U.S. "Back home people think of him as one of us, or at least one who understands us," he says, adding that they are delighted to find that Obama speaks passable Bahasa, the language spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia.}}</ref> Obama was a [[Cub Scout]] while living in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/us-election/obama-aka-fat-little-barry-remembered/2008/09/30/1222651084446.html|title=Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered|last=Forbes|first=Mark |date=October 1, 2008|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|pages=2|accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> Obama's half-sister, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng]] remembered Obama's stepfather as "not religious", and "never went to prayer services except for big communal events."<ref name="watson" /> When Obama was in third grade he wrote an essay saying that he wanted to become president. His teacher later told the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' that she was not sure what country he wanted to become president of but that he said that his reason for becoming president was that he wanted to make everybody happy.<ref name="scharnberg" /> |
When his family moved to a new neighborhood, [[Menteng]],<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |author=Williamson, Lucy |date=April 19, 2008 |title=Jakarta classmates recall 'Barry' Obama |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7350775.stm |accessdate=April 20, 2008}}</ref> he attended the [[secular]], government-run [[State Elementary School Menteng 01|SDN Menteng 1]] school (also known as the Besuki school) for his fourth year.<ref name="scharnberg" /><ref name="barkermadrassa" /><ref name=bbc2/><ref name="watson">{{cite news |author=Watson, Paul |date=March 15, 2007 |title=As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A1 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamachildhood15-2007mar15,0,673981,full.story |accessdate=March 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Anderton, Trish |date=June 26, 2007 |title=Obama's Jakarta trail |newspaper= Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/weekender/6reporter.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070626112725/http://www.thejakartapost.com/weekender/6reporter.asp |archivedate=June 26, 2007 |accessdate=January 4, 2008}}<br />Obama (1995, 2004), p. 154.<br />Obama (2006), p. 274.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Newton-Small, Jay |date=December 18, 2007 |title=Obama's foreign-policy problem |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1695803,00.html |accessdate=January 3, 2008 |quote=When prominent Indonesians visit the U.S., the first person they want to meet is Obama, says Parnohadiningrat Sudjadnan, the Indonesian ambassador to the U.S. "Back home people think of him as one of us, or at least one who understands us," he says, adding that they are delighted to find that Obama speaks passable Bahasa, the language spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia.}}</ref> Obama was a [[Cub Scout]] while living in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/us-election/obama-aka-fat-little-barry-remembered/2008/09/30/1222651084446.html|title=Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered|last=Forbes|first=Mark |date=October 1, 2008|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|pages=2|accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> Obama's half-sister, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng]] remembered Obama's stepfather as "not religious", and "never went to prayer services except for big communal events."<ref name="watson" /> When Obama was in third grade he wrote an essay saying that he wanted to become president. His teacher later told the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' that she was not sure what country he wanted to become president of but that he said that his reason for becoming president was that he wanted to make everybody happy.<ref name="scharnberg" /> |
Revision as of 18:26, 14 April 2010
Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, in the state of Hawaii[1] to Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Kanyadhiang, Rachuonyo District, Nyanza Province,[2] Kenya Colony, British Empire) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas).[3]
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Education summary
School | Years | Location | Final degree | Notes |
Noelani Elementary School | Kindergarten | Honolulu, Hawaii | ||
St. Francis Assisi Catholic | First through third grade | Jakarta, Indonesia | ||
State Elementary School Menteng 01 | Fourth grade | Jakarta, Indonesia | ||
Punahou School | Fifth through twelfth grade | Honolulu, Hawaii | High school diploma | |
Occidental College | Freshman and sophomore years | Los Angeles, California | Transferred to Columbia University | |
Columbia University | Junior and senior years | New York, New York | B.A. | Political science major with international relations focus |
Harvard Law School | Three-year program | Cambridge, Massachusetts | J.D. magna cum laude | President, Harvard Law Review |
Childhood years
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg/150px-BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg)
Parents' background and meeting
Obama's parents met in a basic Russian language course while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where Obama's father was enrolled as a foreign student.[4] Obama was born on August 4, 1961 at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii; his birth was announced in The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address listed as 6085 Kalaniana'ole Highway—his maternal grandparents' home.[5][6][7][8]
Old friends in Mercer Island, Washington recall his mother visiting them with her new baby later on that summer.[6][9][10] She subsequently enrolled at the University of Washington, and lived in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle as a single mother with her son.[6][10][11] She and her son left Seattle in the summer of 1962 and she re-enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
In 1963, Obama moved to 1427 Alexander Street, Apartment 110, which still exists in 2009. Later that year and for 3 years, Obama's mother's address was listed in the University of Hawaii directory as 2277 Kamehameha Ave. In 1964, Obama lived at 2234 University Ave. a single story home in the Manoa area of Honolulu near Noelani Elementary School. His parents divorced in January 1964.[12] After the separation, Obama, his mother and maternal grandparents moved into a single-story home in the Manoa district.[7] His father received a Masters degree in Economics from Harvard University, then returned to his native Kenya, where he became a finance minister before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[13][14]
Indonesia
In Indonesia, Obama was known as "Barry Soetoro."[15][16] He attended kindergarten at Noelani Elementary School, near his home.[7][17] While still resident in Manoa, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro who was attending the University of Hawaii.[18] When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia.[19] During his time in Indonesia, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, from ages 6 to 10, where classes were taught in the Indonesian language. He first attended St. Francis Assisi Catholic school for almost three years.[20][21]
When his family moved to a new neighborhood, Menteng,[22] he attended the secular, government-run SDN Menteng 1 school (also known as the Besuki school) for his fourth year.[16][21][22][23][24][25] Obama was a Cub Scout while living in Indonesia.[26] Obama's half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng remembered Obama's stepfather as "not religious", and "never went to prayer services except for big communal events."[23] When Obama was in third grade he wrote an essay saying that he wanted to become president. His teacher later told the Chicago Tribune that she was not sure what country he wanted to become president of but that he said that his reason for becoming president was that he wanted to make everybody happy.[16]
Return to Hawaii
After returning to his native Honolulu for high school, Obama lived with his maternal grandparents at 1617 S. Beretania, Apt. 1206 and two years later at Apt. 1008. In 1973, Obama's mother returned to Honolulu and lived in one of the 9 apartments at 1839 Poki Street.[7] Obama attended Punahou School, a private school in Honolulu. He worked at a nearby Baskin Robbins, which still stands in 2009. His maternal grandparents lived at the Punahou Circle apartments on South Beretania Street, Honolulu, while attending Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade until his graduation in 1979.[27] Obama's mother, Ann, died of ovarian cancer and uterine cancer a few months after the publication of his 1995 memoir, Dreams from My Father.[28]
In his memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's middle class family. His knowledge about his African father, who returned once for a brief visit in 1971, came mainly through family stories and photographs.[14] Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind."[29] The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[30] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".[31] Obama has said that it was a seriously misguided mistake. At the Saddleback Civil Presidential Forum Barack Obama identified his high-school drug use as his greatest moral failure.[32] Obama has stated he has not used any illegal drugs since he was a teenager.[33]
Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age as a high school student and that he sometimes attended parties and other events in order to associate with African American college students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[34] During the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama took a well publicized trip to Hawaii to visit his dying grandmother and suspended his campaign.[35]
Adult life
College years
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[36] He then transferred to Columbia College in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[37] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983, then worked at Business International Corporation and New York Public Interest Research Group.[38][39]
Early career in Chicago
After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer. He worked for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side.[38][40][41] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[42] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[43] In the summer of 1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks then to Kenya for five weeks where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[44]
Harvard Law School
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hls_langdell_hall.jpeg/220px-Hls_langdell_hall.jpeg)
Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. In an interview with Ebony in 1990, he stated that he saw a degree in law as a vehicle to facilitate better community organization and activism: "The idea was not only to learn how to hope and dream about different possibilities, but to know how the tax structure affects what kind of housing gets built where."[45] At the end of his first year he was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review based on his grades and a writing competition.[46] In February 1990, his second year at Harvard, he was elected president of the law review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the law review's staff of 80 editors.[47] Obama's election as the first black president of the law review was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.[47] He got himself elected by convincing a crucial swing bloc of conservatives that he would protect their interests if they supported him. Building up that trust was done with the same kind of long listening sessions he had used in the poor neighborhoods of South Side, Chicago. Richard Epstein, who later taught at the University of Chicago Law School when Obama later taught there, said Obama was elected editor "because people on the other side believed he would give them a fair shake."[41]
While in law school he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989, where he met his wife, Michelle, and where Newton N. Minow was a managing partner. Minow later would introduce Obama to some of Chicago's top business leaders.[41] In the summer of 1990 he worked at Hopkins & Sutter.[48] Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing.[41] He graduated with a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 and returned to Chicago.[46]
Settling down in Chicago
The publicity from his election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review led to a contract and advance to write a book about race relations.[49] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[49] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published as Dreams from My Father in mid-1995.[49]
He married Michelle LaVaughn Robinson in 1992[50] and settled down with her in Hyde Park, a liberal, integrated, middle-class Chicago neighborhood with a history of electing reform-minded politicians independent of the Daley political machine.[51] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998; their second, Natasha (known as Sasha), in 2001.[52]
One effect of the marriage was to bring Obama closer to other politically influential Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday.[41]
Project Vote
Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley Braun become the first black woman ever elected to the Senate.[41] He headed up a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers that achieved its goal of 400,000 registered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[53][54][55] Although fundraising was not required for the position when Obama was recruited for the job, he started an active campaign to raise money for the project. According to Sandy Newman, who founded Project Vote, Obama "raised more money than any of our state directors had ever done. He did a great job of enlisting a broad spectrum of organizations and people, including many who did not get along well with one another."[55]
The fundraising brought Obama into contact with the wealthy, liberal elite of Chicago, some of whom became supporters in his future political career. Through one of them he met David Axelrod, who later headed Obama's campaign for president.[41] The fundraising committee was chaired by John Schmidt, a white former chief of staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, and John W. Rogers Jr., a young black money manager and founder of Ariel Capital Management.[55] Obama also met much of the city's black political leadership, although he didn't always get along with the older politicians, with friction sometimes developing over Obama's reluctance to spend money and his insistence on results.[41] "He really did it, and he let other people take all the credit", Schmidt later said. "The people standing up at the press conferences were Jesse Jackson and Bobby Rush and I don't know who else. Barack was off to the side and only the people who were close to it knew he had done all the work."[55]
1992–1996
Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, as a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996), and as a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).[56] During this time he taught courses in due process and equal protection, voting rights, and racism and law. He published no legal scholarship, and turned down tenured positions, but served eight years in the Illinois Senate during his twelve years at the university.[57]
In 1993 Obama joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[38][58] The firm was well-known among influential Chicago liberals and leaders of the black community, and the firm's Judson H. Miner, who met with Obama to recruit him before Obama's 1991 graduation from law school, had been counsel to former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington, although the law firm often clashed with the administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley. The 29-year-old law student made it clear in his initial interview with Miner that he was more interested in joining the firm to learn about Chicago politics than to practice law.[51] During the four years Obama worked as a full time lawyer at the firm, he was involved in 30 cases and accrued 3,723 billable hours.[59]
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[38][60] He served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, from 1993–2002, and served on the board of directors of The Joyce Foundation from 1994–2002.[38] Membership on the Joyce and Wood foundation boards, which gave out tens of millions of dollars to various local organizations while Obama was a member, helped Obama get to know and be known by influential liberal groups and cultivate a network of community activists that later supported his political career.[51] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.[38] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[38] In 1995, Obama also announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state Senate and attended Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March in Washington, DC.[61]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino" (PDF). hawaii.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2008. Joe Miller, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?", Fact Check, August 29, 2008, quoted in part on FightTheSmears
- ^ "Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr" (PDF). New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
- ^ http://www.kake.com/home/misc/38157259.html
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ a b c Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A11. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Hoover, Will (November 9, 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
- ^ Voell, Paula (January 20, 2009). "Teacher from Kenmore recalls Obama was a focused student". The Buffalo News. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ Brodeur, Nicole (February 5, 2008). "Memories of Obama's mother". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle…
Montgomery, Rick (May 26, 2008). "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas". The Kansas City Star. reprinted June 1, 2008 on p. B4 of the Lawrence Journal-World. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009.But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son.
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(help) - ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (April 8, 2008). "Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009. Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake, another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya." Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
- ^ LeFevre, Charlette; co-director, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (January 9, 2009). "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill". Capitol Hill Times. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus.
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Neyman, Jenny (January 20, 2009). "Obama baby sitter awaits new era — Soldotna woman eager for former charge's reign". Redoubt Reporter. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip; co-directors, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (January 28, 2009). "Baby Sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill". Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (reprinted February 6, 2009 on p. 3 of the Seattle Gay News). Retrieved February 13, 2009.{{cite web}}
: External link in
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Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
Dougherty, Phil (February 10, 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August or early September 1961". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved February 13, 2009. - ^ Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review". New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In Law School, Obama Found Political Voice". New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ a b Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 5–11 and 62–71. In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). 27, 2006-voa17.cfm "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
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value (help) See also: Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the World Stage". Newsweek. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Africa: Kenya Glimpses a New Kind of Hero". New Statesman. Retrieved January 4, 2008. - ^ Beech, Hannah (March 29, 2010). "Mixed Feelings For a Favorite Son". TIME. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ a b c Scharnberg, Kirsten; Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "The not-so-simple story of Barack Obama's youth". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). "Being local, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Business Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
San Nicholas, Claudine (January 21, 2009). "Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry". Maui News. Retrieved March 16, 2009. - ^ Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Obama's stepfather and Ann Dunham divorced in the late 1970s, and he died of a liver ailment in 1987. Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Lolo Soetoro". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008. They had one daughter together, Maya Soetoro, Obama's half-sister. On his father's side, Obama has two half-sisters and five surviving half-brothers. Sheridan, Michael (January 28, 2007). "Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked". Sunday Times (UK). London. Retrieved January 4, 2008.{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 2 and Chapters 15–19 (Part 3: Kenya). - ^ Obama, Barack (1995). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0307383415.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (Associated Press) (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
- ^ a b Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "Obama madrassa myth debunked". Chicago Tribune. p. 28. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ a b Williamson, Lucy (April 19, 2008). "Jakarta classmates recall 'Barry' Obama". BBC News. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Watson, Paul (March 15, 2007). "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ Anderton, Trish (June 26, 2007). "Obama's Jakarta trail". Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Obama (1995, 2004), p. 154.
Obama (2006), p. 274. - ^ Newton-Small, Jay (December 18, 2007). "Obama's foreign-policy problem". Time. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
When prominent Indonesians visit the U.S., the first person they want to meet is Obama, says Parnohadiningrat Sudjadnan, the Indonesian ambassador to the U.S. "Back home people think of him as one of us, or at least one who understands us," he says, adding that they are delighted to find that Obama speaks passable Bahasa, the language spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia.
- ^ Forbes, Mark (October 1, 2008). "Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 2. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Obama writes: "For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know." Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4. See also: Mann, Fred (February 2, 2008). work=Wichita Eagle "Kansas Roots Show in Obama, Say Relatives". Retrieved February 11, 2008.
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(help) - ^ Obama (1995), Preface to the 2004 Edition, p. xi. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
- ^ Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano, Richard A (March 11, 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Gets Blunt with N.H. Students". Associated Press. Boston Globe. November 21, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008. In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/
- ^ Schoenburg, Bernard. "Frank Talk About Drug Use in Obama’s 'Open Book'", The State Journal-Register via the Media Awareness Project (November 16, 2003). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
- ^ Reyes, B. J (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 4, 2008. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
- ^ "Obama leaves campaign trail to visit ill grandmother". USA Today. October 21, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
- ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. OCLC 1141571.
{{cite book}}
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(help);|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83. - ^ a b c d e f g h Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator; Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
- ^ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008. - ^ Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42.
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ignored (help) reprinted in: Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335.{{cite book}}
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has generic name (help) Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith (March 2, 2008). "Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer". Newsday. p. A06. Retrieved June 6, 2008.{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
- ^ Brown, Roxanne (August 1990). "In Pursuit of Excellence". Ebony magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 114, 116. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92. - ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. - ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
- ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
- ^ a b c Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic politics, forged on the South Side", The New York Times, May 11, 2008, retrieved July 16, 2008
- ^ Springen, Karen and Jonathan Darman (January 29, 2007). "Ground Support". Newsweek. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ Anderson, Veronica (September 27–October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. p. 43.
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White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Retrieved June 6, 2008.{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1, 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Slevin, Peter, "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles: Presidential Hopeful Has Friends, Successes and Precious Few Battle Scars", article, The Washington Post, November 13, 2007, page A3, retrieved July 18, 2008
- ^ University of Chicago Law School (March 27, 2008). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ Jodi Cantor (July 30, 2008). "Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart". New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
- ^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
. (June 27, 1993). "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.{{cite news}}
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. (July 5, 1993). "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008.{{cite news}}
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Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010. 9. Lawyering. The law offices of Miner Barnhill & Galland Obama joined this tiny, liberal and politically powerful firm of about a dozen lawyers, specializing in civil rights cases and then known as Davis Miner Barnhill & Galland.
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106. - ^ Morain, Dan (November 17, 2008). "A look back on Obama's law years". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
External links
- MSNBC slideshow from childhood to party leader
- Family biography of Obama from The Washington Post
- Becoming Barack: 1993 Unseen Obama Interview Featured In New Movie - report & video by The Huffington Post