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In 1996, there was a possibility that netball could have been played at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], a possibility that netball leadership actively pursued.<ref name=netaus-7>{{harvnb|Netball Australia|1996|p=7}}</ref> The government of New South Wales encouraged the Australian Olympic Committee to lobby for the inclusion of in [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympic games]].<ref name=PofNSW-11179>{{harvnb|Parliament of New South Wales|2004|p=11179}}</ref> [[Rugby sevens]] and [[golf]] were chosen for inclusion at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] ahead of netball.<ref name=bbc-2011>{{harvnb|BBC|2011}}</ref>
In 1996, there was a possibility that netball could have been played at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], a possibility that netball leadership actively pursued.<ref name=netaus-7>{{harvnb|Netball Australia|1996|p=7}}</ref> The government of New South Wales encouraged the Australian Olympic Committee to lobby for the inclusion of in [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympic games]].<ref name=PofNSW-11179>{{harvnb|Parliament of New South Wales|2004|p=11179}}</ref> [[Rugby sevens]] and [[golf]] were chosen for inclusion at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] ahead of netball.<ref name=bbc-2011>{{harvnb|BBC|2011}}</ref>


The IOC held an Extraordinary Session in Mexico City in November 2002.<ref name=ioc-2008-1>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=1}}</ref> A decision was made to slow the process of adding new events to future Olympic games. They decided to limit the number of sports to 28, number of events to 301 and number of athletes to 10,500.<ref name=ioc-2008-1/>
The IOC held an Extraordinary Session in Mexico City in November 2002.<ref name=ioc-2008-1>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=1}}</ref> A decision was made to slow the process of adding new events to future Olympic games. They decided to limit the number of sports to 28, number of events to 301 and number of athletes to 10,500.<ref name=ioc-2008-1/> At the November 2002 Extraordinary Session, the IOC created a table listing the requirements that a sport must meet before it is eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme.<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref> This table is provided below<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>:


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!Name
!Example
!Conditions to be met for inclusion in the Olympic Games<ref name=ioc-2008-5/>
|----
|Federation
|e.g. Fédération Internationale de Natation
|Administer one or several sports at world level and encompass organisations administering such sports at national level (national federations)<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Have statutes, practice and activities in conformity with the Olympic Charter<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Have adopted and implemented the World Anti-Doping Code<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|Sport
|e.g. aquatics
|For the Games of the Olympiad: be widely practised by men in at least 75 countries and on four continents and by women in at least 40 countries and on three continents<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|For the Winter Games: be widely practised in at least 20 countries on three continents<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Have adopted and implemented the World Anti-Doping Code<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Be admitted to the programme seven years before the Olympic Games<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|Discipline
|e.g. diving
|Have a recognised international standing<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|For the Games of the Olympiad: be widely practised by men in at least 75 countries and on four continents and by women in at least 40 countries and on three continents<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|For the Winter Games: be widely practised in at least 25 countries on three continents<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Be admitted to the programme seven years before the Olympic Games<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|Event
|e.g. individual springboard
|Have a recognised international standing both numerically and geographically, and have been included at least twice in world or continental championships<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Be practised by men in at least 50 countries and on three continents and by women in at least 35 countries and on three continents<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|
|
|Be admitted three years before the Olympic Games<ref name=ioc-2008-5>{{harvnb|International Olympic Committee|2008|p=5}}</ref>
|----
|}


==Funding==
==Funding==

Revision as of 07:12, 26 March 2011

Netball and the Olympic Movement
Highest governing bodyInternational Federation of Netball Associations
Presence
OlympicIOC-recognised, 1995

Netball is an Olympic recognised sport. The sport gained recognition in 1995, after a twenty year period of lobbying. It has never been played at the summer Olympics but recognition means that it could be played at some point in the future. Netball is similar to other women's popular sports like softball and lawn bowls in that they are also excluded from the Olympics. Its lack of inclusion has been seen by the netball community as a hindrance in the global growth of the game, by depriving it of media attention and additional funding sources. When the sport gained recognition in 1995, it opened up funds that the global netball community had not been able to access before. This included funds from the IOC, national Olympic committees, national sport organisations, and state and federal governments.

Olympic recognition

The lack of inclusion of netball in the Summer Olympics has historically been viewed as part of a pattern of exclusion of women's sports.[1] Throughout the history of the Olympics, sports popular exclusively with women or that have been very popular with women have been excluded.[1] The situation extends beyond netball to women's cycling, which was excluded for many years despite having world championships for women being organised by 1958.[1] It extends to field hockey, a sport included for men as early as 1908 but not competed by women until 1980.[1] Lawn bowls is a popular women's sport that has been included in the Commonwealth Games for many years but has not made the Olympic program.[1] While primarily a sport for women, Netball allows for mixed gendered teams,[2][3] but the Olympics do not allow mixed gendered team sports.[1]

The issues facing netball are part of a larger problem involving female participation in the Olympics.[1] At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, there were 159 sports for men to compete in, but only 86 sports for women, and 12 sports for both men and women.[4] At the 2000 Summer Olympics, there were still sports that women were excluded from participating in, such as boxing, wrestling and baseball. The issue of male over-representation in terms of total number of sports and athletes is structural. In the United Kingdom, for example, more male athletes than female athletes received financial support. Sports officials rationalised this uneven distribution of funding by claiming that there are more opportunities for men to win on the highest level than there are comparable opportunities for women.[4] The importance of netball being included as a competition sport in the Summer Olympics has been compared to softball, and the benefits that the sport derived from Olympic inclusion.[5] This included additional media attention and television coverage, especially during Olympic years.[5]

Olympic recognition plays an important part in getting sponsorship for local competitions around the world.[6] It also plays an important role in providing recognition to and opportunities for female that may not be available otherwise.[6]

Gaining recognition

In 1995, netball became a permanent Olympic recognised sport,[7][8][9][10] making it possible for the sport to be included in future games.[11][12] This came after a twenty year period of lobbying[8][13] and a two year probation period.[10] One attempt at the process took place 1989, when Olympic recognition was sought for the West German World Games.[14] This attempt failed.[note 1][14]

Recognition has meant national associations could become full members of their countries' national Olympic committees.[8][13] National members of IFNA were able to apply for that recognition by 1993.[13] All Australia Netball Association is one national organisation that became a full member of their national Olympic committee.[9] In 2004, Olympic recognition on the part of the IOC for International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA) was renewed.[15] IFNA has made Olympic recognition part of its long term strategy towards continuing to grow the game.[15]

While netball may be the most popular women's participation sport in many Commonwealth countries like Tanzania, the effort to increase media attention and participation for women's sport often goes to Olympic sports with low participation rates, low rates of interest and few facilities.[16][12] The historic lack of Olympic recognition and lack inclusion of the sport in the Olympics had led to less media coverage for the sport, because most coverage of women's sport takes place at major championships that take place alongside men's events.[8]

Getting to the games

We know we can't compete against football and rugby but to have more recognition and insight into the sport would be great

Geva Mentor, England goal defence[17]

In 1996, there was a possibility that netball could have been played at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a possibility that netball leadership actively pursued.[18] The government of New South Wales encouraged the Australian Olympic Committee to lobby for the inclusion of in 2008 Beijing Olympic games.[9] Rugby sevens and golf were chosen for inclusion at the Rio Olympics ahead of netball.[17]

The IOC held an Extraordinary Session in Mexico City in November 2002.[19] A decision was made to slow the process of adding new events to future Olympic games. They decided to limit the number of sports to 28, number of events to 301 and number of athletes to 10,500.[19] At the November 2002 Extraordinary Session, the IOC created a table listing the requirements that a sport must meet before it is eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme.[20] This table is provided below[20]:


Name Example Conditions to be met for inclusion in the Olympic Games[20]
Federation e.g. Fédération Internationale de Natation Administer one or several sports at world level and encompass organisations administering such sports at national level (national federations)[20]
Have statutes, practice and activities in conformity with the Olympic Charter[20]
Have adopted and implemented the World Anti-Doping Code[20]
Sport e.g. aquatics For the Games of the Olympiad: be widely practised by men in at least 75 countries and on four continents and by women in at least 40 countries and on three continents[20]
For the Winter Games: be widely practised in at least 20 countries on three continents[20]
Have adopted and implemented the World Anti-Doping Code[20]
Be admitted to the programme seven years before the Olympic Games[20]
Discipline e.g. diving Have a recognised international standing[20]
For the Games of the Olympiad: be widely practised by men in at least 75 countries and on four continents and by women in at least 40 countries and on three continents[20]
For the Winter Games: be widely practised in at least 25 countries on three continents[20]
Be admitted to the programme seven years before the Olympic Games[20]
Event e.g. individual springboard Have a recognised international standing both numerically and geographically, and have been included at least twice in world or continental championships[20]
Be practised by men in at least 50 countries and on three continents and by women in at least 35 countries and on three continents[20]
Be admitted three years before the Olympic Games[20]

Funding

The situation has also hampered the globalisation of the game in developing countries,[21] because the Olympic Solidarity Movement provides access to funding for these nations through the International Olympic Committee.[21] In some countries such as Tanzania, the lack of access to Olympic funding cuts off other funding options such funding by British Council.[16] Funding from the IOC, the Olympic Solidarity Movement and the British Council can be used to cover costs for travel to international competitions.[21] For some nations, without that assistance, trying to maintain international calibre teams has been difficult.[21]

Beyond access to funds from the International Olympic Committee, Olympic recognition is often a component for getting funding from state and national sporting bodies, and state and federal governments. This has been the case in Australia[22] and British Columbia, Canada.[23] In 1985, the Australian Sport Commission and the Office of the Status of Women identified five criteria for getting federal funding.[22] One of these was: "its status as an Olympic sport and its size by registrations."[22][note 2] In British Columbia, one of the guidelines says that in order to receive funding, "The sport must be on the program for either the 2011 or 2013 Canada Games and/or the next scheduled recognized International Multi-Sport Games (Olympics/Paralympics, Pan American or Commonwealth Games, Special Olympic World Games);"[23]

Olympic recognition brought money for development into the sport.[15] In 2004, IFNA received a grant of US$10,000 from the IOC for development.[15] IFNA was given an additional US$3,300 a year until 2007 by the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports (ARISF).[15]

Media coverage

Historically, coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited.[12] Instead, the media focuses on female athletes in non-team competitions and on team sports played equally by both genders.[12] The selection of women's teams sport in the Olympics may not match with interest levels in a country.[12] In Australia for example, 245,300 total women and girls play basketball, hockey, soccer, softball and volleyball.[12] This compares to 319,500 women and girls who play netball.[12]

Opposition to Olympic recognition

Some supporters of netball have argued that by trying to internationalise the game and be included in the Olympics has moved netball away from a model of women's sport and more towards a male model of competitive sport. This is viewed by some sport people as potentially detrimental to the game:[24]

Geary (1995) has debated whether moves to commercialisation would ultimately benefit netball or women's sport. She speculated that professionalising netball might help challenge traditional structures, which have reinforced sport as a site of exploitation and subordination of women. On the other hand there was a danger that such moves would represent conformation to a male model of sport and merely perpetuate a masculine hegemony of capitalist rationality and female discrimination. Broomhall (1993) argued in favour of the latter, that in striving for greater internationalisation, aiming for Olympic competition, and trying to attract sponsorship, women have moved netball closer to a male model of competitive and aggressive sport.[24]

National chapters

National netball associations have been involved with national Olympic Committees as members or associate members, or had their administrators generally involved with national Olympic Committees, for a long time. In the case of the Bahamas, by 1960 the Bahamas Olympic Association had as one of its member organisations the national netball association.[25] Netball was also represented in the Dominica Olympic Committee almost from the moment the organisation was founded.[26]

Some of the national netball federations that are affiliated with their national Olympic Committee include Netball Singapore.[27]

Olympic Awards and Scholarships

In 1995, two of the scholarships offered by the Oceania Olympic Training Centre were given to netballers.[28] They were given to Janaet Snape and Darlene Marsters.[28] The Oceania Olympic Training Centre also made it possible for Mona-Lisa Leka from Papau New Guinea to go to Australia to train.[28]

In 2007, the IOC awarded Veitu Apana Diro, the Vice-President of the NOC of Papua New, the Trophy for Oceania. This recognition came in part because she had created the nation's national netball organisation in 1965 and actively promoted women's involvement in netball around the country.[29]

Notes

  1. ^ The tournament still happened, with New Zealand winning it.
  2. ^ Netball qualified for funding because it met the other criteria. From 1980 to 1984, the sport received A$497,000 in funding.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Dyer 1982, p. 205
  2. ^ Symons & Hemphill 2006, p. 122
  3. ^ Samoa Observer 2011
  4. ^ a b Pfister & Hartmann-Tews 2002, p. 274
  5. ^ a b Taylor 2001a, p. 15
  6. ^ a b First National Bank 2010
  7. ^ Smartt & Chalmers 2009
  8. ^ a b c d Taylor 2001, p. 67
  9. ^ a b c Parliament of New South Wales 2004, p. 11179
  10. ^ a b Netball Australia 1996, p. 6
  11. ^ International Federation of Netball Associations
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Jones 2004, p. 143
  13. ^ a b c Taylor 2001a, p. 14
  14. ^ a b Netball New Zealand 2009
  15. ^ a b c d e Shooting for Success 2004, p. 1
  16. ^ a b Massoa & Fasting 2002, p. 120
  17. ^ a b BBC 2011
  18. ^ Netball Australia 1996, p. 7
  19. ^ a b International Olympic Committee 2008, p. 1
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q International Olympic Committee 2008, p. 5
  21. ^ a b c d Crocombe 1992, p. 156
  22. ^ a b c Australian Sport Commission & Office of the Status of Women 1985, p. 92
  23. ^ a b Community, Sport and Cultural Development - Province of British Columbia 2010, p. 5
  24. ^ a b Taylor 2001a, p. 16
  25. ^ Ministry of Education & Culture 1970, p. 187
  26. ^ Dominica Olympic Committee 2010
  27. ^ Singapore National Olympic Council 2010
  28. ^ a b c Netball Australia 1996, p. 12
  29. ^ International Olympic Committee 2007, p. 2

Bibliography

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  • BBC (2011). "Mentor wants netball at Olympics". Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Community, Sport and Cultural Development - Province of British Columbia (2011). "BC ATHLETE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 2010 - 2011 Provincial Sport Organization Guidelines, Policies and Procedures" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Crocombe, R G (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands : replacing the West. CIPS Publications, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9820203880. OCLC 213886360. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dominica Olympic Committee (2010). "History". Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Dyer, K F (1982). Challenging the Men, The social biology of female sporting achievement. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702216526. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • First National Bank (2010). "School Sport LOCAL SPORT INITIATIVES". Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • International Federation of Netball Associations. "About IFNA". Retrieved 7 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • International Olympic Committee (2007). "IOC 2007 WOMEN & SPORT TROPHY WINNERS" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • International Olympic Committee (2008). "The sports on the Olympic programme". Retrieved 26 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Jones, Diane (2004). "Half the Story? Olympic Women on the ABC News Online" (PDF). Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy (110): 132–146. Retrieved 15 March 2011. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Ministry of Education & Culture (1970). Annual report - Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Ministry of Education and Culture. Ministry of Education & Culture. OCLC 1793427. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Massoa, Prisca; Fasting, Kari (2002). "Women and sport in Tanzania". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (eds.). Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge. ISBN 0415246288. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  • Netball New Zealand (2009). "History". Retrieved 25 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Alison Megarrity (2004). http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20040921018. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of New South Wales: Legislative Assembly. col. 11179–11179. {{cite book}}: |chapter-url= missing title (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (2002). "Women's inclusion in sport, International and comparative findings". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (eds.). Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge. pp. 267–280. ISBN 0415246288. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Samoa Observer (2008). "Samoa prepares for World netball series". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Shooting for Success (2004). "IFNA Recognition Confirmed" (PDF). International Federation of Netball Associations. Retrieved 24 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  • Symons, Carol; Hemphill, Dennis (2006). "Netball and transgender participation". In Caudwell, Jayne (ed.). Sport, sexualities and queer/theory. Routledge Critical Studies in Sport. Routledge. pp. 122–124. ISBN 0415367611. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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See also


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