List of reconstructed Dacian words: Difference between revisions
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|'''''*bel''''' ('strong'),{{sfn | Russu| 1969|150 and 163}} {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|110}} |
|'''''*bel''''' ('strong'),{{sfn | Russu| 1969|150 and 163}} {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|110}} |
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|Sanskrit ''bala-m-'' 'force, strong' {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|110}} |
|Sanskrit ''bala-m-'' 'force, strong' {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|110}} |
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|Alb. (Gheg) ''për''-''balcë'' "to face, defy" |
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|'''''*bhel-''''' ('white, bright') {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|118-120}} |
|'''''*bhel-''''' ('white, bright') {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|118-120}} |
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|Ancient Greek ''phalos'', ''phalios'', anc. Greek ''balios'' "dappled"(<''balios'' is considered a loan from Thracian or Illyrian; it is attested as far back as [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'') |
|Ancient Greek ''phalos'', ''phalios'', anc. Greek ''balios'' "dappled"(<''balios'' is considered a loan from Thracian or Illyrian; it is attested as far back as [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'') |
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|Rom. balan<br>Lith. ''bãlas''<br>Latv. ''bãls''<br> |
|Rom. balan<br>Lith. ''bãlas''<br>Latv. ''bãls''<br> Alb. ''balë'' "bright", Alb. ''bal'', "piebald dog or horse" {{sfn | Demiraj et al.}} |
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|'''''*bhereg''''' "shine" "white" including "birch-tree" {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|170}} |
|'''''*bhereg''''' "shine" "white" including "birch-tree" {{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|170}} |
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|Old Bulg. ''*brěza'' |
|Old Bulg. ''*brěza'' |
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|Lith. ''béržas''<br>Latv. ''bērzs''<br>Alb. '' |
|Lith. ''béržas''<br>Latv. ''bērzs''<br>Alb. ''bredh'' (<earlier *berdh) |
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|Here, it is no observable difference between Thracian and Dacian{{sfn | Solta| 1980|22}} |
|Here, it is no observable difference between Thracian and Dacian{{sfn | Solta| 1980|22}} |
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|'''''*bhreu-k-''''' ("to spread") |
|'''''*bhreu-k-''''' ("to spread") |
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|Latv. ''brūkle, brūklene'', ''brūklenāys'' (cowberry plant-place). |
|Latv. ''brūkle, brūklene'', ''brūklenāys'' (cowberry plant-place), <br>Alb.''brukë'' "tamarind" |
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|Latv. MN Brùkļu<br>Lith. SN Bruklynė |
|Latv. MN Brùkļu<br>Lith. SN Bruklynė |
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|Lith. ''bùtas'', ''butà''<br>Latv. ''buts, būda'' ("small house")<br>Old Pr. ''buttan''<br>Alb. '' |
|Lith. ''bùtas'', ''butà''<br>Latv. ''buts, būda'' ("small house")<br>Old Pr. ''buttan''<br>Alb. ''buj'' "dwell, accomodate", ''bujtinë'' "small house" |
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|Latv. PN Butani''<br>Old Pr. PN Butyn<br>Lith. RN Butėnių (kaimas) |
|Latv. PN Butani''<br>Old Pr. PN Butyn<br>Lith. RN Butėnių (kaimas) |
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|The Dacian origin of ''Bouttis'' is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=84}}, but Celtic according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|p=99}}.</ref> |
|The Dacian origin of ''Bouttis'' is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=84}}, but Celtic according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|p=99}}.</ref> |
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|Latv. ''dribis'', ''dribulis'' ("a restless man")<br>Lith. ''drignis''<br>Alb. '' |
|Latv. ''dribis'', ''dribulis'' ("a restless man")<br>Lith. ''drignis''<br>Alb. ''dridhem'' "to shake, tremble" |
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|Latv. PN Driba<br>Lith. PN Drigotas<br>Old Latv. RN Dryzel<br>Rus. (Baltic origin) RN Drigin'a |
|Latv. PN Driba<br>Lith. PN Drigotas<br>Old Latv. RN Dryzel<br>Rus. (Baltic origin) RN Drigin'a |
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|'''*g<sup>hw</sup>er-''' |
|'''*g<sup>hw</sup>er-''' |
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|Latin ''formus''<br>Sanskrit ''gharma'' |
|Latin ''formus''<br>Sanskrit ''gharma'' |
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|Latv. ''gařme''<br>Gr. θερμὀς |
|Latv. ''gařme''<br>Gr. θερμὀς, <br> Alb. ''zjarm'' "fire, heat" |
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|Thrac. PN Γερμανἰα<br>Bulg. RN Germania |
|Thrac. PN Γερμανἰα<br>Bulg. RN Germania |
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|'''''gʷeru''''' ('pole, pike'){{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|479}} |
|'''''gʷeru''''' ('pole, pike'){{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|479}} |
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|Old Hindi ''girí-h'' ("mountain") |
|Old Hindi ''girí-h'' ("mountain") |
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|Lith. ''girė'', ''girià'' ("forest")<br>Latv. ''dzire'' ("mountain")<br>Rus. ''gora'' 'mountain' |
|Lith. ''girė'', ''girià'' ("forest")<br>Latv. ''dzire'' ("mountain")<br>Rus. ''gora'' 'mountain'<br>Alb. ''gur'' "stone" |
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|Thrac. ? ''*grava'' ("valley" or "river-bed") |
|Thrac. ? ''*grava'' ("valley" or "river-bed") |
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|Latv. ''grĩva'' ("river-mouth")<br>Lith. ''greva'' ("river-bed") |
|Latv. ''grĩva'' ("river-mouth")<br>Lith. ''greva'' ("river-bed")<br>Alb. ''gravë'' "cave, lair" |
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|Lith. RN Grýva<br>Latv. RNs ''Grīva'', ''Grīvīte'' |
|Lith. RN Grýva<br>Latv. RNs ''Grīva'', ''Grīvīte'' |
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|The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=109}}, but Latin or Celtic according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|pp=25, 114}}: ''Gribus'' possibly derived from a Celtic ''*gravo'' = "sand".</ref> |
|The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=109}}, but Latin or Celtic according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|pp=25, 114}}: ''Gribus'' possibly derived from a Celtic ''*gravo'' = "sand".</ref> |
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|Lith. ''kãpas''<br>Latv. ''kãpa'' ("dune, slope")<br>Alb. '' |
|Lith. ''kãpas''<br>Latv. ''kãpa'' ("dune, slope")<br>Alb. ''kapë'' ("huge heap") |
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|Lith. ''nérti'' ("to dive", "swim underwater") |
|Lith. ''nérti'' ("to dive", "swim underwater")<br>Alb. ''hum''-''nerë'' "precipice, chasm" |
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|Lith. RN Narùpis<br>Illyr. RN Νάρον |
|Lith. RN Narùpis<br>Illyr. RN Νάρον |
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|Lith. ''rõkė''<br>Alb. '' |
|Lith. ''rõkė''<br>Alb. ''rrjedh'' "to flow"<br> |
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|'''''sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-''''' ('needle, thorn'){{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|880}} |
|'''''sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-''''' ('needle, thorn'){{sfn | Walde| Pokorny|Reichardt| 1973|880}} |
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|Old Slav. ''chvoja'' (pine needles/branches) |
|Old Slav. ''chvoja'' (pine needles/branches) |
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|Latv. ''skuja'' ("spruce-needle")<br> |
|Latv. ''skuja'' ("spruce-needle")<br>Alb. ''hu'' "stake, picket, pole" |
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|The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=461}}, but Latin according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|p=100}}: ''squama'' = "scale, metal plate".</ref> |
|The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.<ref>Thracian according to {{harvnb|Detschew|1957|p=461}}, but Latin according to {{harvnb|Beševliev|1970|p=100}}: ''squama'' = "scale, metal plate".</ref> |
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|Lith. ''spėrus''<br>Alb. ''shpejtë'' "fast, quick" |
|Lith. ''spėrus''<br>Old Alb. ''shpjertë'', Alb. ''shpejtë'' "fast, quick" |
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|Lith. ''šùkė''<br>Latv. ''sukums'' |
|Lith. ''šùkė''<br>Latv. ''sukums''<br>Alb. ''shuk'' "to shake, beat, push" |
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|Lith. ''sūras'' |
|Lith. ''sūras''<br>Alb. ''shurrë'' "urine'', ''sour liquid" |
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|Lith. ''tűtúoti'' ("to blow", "to sound horn")<br>Ger. ''tuten'' ("to hoot")<br>Alb. ''tyta'' "barrel" |
|Lith. ''tűtúoti'' ("to blow", "to sound horn")<br>Ger. ''tuten'' ("to hoot")<br>Alb. ''tyta'' "pipe, barrel" |
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|Lith RN Tūtupis |
|Lith RN Tūtupis |
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|Lith. ''verpetas'' |
|Lith. ''verpetas''<br>Alb. ''vorbull'' "whirlpool" |
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|Lith. RN Varpė |
|Lith. RN Varpė |
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|Alb. ''thelmë'' "rag, patch" (in sewing) |
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Revision as of 14:33, 13 December 2013
This article contains a list of reconstructed words of the ancient Dacian language. They have been restored by some linguists from attested Dacian place and personal names (toponyms and anthroponyms) and from words believed to be Dacian relics in the modern Romanian and Albanian languages.[1][2]
In the case of words reconstructed from onomastic evidence, the original meanings ascribed to the names in question are derived from examination of closely cognate words and placenames in other Indo-European languages, complemented by analysis of the historical evolution of such placenames.[3][4] However, the results are hypothetical and subject, in many cases, to divergent etymological interpretations.[5]
Reconstructions derived from Romanian and Albanian words are based on the unproven theory (with some linguists and historians, this theory has become an assumption [citation needed]) that Dacian constitutes the main linguistic substratum of both languages, or the related theory that Dacian and early Albanian both descend from an immediate common ancestor.
Reconstruction of words from place and personal names
Methodology
Both Georgiev and Duridanov use the comparative linguistic method to decipher ancient Thracian and Dacian names, respectively.
Georgiev argues that one can reliably decipher the meaning of an ancient place-name in an unknown language by comparing it to its successor-names and to cognate place-names and words in other IE languages, both ancient and modern. He gives several examples of his methodology, of which one is summarised here:
The city and river (a tributary of the Danube) in eastern Romania called Cernavodă. In Slavic, the name means "black water". The same town in Antiquity was known as Άξίοπα (Axiopa) or Άξιούπολις (Axioupolis) and its river as the Άξιος (Axios). The working assumption is, therefore, that Axiopa means "black water" in Dacian. According to the known rules of formation of IE composite words, this breaks down as axi = "black" and opa or upa = "water" in Dacian (the -polis element is ignored, as it is a Greek suffix meaning "city"). The assumption is then validated by examining cognate placenames. The axi element is validated by another tributary of the Danube called the Axios, which is today known as Crna reka (located in Republic of Macedonia "black river") and by the older Greek name for the Black sea, Άξεινος πόντος (Axeinos pontos, later altered to the euphemism Euxeinos pontos = "Hospitable sea"). The opa/upa element is validated by the Lithuanian cognate upė ("water").[4] This etymology is questioned by Russu: Axiopa, a name attested only in Procopius' De Aedificiis, may be a corrupt form of Axiopolis.[6] Even if correct, however, Russu's objection does not invalidate the decipherment of the axi- element.
Apart from Duridanov and Georgiev, other scholars have attempted to reconstruct Dacian and Thracian words. Russu (1967) attempted to decipher Thracian and Dacian onomastic elements (placenames and personal names) by reference to presumed proto-Indo-European roots-words.[7] Georgiev considers such a methodology (known as Wurzeletymologien = "root-etymologies") to be "devoid of scientific value".[8] This is because the root-words themselves are reconstructions, which are in some cases disputed and in all cases subject to uncertainty; multiple root-words can often explain the same word; and the list of proposed IE root-words may not be complete. Reichenkron (1966)[7] assumed that so-called "substratum" words in Romanian (those whose etymology cannot be ascribed to any of the fully documented languages that have influenced Romanian: Latin, Slavic, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish etc.) are of Dacian origin. But Polomé considers that such a methodology is not reliable.[9] This is because there is no guarantee that the substratum words are, in fact, Dacian. Instead, they could derive from other, unknown or little-known tongues at some period current in Dacia or Moesia: for example, possible pre-Indo-European language(s) of the Carpathians.
Methodological problems
The methodology used by Georgiev and Duridanov has been questioned on a number of grounds, including:
- The phonetic systems of Dacian and Thracian and their evolution are not reconstructed from elements derived directly from the ancient languages in question but from their approximative Greek and Latin transcripts.[10] [11] For example, Greek and Latin had no dedicated graphic signs for phonemes such as č, ġ, ž, š and others. Thus, if a Thracian or Dacian word contained such a phoneme, a Greek or Latin transcript would not represent it accurately.[12] This could result in the wrong cognate being selected to decipher the Dacian name.
- The etymologies that are adduced to validate the proposed Dacian and Thracian vowel- and consonant- changes (that are, in turn, used for word-reconstruction by the comparative method) are open to divergent interpretations, since the material is strictly onomastic, with the exception of Dacian plant-names and of the limited number of glosses.[13] Because of this, there are divergent and even contradictory assumptions for the phonological structure and development of the Dacian and Thracian languages. [13] Polomé (1982) notes that, in the case of personal names, the choice of etymology is often based on such assumed phonological rules. [14]
- Dana argues that both Georgiev and Duridanov ignore the context of the names and start from arbitrary assumptions, such as considering a name to be of Dacian origin simply because it is attested in Dacia. In Dana's opinion, the Dacian origin of some of the names is doubtful or even excluded. Also, Duridanov's method is unreliable because most of the names he considers are unique.[15]
- Dana questions the validity of the Baltic etymologies used to decipher the Dacian names.[15]
- According to Messing, Duridanov's results are in contradiction with the reconstruction of a Balto-Slavic language group, as they show many parallels between Dacian and Baltic, but only a few with Slavic languages.[16] (This objection is irrelevant if Baltic and Slavic constitute separate branches of IE (i.e. "Balto-Slavic" never existed, as some linguists maintain); or if, as Duridanov argues, Dacian acquired Baltic words through long-term proximity interaction with Baltic languages, rather than through a genetic link).
Despite these objections, Georgiev and Duridanov claim a high degree of reliability for their reconstructions. However, Polomé (1982), in his survey of the state of research into paleo-Balkan languages for Cambridge Ancient History, considers that only "20-25 Dacian, and 40-45 Thracian words have had reasonable, but not certain, Indo-European etymologies proposed". [17] This compares with c. 100 Dacian words reconstructed by Duridanov, and c. 200 Thracian words by Georgiev.
Reconstructed Dacian words
Reconstructed Dacian word[18] |
Meaning | Attestation | Possible Indo-European root-word(s) |
Ancient cognates (same meaning unless stated) |
Modern cognates (same meaning unless stated) |
Cognate placenames |
Notes | |
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*aba, apa | water, river | RN *Calabaeus,[19] river in Scythia Minor RN Apos |
*ab- ("water", "river")
It derived from akwa (shift kw>p, gw>b) [20] |
Latin amnis (der.< arch. Latin *abnis), Old Persian ap- ("river") | Old Pr. ape ("river") Lith: Upė Romanian: apă | Latv. RN Abava, Abula Dac. RN Apos |
Apos is a Dacian or an Illyrian river name [21] [22] | |
*akmon | stone, rock | PN Άκμονία[23] (Acmonia)[24] in R. Dacia between river Thibiscum and Sarmizegethusa |
*ak- ("sharp") | Greek άχμον (akmon, "meteorite") | Lith. akmuo Old Latv. akmuons, Latv. akmens, akmenis |
Lith. RN Akmene, LN Akmenas Phrygian PN Άκμονία (Akmonia) |
Acmonia was spelled Augmonia and Agmonia by the Geographer of Ravenna[25] | |
*albo[26] | white | PN Alboca (Dacia)[26]
TN = Albocensi [26] |
*albho ("white")[26] | Latin albus | Romanian: alb | |||
*alda (noun), *alta- (adj.) |
swamp, waterlogged place | PN Άλδανες (Aldanes):[27] fort near Naissus (Moesia Sup.) PN Αλτίνα (Altina):[28] fort nr. Tramarisca |
*olda, *olta ("water", "odorous") | Lith. aleti ("flooded") Latv. aluots, avuots ("source") Arm. ałt ("filthy") Alb. balta ("mud", "clay", "dirt") |
Latv. RN Aldes. SN Altenes Lith. RN Altis |
The Dacian origin of Aldanes is controversial.[29] | ||
*alm- | to flow, to stream | RN Almus,[30] Dacia Ripensis (Lom, Bulg.}, PN Almo (fort at river-mouth) | Lith. almėti ("to flow uninterruptedly"), Latv. aluot, aluoti | |||||
*amalas | mistletoe (Bot. Viscum album) | PN Amlaidina,[31] prob. in Scythia Minor (Dobrogea, Rom.) | Lith. ãmalas Latv. amuols Rus. oméla |
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*ara | river-course, tide | RN Arine[32] river in Dacia, PN Αρίνα, (Arina)[33] fort in Moesia Inf. | Gothic runs ("flow") | Lith. RN Arina | ||||
*auras, *auro[34][35] | water, moisture, pool | RN Αύρας (Auras),[36] river near Istros, Scythia Min. | *uer, *au(e)r 'wet, moisten'[35] | Greek αν-αυρος (an-auros, "without water") | Alb. ujera "waters". | Old Pr. RN Aure | ||
*axi- | black | PN Άξίοπα (Axiopa), town in Scythia Minor, RN Axios, Macedonian river (now Vardar)[37] | Old Persian a-xsei 'black, dark'[37] | Alb. i zi "black", nxij "tarnish" | Axios is considered reflecting the Iranic (through the Scythian language) root a-xsei 'black, dark' .[37] Russu argues Axiopa is not a Dacian name, but a corrupt rendition of Axiopolis (a town of Scythia Minor).[6] | |||
*baidas | frightening, repulsive | PRN Baedarus (from Drobeta),[38] PRN Bedarus (from Potaissa)[39] | *bhoidho-s (Pok. IEW 162) | Lith. baidýti ("to frighten") Latv. baîdās, bailes ("fear", "anxiety") |
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*balas,*balos[40] | strong [40] | PRN Decebalus[40] | *bel ('strong'),[40] [41] | Sanskrit bala-m- 'force, strong' [41] | Alb. (Gheg) për-balcë "to face, defy" | |||
*balas | white | PRN Balius (from Dacia)[42] | *bhel- ('white, bright') [43] | Ancient Greek phalos, phalios, anc. Greek balios "dappled"(<balios is considered a loan from Thracian or Illyrian; it is attested as far back as Homer's Iliad) | Rom. balan Lith. bãlas Latv. bãls Alb. balë "bright", Alb. bal, "piebald dog or horse" [44] |
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*berza | birch-tree (Bot. Betula) | PN Bersovia,[45] Berzobis[46] town in SW Dacia | *bhereg "shine" "white" including "birch-tree" [47] | Old Bulg. *brěza | Lith. béržas Latv. bērzs Alb. bredh (<earlier *berdh) |
Here, it is no observable difference between Thracian and Dacian[48] | ||
*bur, buris[49] | plentiful, rich, swollen .[49] | PRN Burebista and PRN Mucabur .[49] | *b(e)u-, bh(e)u-('to swell, inflate, plentiful') .[49] | Old Indian bhū́-ri-ḥ 'rich, a lot, immense'.[49] | Lith. būrys ("a lot, a bunch, a flock") Latv. burvis ( a mag), bur, buris (conjuring) Alb. boll ("plenty") |
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*brukla | cranberry (Bot. Vaccinium Oxycoccus) | PN Brucla[50] (fort in Dacia, W of R. Mureş) |
*bhreu-k- ("to spread") | Latv. brūkle, brūklene, brūklenāys (cowberry plant-place), Alb.brukë "tamarind" |
Latv. MN Brùkļu Lith. SN Bruklynė |
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*buta(s) | house, hut, dwelling | PN Βούττις (Buttis)[51](fort in Dacia Med.) PN Boutae[52] (mountain pass into Dacia) |
Lith. bùtas, butà Latv. buts, būda ("small house") Old Pr. buttan Alb. buj "dwell, accomodate", bujtinë "small house" |
Latv. PN Butani Old Pr. PN Butyn Lith. RN Butėnių (kaimas) |
The Dacian origin of Bouttis is controversial.[53] | |||
*čuk-[54] | peak, summit | PN Thōkyōdis Via[55] PN *Thoukysidantikī[56] |
*ḱu- ("sharp", "pike") | Rom. ciucă Latv. čuk-ur-s (summit of roof) Alb. çuka "crest", suka "hillock" |
This word may be of Hungarian origin. Hung. csùcs ("vertex", "peak"). | |||
*daba | character, nature | PRN Δαβεις (Dabis) | Old Slavonic dob- | Lith. dabá Latv. daba |
Pol. PRN Doba, Dobe | |||
*daba | put in order, good [57] | PRN Dabeis [57] | *dabh ('arrange, suitable')[57] | |||||
*dava | city, fortress | e.g. PN Rusidava | ||||||
*d(i)egis | burning, shining | PRN Degis | dhegʷh ('to burn')[58] | Old Hindi dáhati ("it burns"), Mid Iranian daig | Lith. dègti ("to burn") Alb. djeg ("burn") |
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*dina(s) | place, region, plain | PN Amlaidina, Asbolodina | Old Pr. PN Resedynen | |||||
*dita(s) | light (noun), bright (adj.) | PRN Ditugentus[59] | *dei-, *di- (to shine, shimmer) | Thrac. *ditas | Alb. ditë ("day") | Old Pr. PRN Ditte Lith. PN Ditava |
||
*drasda | thrush (bird) | PN Drasdea | Old Slav. drozda | Lith. strãzdas Eng. thrush Swe. trast Irish truid |
Old Pr. PN Drasda | |||
*dribas, *drigas | wild, restless | PRN Dribalus[60] PRN Aurelius Drigissa,[61] a veteran of Legio VII Claudia |
Latv. dribis, dribulis ("a restless man") Lith. drignis Alb. dridhem "to shake, tremble" |
Latv. PN Driba Lith. PN Drigotas Old Latv. RN Dryzel Rus. (Baltic origin) RN Drigin'a |
||||
*duia | swamp or mist, drizzle | PN Δουιανα (Duiana), fort in Dacia Mediterranea[62] | Lith. dujà (both meanings) Latv. dujs ("dirty") Alb. ndyj "dirt" |
Latv. PN Dujas Russian (Baltic origin) RN Dyja Lith. PN Daujėnai |
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[63] | |||
*dūmas | dark brown | PN Dimum (from *Dumum) | Old Irish dumhach ("dark, foggy") | Lith. dūmas Latv. dūms Alb.tym ("fog, smoke, uncertainty") |
Thrac. PN Δὐμη (Dimi) | |||
*galtis | sheet-ice, frost | PN Galtis | gel(ǝ) ('cold, freeze')[64] | Latv. gàla Rus. golot |
Old Pr. PN Galtengarb | |||
*genukla | pasture, meadow | PN Γένουκλα (Genucla)[65] (fortress of Getan king Zyraxes on Danube) |
Lith. ganyklà Latv. ganīkla |
Latv. SN Dzęnuklis | ||||
*ger[66] | smart, awake[66] | PRN Gerula[66] | *ger-4, grēi-(to grow; to awake)[67] [66] | |||||
*geras | good (-natured), kind | PRN Gerulo PRN Gerula |
*guer(α)-[68] | Lith. gēras | Lith. PN Gerulių, RN Gerùlis | |||
*germas | hot, warm | PN Γέρμαζα (Germaza), PN Γερμἰζερα (Germizera) | *ghwer- | Latin formus Sanskrit gharma |
Latv. gařme Gr. θερμὀς, Alb. zjarm "fire, heat" |
Thrac. PN Γερμανἰα Bulg. RN Germania |
||
*gilus | deep | PN Gildoba,[69] unknown "Thracian" location where St. Julius was revered | Lith. gilùs Latv. dziļš Old Pr. gillin |
Lith. RNs Gilijà, Gilupis, Gỹlė Old Pr. LN Gilge Latv. LN Dziļaune |
||||
*gira (giria) | forest or mountain | PN Giridava | gʷeru ('pole, pike')[70] | Old Hindi girí-h ("mountain") | Lith. girė, girià ("forest") Latv. dzire ("mountain") Rus. gora 'mountain' Alb. gur "stone" |
|||
*granda | plank | PN Γράνδετον (Grandeton), fort near Naissus(Moesia Superior) | Lith. grandà ("bridge-plank") Old Pr. grandico Latv. gruõdi |
Lith. PN Grandų káimas Latv. RNs Gruõds, Gruõdi, Gruõdupis |
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[71] | |||
*griva | river-bed or river-mouth | PN Γρίβο (Grivo),[72] fort near Naissus (moesia Sup.) | Thrac. ? *grava ("valley" or "river-bed") | Latv. grĩva ("river-mouth") Lith. greva ("river-bed") Alb. gravë "cave, lair" |
Lith. RN Grýva Latv. RNs Grīva, Grīvīte |
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[73] | ||
kaga[74] | sacred, holy | kaga[75] | *kʷog(h)- (< *kʷeg(h)-) | Old Slav. kazat′, skazat′ ("to tell", "to say") | ||||
*kalas | catfish (?) | RN Calabaeus | Latin squalus ("shark") Old Norse hualr ("whale") |
Old Pr. kalis ("catfish") | ||||
*kapas | hill, slope | PN Καπίδαυα (Capidava) | Lith. kãpas Latv. kãpa ("dune, slope") Alb. kapë ("huge heap") |
|||||
*kapura | hill | PN Capora[76] (in basin of river Tyras (Dniester) | Lith. kapùrna ("mossy mound") | |||||
*karpa | to cut, stone [77] | MN Carpates TN Karpoi, Carpi ,[77] [78] | *sker, *ker ("to cut") ,[77] .[78] | Alb. karpe (*karp-m-) ("stone") ,[77] këput "to cut". | Carpathian Mts.,[77] Carpi tribe .[78] | |||
*karsa | cave | PN Carsion Thrac. PN Carsaleon |
||||||
*katas | stable, animal enclosure | PN Κάττουζα (Cattuza) | Avestan kata- ("cellar") | Alb. katoq, kotec, "animal enclosure" | Latv. PN Katužs | |||
*keda | seat, stool | PN Cedonia | Lith. kedė | |||||
*kerba | swampy ground | PN Cerbatis | Lith. kirba | Lith. RN Kerbẽsas | ||||
*kerna | bush | PN *Cerna | Old. Pr. kirno Lith. kirna ("undergrowth") |
Lith. LN Kernỹs | ||||
*kerta | clearing in a wood | PN Certie | Lith. kertė | |||||
*kina | dry ground (mound) in a swamp | PN Ciniscus | Lith. kinė, kinis Latv. cine, cin(i)s |
|||||
*klevas | maple-tree (Bot.) | PN Clevora | Lith. klevas Latv. klavs |
|||||
*krata | swampy place or pile, heap | PN Κρατίσκαρα (Cratiscara) | Lith. kratà ("heaped"), kritùs ("swampy") | The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[79] | ||||
*kurta | grove, glade | PN Κουρτα (Curta); Thrac. PN Κουρτουσουρα (Curtusura) | Old Pr. korto Alb. korije "grove" |
|||||
*lug- | swamp, bog | RN Λύγινος (Luginos) | Illyr. ἔλος Λοὐγεον | Latv. luga Rus. luža ("puddle") Alb.lug ("trough"), ligatinë ("bog"), luginë ("valley") |
Gallic PN Lugdunum (Lyon) | |||
*maska | pool, puddle | PN Μασκάς (Maskas) | Latv. PN Mãskas | |||||
*mauda(s) | hemlock (Conium)(bot.) | PN Pomodiana | Lith. maudá, máudas | Illyrian PN Pamodus (island) | ||||
*medeka | glade, grove | PN Μέδεκα (Medeka) | Lith. medėkas | The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[80] | ||||
*musas | mould, moss | RN Μουσαίος (Museos), Thrac. PN Μωσυπα (Muspa) | Old Slav. мъсһъ Old High German mos ("swamp") Gr. μὐσος (músos) |
Lith. mūsas (mùsas) Alb. myshk "mould, moss" |
||||
*nara(s) | river, brook | RN (Rom. from Dac.) Nǎruja | Lith. nérti ("to dive", "swim underwater") Alb. hum-nerë "precipice, chasm" |
Lith. RN Narùpis Illyr. RN Νάρον |
||||
*net- | flow | PN Νετίνδαυα (Netindava), RN Netupa | Latin natare ("to swim") | Alb.not "to swim" | ||||
*padas | threshing-floor | PN Παδισάρα (Padisara) | Lith. pãdas | |||||
*pala, *palma | swamp, bog | PN Παλαδεινα (Paladina); PN Palmatis | Latin palus | Lith. pãlios Alb.pellg ("swamp") |
Lith. RN Palminỹs | |||
per | son | inscription Decebal per Scorilo ("Decebal son of Scorilus")[81] | Thrac. -por ("son of": PRN Mucapor = "son of Muka") Latin puer ("boy") |
Alb. bir ("son") | ||||
*pil- | to flow | RN Gilpil | Lith. pilti ("to pour, to flow") Latv. pile ("to drip") |
|||||
*preida | pine-tree (Bot. pinus) | PN Πρέιδις (Pridis) | Latv. priẽde Alb.bredh ("fir tree") |
|||||
*put- | to swell, thicken | PN Putina | Lith. pūstis ("to swell"); Lith pùtinas ("snowball") | Old Latv. PRN Putte | ||||
*rabo, rebo | 'to move' 'to flow' 'be in motion' | RN Rabon river in Dacia (Jiul?) It was etymologically connected with Arabon (Narabon?) from Pannonia [82] | *rebh 'to move' 'to flow' 'be in motion' [83] | |||||
*ramus | peaceful, restful | PN Ραμίδαυα (Ramidava); Thrac. PN Rhamae | Old Hindi rámate | Lith. ramùs Alb. ramun ("fallen asleep") |
||||
*rō(u)ka | drizzle, fine rain | PN (from RN) Rhocobae | Lith. rõkė Alb. rrjedh "to flow" |
|||||
*rus- | to flow | PN Rusidava; Thrac. PN Ροὐσιον | Lith. ruséti ("to flow slowly") Alb.rreshje "precipitation" |
|||||
*san-apa | confluence (of two rivers) | RN Sanpaeus | Lith. LN Sampė (< *San-upė) | |||||
*sausas | dry | PRN Sausa | *saus- ('dry')[84] | Lith. saũsas Alb. thatë "dry" |
||||
*sermas | river, river-current | PN Sirmium | ||||||
*skabas | sharp, quick, lively | PRN Σκαβης (Scabis) | Latin scabere ("to scratch") | Lith. skubus ("prompt, swift"), skabùs ("sharp"), skabrùs ("quick, lively") Alb. i shkathët "quick, prompt" |
||||
*skaudus | painful, sad or powerful | TN Scaugdae | Lith. skaudùs | |||||
*skena | clearing (in a wood) | PN Scenopa | Lith. nuo-skena | |||||
*skuia | fir-tree (Bot.) | PN Σκουάνες (Scuanes) | sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)- ('needle, thorn')[84] | Old Slav. chvoja (pine needles/branches) | Latv. skuja ("spruce-needle") Alb. hu "stake, picket, pole" |
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[85] | ||
*skumbras | hill, down | PN Σκουμβρο (Scumbro) | The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[86] | |||||
*spirus | fast, quick, rapid | RN Πασπίριος (Paspirios) | Lith. spėrus Old Alb. shpjertë, Alb. shpejtë "fast, quick" |
|||||
*stendas | stiff, rigid, viscose | PN Στένδαι (Stende) | Lith. standùs | Latv. RN Steñde | The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[87] | |||
*suka | rip, tear, gap | PN Σουκίδαυα (Sucidava); Thrac. PN Succi (mt. pass) | Lith. šùkė Latv. sukums Alb. shuk "to shake, beat, push" |
|||||
*sunka | liquid, to flow | PN (from RN) Σονκητα (Sunkita) | Lith. sunkà ("liquid", "tree-sap") | Lith. RN Sunkìnė | ||||
*suras | salty | PN Σούρικον (Suricon) | Lith. sūras Alb. shurrë "urine, sour liquid" |
|||||
*taras | chatterer, gossiper | PRN Tara | Alb.thërras "to speak loudly" | |||||
*tauta | people, nation, country | PRN Tautomedes | Old Pr. tauto ("country") Goth. thiuda ("people") Old Irish tuath ("people") |
Lith. tautà ("people, country") | ||||
*tiras | bare, barren, desolate | FN Τίριξις (Tirizis) | Lith. týras | |||||
*tut- | blow, emit smoke | RN Τοὐτης (Tutes) | Lith. tűtúoti ("to blow", "to sound horn") Ger. tuten ("to hoot") Alb. tyta "pipe, barrel" |
Lith RN Tūtupis | ||||
*upa | river | PN Scenopa | Lith. upė | |||||
*urda(s) | stream, brook | RN Όρδησσός (Ordessos); Thrac. PN (from RN) Οὐρδαυς (Urdanes) | Lith. urdulỹs Latv. urdaviņa Alb. hurdhë "brook" |
Celtic RN Urda | ||||
*vaigas | fast, rapid | PN (from RN) Aegeta | Lith. RN Váigupis | |||||
*varpa | whirlpool | PN (from RN) Άρπις (Harpis) | Lith. verpetas Alb. vorbull "whirlpool" |
Lith. RN Varpė | ||||
*visas | fertile, fruitful | PN Βισ-δίνα (Visdina) | Lith. vislus, vaisùs | Lith. PN Visalaukė | ||||
*zalmo- | fur, skin, shield | PRN Ζαλμοδεγικος (Zalmodenicos) Ζάλμοξις (Zalmoxis) |
Alb. thelmë "rag, patch" (in sewing) | |||||
*zelmas | shoot (of a plant) | PRN Ζαλμοδεγικος | Lith. želmuo Alb. çel ("blossom") |
|||||
*zud-as | careful, precise | PRN Zude | Latv. zūdit ("to take care") | Lith. PN Zude, Zudius | ||||
*zuras | hot, shining | RN Zyras | Old Hindi jūrvati ("scorched") | Latv. zvêruot ("to light up", "shine"), Lith.žaros ("sparkles, glow") | Latv. PN (< RN) Zūras Lith. RN Žiūrà |
KEY:
N.B. Asterisk (*before word) indicates reconstructed word
PN = 'settlement placename
PRN = personal name
TN = tribal name
RN = river/stream/brook name
LN = lake/pool/spring/waters name
SN = swamp name
MN = mountain/hill name
FN = field/meadow name
PLN = plant name
Reconstruction from Romanian and Albanian words
Georgiev, Duridanov and Russu concur that the Dacian language constitutes the main pre-Latin substratum of the modern Romanian language. Duridanov also accepts Georgiev's theory that modern Albanian is descended from Daco-Moesian. Where words in modern Albanian and/or Romanian can be plausibly linked to an Indo-European root and modern cognates of similar meaning, a reconstruction of the putative Dacian originals have been proposed by Duridanov, who included them in a separate list from words reconstructed from placenames.
CAVEAT: The following word-reconstructions are based on the assumption that the Albanian language is descended from Daco-Moesian. This theory is contested by many linguists, especially Albanian, who consider the language a direct descendant of the extinct Illyrian language.[88] Thus, reconstructions based on modern Albanian words, or Romanian substratum words with Albanian cognates, may in reality represent ancient Illyrian, rather than Dacian, elements.[citation needed] In addition, the reconstructions below, unlike those in Table A above, are not validated by Dacian place- or personal names. The "Dacianity" of the reconstructions is therefore more speculative than those derived from placenames. (N.B. Even if Albanian is descended from Illyrian, the reconstructions below could nevertheless represent Dacian elements if the Daco-Illyrian theory - that the Dacian and Illyrian languages were closely related - is correct; or if the words below represent Illyrian borrowings from Daco-Moesian)
Dacian word |
Meaning | Albanian/Romanian relic |
Possible Indo-European root-word(s) |
Modern cognates | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
*bred- | fir-tree (Abies alba) | Alb. bredh, Rom. brad | *bhreg'-os, *bhrog'-os (Pokorny IEW 139) | Rom. brad Lith. brãzas (resin) |
|
*daina | song | Rom. dialect daină, doină | *doina | Lith. dainà, Lat. daīņa | |
*draga | yeast | Alb. drā | *dhraghā (Pok. IEW 251) | Lith. drãgės, Lat. dradži, Old Pr. dragios, Old Bulg. drożdje, Pol. drożdże | |
*gen- | to hunt, to chase | Alb. gjanj (hunt, chase) | *gu̯hen- | Lith. genù (giñti) | |
*gerna | skin | Alb. zorrë | *gųernā (Pok. aaO. 474) | Lith. žárna, Lat. zařna | |
*kasla | cough | Alb. kollë | kųāslā (Pok. aaO. 649) | Lith. kosulỹs, Lat. kašļi | |
*kesa | time | Alb. kohë | *k(u)ē(i)sā (Pok. aaO. 636) | Old Pr. kismān, Old Bulg. časă, Pol. czas | |
*kur | when | Alb. kur (when, as) | *ku̯ur- (Pok. a.a.O. 647) | Lith. kuř (where), Lat. kùr (where), Arom. kùri (whom), Toch. kwri | |
*lad- | hazel-bush | Alb. lethi, laithi | *lag'(h)- (P0k. aaO. 660) | Lith. lazà (lazdà), Old Pr. laxde | |
*laid- | mud, loam | Alb. leth (-dhi) | *loid(h) (Pok. aaO. 662) | Old Pr. laydis | |
*mal- | bank, shore or mountain | Alb. mal (mountain), Rom. mal (bank, shore) | *mol- (Pok. aaO. 721f) | Lat. mala (beach, shore) | |
*mat- | to measure, mass | Alb. mat, mas, matë | *mot- (Pok. aaO. 703) | Lith. mãtas (mass), matúoti (to measure) | |
*met- | year, time | Alb. mot | *mēto- (Porzig Glied. 176) | Lith. mētas (time, year), Latv. męts (space), Old Pr. mettan (year) | |
*skrebr- | hornbeam tree: Carpinus betulus) | Alb. shkozë | *skrēbh-ro- (Pok. IEW 943) | Lith. skrúoblas and variants, Lat. skābardis Old Pr. scoberwis | derivation: Bulg. skreba (Clematis vitalba) |
*spand- | hellebore (plant: Helleborus purpurescens) | Alb. shpendër, Rom. spînz | *sponǎ(i)- (Georgiev 1965 p80) | Lat. spuóds (bright) | |
*staig- | way, path, passage | Alb. shteg | *stoigh- (Pok. IEW 1017) | Lat. stiga, Gothic staiga, Ger. steig | |
*skrumb | ash, burnt material | Alb. shkrumb, Rom. scrum | *skrṃb(h)- | Lith. skrembù (skrebti) | Old Prussian placename Scrumbayn (today Schrombehnen) |
*strunga | milking-shed | Alb. shtrungë, Rom. strungă | *strṇgā | Dacian placename Στρὁγγες (Proc. Aed. IV.4) | |
*zuv- | fish | Rom. juvete (a species of fish) | *g'hduụ- (Pok. IEW 416) | Lith. žuvis Lat. dial. zuva | Dac. placename Ζουσἱδαυα |
See also
- List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin
- List of Dacian plant names
- List of Dacian names
- Dacian language
- Baltic languages
- Thracian language
- Phrygian language
- Davae
- List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
Notes
- ^ Duridanov (1969) 90-5
- ^ Georgiev (1976) 276-8
- ^ Duridanov (1969) 12-13
- ^ a b Georgiev (1976) 277
- ^ Polomé 1982, p. 878
- ^ a b See Russu 1963, p. 131 and Russu 1969, p. 76. Ἀξιόπλ is assumed to be an abbreviation for Axiopolis in the manuscripts of De Aedificiis.
- ^ a b Posner & Green 1981, pp. 71. Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEPosnerGreen198171" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Georgiev 1977, p. 276.
- ^ Polome & 1982 876.
- ^ Fisher & 2003 570.
- ^ Polome & 1982 885.
- ^ Paliga & 1986 120.
- ^ a b Polome 1982, p. 878-879.
- ^ Polome 1982, p. 881.
- ^ a b Dana 2003, p. 169-170.
- ^ Messing 1972, p. 962.
- ^ Polome 1982, p. 872.
- ^ Source unless otherwise specified: Duridanov (1969) pp90-5
- ^ ISM I 68
- ^ Walde-Pokorny 1959, p. 46
- ^ Kitson 1996, p. 218.
- ^ Athanassakis 1999, p. 108.
- ^ Ptolemy III.8.4
- ^ Rav. 203.14
- ^ Schütte, 1917 & 85.
- ^ a b c d Russu, 1967 & 90.
- ^ Proc. De Aed IV.4
- ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.11
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 11, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 104, cf. Aldaniae, Aldaniacus mons.
- ^ It. Ant. 219.4; Tab. Peut. VII.5
- ^ CIL III. 13743
- ^ Rav. IV.14
- ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.11
- ^ Duridanov (1969) 91
- ^ a b Russu, 1967 & 137 and 143.
- ^ Herod. IV.49
- ^ a b c Parvulescu & 1989 291.
- ^ CIL III.8021
- ^ CIL III.917
- ^ a b c d Russu, 1969 & 150 and 163.
- ^ a b Walde et al. 110.
- ^ CIL III.8064
- ^ Walde et al.
- ^ Demiraj et al.
- ^ Rav. 204.3; Tab. Peut. VII.3
- ^ Prisc. Inst. VI.13
- ^ Walde et al. 170.
- ^ Solta, 1980 & 22.
- ^ a b c d e Russu, 1967 & 97 and 132.
- ^ Tab. Peut. VIII.2
- ^ Proc. De Aed IV.4; Hes. 122.26
- ^ Jord. Get. 74
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 84, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 99.
- ^ Olteanu (2007)
- ^ Olteanu 2007. Θωκύωδις βία in Proc. De Aed., IV.11,15
- ^ Olteanu 2007. *Θουκυσιδαντικη is one of the strategies of Thrace. Θουκυσιδαντικῆς on IGB IV 2338.
- ^ a b c Russu, 1969 & 151 and 158.
- ^ Walde et al. 240.
- ^ CIL III.835
- ^ CIL III.3888
- ^ CIL III.14507
- ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.4; Hes. 121, 17
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 151, but Latin according to Russu 1962, p. 398 and Beševliev 1970, p. 97, derived with suffix -iana.
- ^ Walde et al. 366.
- ^ Dio LI.26
- ^ a b c d Russu, 1967 & 137 and 140.
- ^ Walde-Pokorny, Julius 598f.
- ^ Pokorny 478
- ^ Acta SS Nov. II.155 XIII Kal. ian.
- ^ Walde et al. 479.
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 108, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 106: Granditum [castellum].
- ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.4; H. 124, 9
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 109, but Latin or Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 25, 114: Gribus possibly derived from a Celtic *gravo = "sand".
- ^ Sluşanschi (1989)
- ^ Olteanu 1989. The word καγα occurs twice, in ISM II 36 and in ISM II 138, with the meaning sacrum.
- ^ Rav. 178, 3
- ^ a b c d e Russu, 1969 & 114 and 205.
- ^ a b c Poghirc & 1989 302.
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 266, possibly derived from a Greek name, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 93.
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 291, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 97: the adjective medicus.
- ^ McKendrick (1965) 45
- ^ Russu & 1969 134.
- ^ Russu, 1969 & 153 and 158.
- ^ a b Walde et al. 880.
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 461, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 100: squama = "scale, metal plate".
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 459,461, related to the Thracian tribe Σκόμβροι, and to the mountain name Σκόμβρος, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 57, 111: scomber = "mackerel".
- ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 479, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 94, 114.
- ^ Polome 192, p. 888.
- ^ Duridanov 1969 93-5 unless otherwise stated
References
Ancient
- Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae (c. 395)
- Dioscorides De Materia Medica (c. AD 80)
- Jordanes Getica (c. 550)
- Ptolemy Geographia (c. 140)
- Pseudo-Apuleius De Herbarum Virtutibus (5th century)
- Sextus Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus (361)
- Strabo Geographica (c. AD 20)
- Tacitus Germania (c. 100)
- Zosimus Historia Nova (c. 500)
Modern
- Abramea, Anna P (1994). Thrace. Idea Advertising-Marketing. ISBN 9789608560918.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Asenova, Petja (1999). "Bulgarian". Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447039390.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Athanassakis, Apostolos N. (1999). "Okeanos: Mythic and Linguistic Origins". Proceedings of the tenth annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, May 21–23, 1998. pp. 95–116.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Beševliev, Veselin (1970). Zur Deutung der Kastellnamen in Prokops Werk "De Aedificiis". Amsterdam.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Fraser, P.M., Matthews (1959). Samothrace: no. 1. The inscriptions on stone edited by Karl Lehmann Phyllis Williams Lehmann. Pantheon Books.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000)
- Gordon, Childe (1930). The Bronze Age/With Map. Biblo-Moser. ISBN 978-0819601230.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
- Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John (1982). "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. III.1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521224963.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dana, Dan (2003). "Les daces dans les ostraca du désert oriental de l'Égypte. Morphologie des noms daces". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 143: 166–186.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Detschew, Dimiter (1957). Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Vienna.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1977). Trakite i technijat ezik/Les Thraces et leur langue (The Thracians and their language) (in Bulgarian and French summary). Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata Akademija na naukite.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.
- Du Nay, André (1977). The early history of the Rumanian language.
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(help) - Duridanov, I. (1969): Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen
- Fisher, Iancu (2003). Les substrats et leur influence sur les langues romanes: la Romania du Sud-Est / Substrate und ihre Wirkung auf die romanischen Sprachen: Sudostromania in Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110146943.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Fol, Alexander (1996). ‘’Thracians, Celts, Illyrians and Dacians’’ in History of Humanity: From Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. Bernan Assoc. ISBN 978-9231028120.
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(help) - Jones, A. H. M. (1964): The Later Roman Empire, 284-602
- Kitson, Peter R. (1996). "Reconstruction, typology and the "original homeland" of the Indo-Europeans". In Fisiak, Jacek (ed.). Linguistic reconstruction and typology. Mouton De Gruyter. pp. 183–239. ISBN 978-3110149050.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lloshi, Xhevat (1999): Albanian in Handbuch der Südosteuropa Linguistik Band 10 (online)
- Mayer H.E. (1992): Dacian and Thracian as southern Baltoidic in Lituanus Vol. 38 no 2 (online) [unreliable source?]
- MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1975). The Dacian Stones Speak. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-8078-1226-9.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Messing, Gordon M. (1972). "'Thrakisch-dakische Studien, I: Die thrakisch- und dakisch-baltischen Sprachbeziehungen by Ivan Duridanov' reviewed by Gordon M. Messing Cornell University Edited by George Melville Bolling". Language. 48 (4). Linguistic Society of America: 960–963.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Nandris, John (1976). The Dacian Iron Age A Comment in a European Context in Festschrift für Richard Pittioni zum siebzigsten Geburtstag. Wien, Deuticke, Horn, Berger. ISBN 9783700544203.
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(help) - Olteanu, Sorin (2007). "Toponime procopiene". SCIVA. 58 (1–2): 67–116.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Olteanu, Sorin (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Datele problemei". Thraco-Dacica. X: 215–217.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times:Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci, & Moesians, translated by Mary Stansfield-Popovic. John Benjamins North America, Incorporated. ISBN 9789025607937.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Parvan, Vasile (1928). Dacia. The Cambridge University Press.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Parvulescu, Adrian (1989). ‘Black water’ in the Thracian hidronymy Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-9004088641.
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(help) - Poghirc, Cicerone (1989). "Considerations chrono-geographiques sur l’oscillation a/o en Thrace et en Daco-Mesien" published in Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-0819601230.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)". Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. III.1. pp. 866–888.
- Posner, Rebecca; Green (1981). Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-9027978868.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Rădulescu, Mircea-Mihai (1987). "The Indo-European position of Illyrian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: A historica-methodological approach". Journal of Indo-European Studies. ISSN 0092-2323.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Renfrew, Colin (1987): Archaeology and Language: the Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
- Russu, Ion Iosif (1962). "Les toponymes dans la péninsule des Balkans dans le "De aedificiis"". Studii şi Cercetări Lingvistice. XIII: 393–403.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Russu, Ion Iosif (1963). "Die Ortsnamen der Balkanhalbinsel in De Aedificiis". Revue de Linguistique. VIII: 123–132.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Russu, Ion Iosif (1969). Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Solta, Georg Renatus (1980). Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. H. Hagerup.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Sluşanschi, Dan (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Analiză filologică şi lingvistică". Thraco-Dacica. X: 219–224.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Walde-Pokorny, Julius (1959). The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") and notes.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Walde, Alois; Pokorny, Julius (1973). Vergleichendes Warterbuch Der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110045567.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Thompson, E.A. (1982): Zosimus 6.10.2 and the Letters of Honorius in Classical Quarterly 33 (ii)
Further reading
- http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm
- http://soltdm.com/sources/inscr/kaga/kaga_e.htm
- http://dnghu.org/indoeuropean.html Indo-European Etymological Dictionary – Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (JPokorny). A database that represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch", scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky.
External links