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[[Image:Harrison Williams(D-NJ).jpg|thumb|[[Harrison A. Williams|Harrison A. "Pete" Williams]]]]
[[Image:Harrison Williams(D-NJ).jpg|thumb|[[Harrison A. Williams|Harrison A. "Pete" Williams]]]]


Of the thirty-one targeted officials, one US senator ([[Harrison A. Williams]] (D-NJ)) and six members of the US House of Representatives ([[John Jenrette]] (D-SC), [[Richard Kelly (politician)|Richard Kelly]] (R-FL), [[Raymond Lederer]] (D-PA), [[Michael Myers (politician)|Michael "Ozzie" Myers]] (D-PA), [[Frank Thompson]] (D-NJ), and [[John M. Murphy]] (D-NY)) were convicted of [[bribery]] and [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] in separate trials in 1981. Five other government officials were convicted, including [[New Jersey Senate|New Jersey State Senator]] and Mayor of [[Camden, NJ]] Angelo Errichetti; members of the [[Philadelphia City Council]], including Council President [[George X. Schwartz|George Schwartz]], Majority Leader [[Harry Jannotti]], and Councilman [[Louis Johanson]]; and an inspector for the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Of the thirty-one targeted officials, one US senator ([[Harrison A. Williams]] (D-NJ) and six members of the US House of Representatives ([[John Jenrette]] (D-SC), [[Richard Kelly (politician)|Richard Kelly]] (R-FL), [[Raymond Lederer]] (D-PA), [[Michael Myers (politician)|Michael "Ozzie" Myers]] (D-PA), [[Frank Thompson]] (D-NJ), and [[John M. Murphy]] (D-NY)) were convicted of [[bribery]] and [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] in separate trials in 1981. Five other government officials were convicted, including [[New Jersey Senate|New Jersey State Senator]] and Mayor of [[Camden, NJ]] Angelo Errichetti; members of the [[Philadelphia City Council]], including Council President [[George X. Schwartz|George Schwartz]], Majority Leader [[Harry Jannotti]], and Councilman [[Louis Johanson]]; and an inspector for the Immigration and Naturalization Service.


===Angelo Errichetti===
===Angelo Errichetti===

Revision as of 01:07, 3 November 2014

Not to be confused with Adscam.

Abscam—sometimes written ABSCAM—was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sting operation that took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[1] The two-year investigation was directed from the FBI's office in Hauppauge, New York, and was under the supervision of Assistant Director Neil J. Welch, who headed the bureau's New York division, and Thomas P. Puccio, head of the Justice Department's Organized Crime Strike Force for the Eastern District of New York. The operation initially targeted trafficking in stolen property and corruption of prestigious businessmen, but was later converted to a public corruption investigation. The FBI, aided by the Justice Department and a convicted con-man, videotaped politicians accepting bribes from a fraudulent Arabian company in return for various political favors.[2]

More than thirty political figures were investigated, and among these thirty a total of seven Congressmen, six members of the United States House of Representatives and a United States Senator, were convicted.[3] Not only were there members of Congress, but also one member of the New Jersey State Senate, members of the Philadelphia City Council, the Mayor of Camden, New Jersey, and an inspector for the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service.

"Abscam" was the FBI codename for the operation. When law enforcement authorities announced the operation, they said that "Abscam" was a contraction of "Arab scam".[4] After complaints from the American-Arab Relations Committee, officials said it was a contraction of "Abdul scam" after the name of its fictitious front company.[5]

Operation

In March 1978, the FBI created a sting operation called Abscam, initially to investigate theft, forgery and stolen art.[6][7] The FBI employed Melvin Weinberg, a convicted swindler, international con artist and informant, to help plan and conduct the operation. Weinberg was facing a prison sentence at the time and in exchange for his help, the FBI agreed to let him out on probation.[3] Weinberg, supervised by the FBI, created a fake company called Abdul Enterprises in which FBI employees posed as fictional Arab sheikhs led by owners Kambir Abdul Rahman and Yassir Habib, who had millions of dollars to invest in the United States.[6] Weinberg instructed the FBI to fund a $1 million-account with the Chase Manhattan Bank in the name of the fictional company, Abdul Enterprises, giving the company the credibility it needed to further its operation.[2]

When a forger who was under investigation suggested to the sheikhs that they invest in casinos in New Jersey and that licensing could be obtained for a price, the Abscam operation was retargeted toward political corruption. Each congressman who was approached would be given a large sum of money in exchange for "private immigration bills" to allow foreigners associated with Abdul Enterprises into the country and for building permits and licenses for casinos in Atlantic City, among other investment arrangements.[8] Among the casino projects involved were the Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City,[9] the Dunes Hotel and Casino (Atlantic City),[10] the Penthouse Boardwalk Hotel and Casino, and the sheikh's fictional casino.[11] The first political figure ensnared in the phony investment scheme was Camden mayor Angelo Errichetti. In exchange for monetary kickbacks, Errichetti told the sheikhs' representatives "I'll give you Atlantic City." Errichetti helped to recruit several government officials and United States congressmen who were willing to grant political favors in exchange for monetary bribes (originally $100,000 but then reduced to $50,000).[3]

The FBI recorded each of the money exchanges and, for the first time in American history, surreptitiously videotaped government officials accepting bribes.[6] The meeting places included a townhouse in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, DC, which was owned by Lee Lescaze,[12] a yacht in Florida, and hotel rooms in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[citation needed]

Each convicted politician was given a separate trial. During these trials, much controversy arose regarding the ethics of Operation Abscam. Many lawyers defending their guilty clients accused the FBI of entrapment. Every judge overruled this claim and each politician was convicted.[13]

Convictions

Harrison A. "Pete" Williams

Of the thirty-one targeted officials, one US senator (Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) and six members of the US House of Representatives (John Jenrette (D-SC), Richard Kelly (R-FL), Raymond Lederer (D-PA), Michael "Ozzie" Myers (D-PA), Frank Thompson (D-NJ), and John M. Murphy (D-NY)) were convicted of bribery and conspiracy in separate trials in 1981. Five other government officials were convicted, including New Jersey State Senator and Mayor of Camden, NJ Angelo Errichetti; members of the Philadelphia City Council, including Council President George Schwartz, Majority Leader Harry Jannotti, and Councilman Louis Johanson; and an inspector for the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Angelo Errichetti

Angelo Errichetti, mayor of Camden, New Jersey, was the first government official to be caught in Operation Abscam.[3] Errichetti first accepted the bribe in exchange for obtaining a casino license in Atlantic City for Abdul Enterprises. He then introduced Abdul to Senator Harrison Williams, who also took the bait. Errichetti also introduced Michael Myers and Raymond Lederer to the company, and arranged meetings for them with the undercover agents. He also introduced the “Arab businessmen” to Frank Thompson Jr. By the middle of 1979, Errichetti had arranged meetings with an entire list of state and federal politicians who were willing to go in on the operation.[2] The FBI set up video cameras in a hotel suite near New York's John F. Kennedy Airport to record the transactions between the undercover agents and Errichetti.[3] He was convicted on the federal bribery charges, for which he served about three years in prison.

Harrison A. Williams

Senator Harrison "Pete" Williams (D-NJ) was indicted on October 30, 1980,[14] and convicted on May 1, 1981,[15] on nine counts of bribery and conspiracy to use his office to aid in business ventures.[16] Williams repeatedly met with the FBI agents and had worked out a deal where he would become involved in a titanium mining operation by way of having 18% of the company's shares issued to his lawyer, Alexander Feinberg. Williams then promised to steer government contracts to the venture by using his position in the Senate.

At his trial, lawyers for Williams argued that the Senator had not actually been bribed because the stock in the titanium mining company was worthless. Other defenses attempting to have the charges dismissed included that he was a victim of selective prosecution by the Justice Department because he had supported the presidential bid of Ted Kennedy over Jimmy Carter in the Democratic primary.[17] These premises were not accepted by the jury, who convicted Williams after 28 hours of deliberation on May 1, 1981. Later appeals made by Williams included arguments that a main prosecution witness had perjured himself and that Williams had been a victim of entrapment. The guilty verdict was upheld, and Williams was sentenced to three years in prison.

Because of the convictions, the Senate Ethics Committee voted to censure Senator Williams and put a motion to the floor to expel him for charges of bringing dishonor upon the Senate and his "ethically repugnant behavior". Supporters of Williams moved that the censure was enough, and that the expulsion was unnecessary. The Senate voted to censure Williams, but before the vote on his expulsion could occur, Senator Williams resigned his seat. In his resignation speech, Williams proclaimed his innocence and argued that the investigation into his activities was a grievous assault on the rights of the Senate, and that other senators should be wary of unchecked investigations into their activities by other branches of the government.[18]

Williams served two years of his three-year sentence at a federal penitentiary in Newark, New Jersey. He served the remainder of his term at the Integrity House halfway house, where he became a member of the board of directors until his death by cancer on November 17, 2001. He also attempted to receive a presidential pardon from President Bill Clinton but his request was denied. Williams was the first Senator to be imprisoned in almost 80 years and, had the expulsion motion been approved, would have been the first Senator to be expelled from the Senate since the Civil War.

Linguistics expert Roger Shuy is convinced of Senator Williams' innocence. In a recording of Williams' encounter with an agent disguised as a sheikh, "At one point, the sheikh put the bribe directly to Williams: 'I would like to give you...some money for, for permanent residence.' The first four words of Williams's reply were 'No, no, no, no.'"[19] A prosecution memo at the time stated that there was no case against Williams but the judge, who in his ruling decried 'the cynicism and hypocrisy of corrupt government officials,' set it aside. After trial, the lead juror said that had he known all the facts he would not have found Williams guilty.[20]

Frank Thompson

Frank Thompson

Frank Thompson (D-NJ) was a member of the House from Trenton, New Jersey, who was indicted and convicted of accepting a bribe from an FBI agent posing as an Arab sheik. Thompson was offered money in exchange for helping the Arabs overcome certain immigration laws.[2] Well-loved by his constituents, he was the longest-serving member of Congress convicted in Operation Abscam.

Thompson abstained on the vote to expel Representative Myers, the first Congressman to be indicted. While most of the politicians resigned, Myers was expelled from the House, and Williams did not resign until the vote on his expulsion was almost to take place. Thompson himself was not expelled from the House of Representatives because he lost his re-election campaign in 1980 to Republican Chris Smith, a relatively unknown GOP candidate who in 1978 had run against Thompson as a sacrificial lamb candidate. Smith won the 1980 election by a margin of 20,000 votes. On December 29, 1980, Thompson resigned his seat in the US House of Representatives. Smith has represented Thompson's former district continuously through the 113th United States Congress.

On December 2, 1980, Thompson was indicted on bribery charges. Thompson spent $24,000 of campaign funds fighting the charges and appealing his conviction on grounds of entrapment. Thompson was convicted of bribery and conspiracy charges and served three years in prison as his sentence starting in 1983. He served two years before being released, and worked as a consultant in Washington until his death in 1989.

John M. Murphy

Frank Thompson was the one who introduced John Murphy to the operation. Murphy is from Staten Island, New York. He was chairman for the Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. He accepted monetary bribes in exchange for his resources.[2] Murphy's conviction differed from the other Congressmen. His conviction was considered "receiving an unlawful gratuity" instead of bribery but he served three years in prison for conspiracy charges only. Murphy was not filmed taking the $50,000 that most other participants took that day, instead arguing on tape with attorney Howard Criden about who would pick up Murphy's money for him, which Criden did pick up at a John F. Kennedy airport hotel.[21]

Richard Kelly

In 1982 the conviction of Richard Kelly was overturned on the grounds of entrapment. Kelly said that he was only pretending to be involved with the bribery from Abdul Enterprises. He claimed that he was conducting his own operation dealing with corruption and that the FBI was ruining his own investigation. However, an appeals court upheld the conviction and Kelly served 13 months in prison.[22]

John Jenrette

John Jenrette was one of the few who resigned before they were expelled from the House.[2] During the operation, Jenrette was asked by an undercover FBI agent if he would take the bribe from the Sheikh. He replied, "I've got larceny in my blood. I'd take it in a goddamn minute." [3]

Also approached by the FBI

John Murtha

John Murtha

John Murtha (D-PA) was one of the Congressmen who refused to take the bribe from the undercover agents. He too was videotaped[23] in his encounter with undercover FBI operatives.[24] Although he was never convicted or prosecuted, he was named an unindicted co-conspirator in the scandal.[25] As such, he testified against Frank Thompson (D-NJ) and John Murphy (D-NY), the two Congressmen mentioned as participants in the deal at the same meeting. A short clip from the videotape shows Murtha stating "I'm not interested, I'm sorry. At this point..." in direct response to an offer of $50,000 in cash.[26]

In November 1980, the Justice Department announced that Murtha would not face prosecution for his part in the scandal. The U.S. Attorney's Office reasoned that Murtha's intent was to obtain investment in his district. Full length viewing of the tape shows Murtha citing prospective investment opportunities that could return "500 or 1000" miners to work. In July 1981, the House Ethics Committee also chose not to file charges against Murtha following a mostly party line vote. The resignation later that day of attorney E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr., the panel's special counsel and a Democrat, has been interpreted as an act of protest.[27]

Murtha remained prominent in Congress, and was re-elected by his constituency 19 times over the course of 36 years before his death on February 8, 2010.[28]

Larry Pressler

Larry Pressler

Senator Larry Pressler (R-SD) refused to take the bribe, saying at the time, "Wait a minute, what you are suggesting may be illegal." He immediately reported the incident to the FBI. When Senator Pressler was told Walter Cronkite referred to him on the evening news as a "hero" he stated, "I do not consider myself a hero... what have we come to if turning down a bribe is 'heroic'?"[29]

Bob Guccione

Bob Guccione, publisher of Penthouse, was also approached with a bribe from the undercover FBI agents. Guccione was in the process of building the Penthouse Boardwalk Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City and needed financing. Guccione was associated with the Abscams interest in Atlantic City, so Weinberg approached Guccione and told him that an Arab sheikh wanted to invest $150 million in the casino project, but only if the casino had obtained a gaming license. Weinberg wanted Guccione to pay a $300,000 bribe to New Jersey gaming officials to get the license. Guccione refused and responded by saying "Are you out of your mind?"[30] After the Abscam scandal came to light, Guccione sued the federal government but lost.[31]

Conclusion

When the investigation became public in the early 1980s, ethical controversy focused on the use of the "sting" technique and Weinberg's involvement in selecting targets. Although Weinberg was a previously convicted criminal and had been involved in previous scams, he avoided a three-year prison sentence and was paid $150,000 in concurrence with the operation. Ultimately, all of the Abscam convictions were upheld on appeal,[32] although some judges criticized the tactics used by the FBI and lapses in FBI and DOJ supervision.[33]

In the wake of Abscam, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued "The Attorney General Guidelines for FBI Undercover Operations" ("Civiletti Undercover Guidelines") on January 5, 1981. These were the first Attorney General Guidelines for undercover operations and formalized procedures necessary to conduct undercover operations to avoid future controversy. Following the initial press accounts about the Abscam investigation, Congress held a series of hearings to examine FBI undercover operations and the new Civiletti Undercover Guidelines. The House Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights began hearings on FBI undercover operations in March 1980 and concluded with a report in April 1984. Among the concerns expressed during the hearings were the undercover agents' involvement in illegal activity, the possibility of entrapping individuals, the prospect of damaging the reputations of innocent civilians, and the opportunity to undermine legitimate rights to privacy.

In March 1982, after the Senate debated a resolution to expel Senator Williams for his conduct in Abscam, the Senate established the Select Committee to Study Undercover Activities. In December 1982, the Committee issued its final report, which was generally supportive of the undercover technique but observed that its use "creates serious risks to citizens' property, privacy, and civil liberties, and may compromise law enforcement itself".

FBI documents later disclosed in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act, consisting of newspaper clippings and letters written to the FBI, revealed a mixed response of the American public. Some Americans supported the FBI, but others argued that Abscam was an entrapment scenario ordered by a revenge-minded FBI, which earlier had been stung by Congressional inquiries into acts of police brutality and similar widespread abuses.[34] Congressional concern about sting operations persisted, creating numerous additional guidelines in the ensuing years:

During the course of Abscam, the FBI handed out more than $400,000 in "bribes" to Congressmen and middlemen.

In his book, "The Dangers of Dissent", historian Ivan Greenberg suggests that the FBI's aggressive investigation of political corruption might have been a response to the years of criticism the agency had received from Congressional investigations: "Was this [ABSCAM] payback for the Church Committee hearings? The FBI wanted to punish the Congress for exposing its past corruption." Greenberg cites FBI Director William Webster's 1980 speech to the Atlanta Bar Association as evidence, in which Webster stated that "In the FBI we've been under attack for past incidents and circumstances. It's quite understandable for those in Congress who love their institution, who are trying to rebuild its reputation and the confidence of the American people, to have an encounter and deal with a situation of this kind, and emotions run high. It's my sense that the good sense of the Congress, similar to the emotions in the Bureau when they had their times, that now people are saying, well, let's wait and see what the facts are..." However, Greenberg does not provide evidence beyond this public comparison for his allegation.[35]

In popular culture

French director Louis Malle adapted the Abscam story into a film script titled Moon Over Miami, with Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi set to star, with Belushi playing a fictionalized version of Weinberg. Belushi's death in March 1982 scuttled plans for the film.[36] Saturday Night Live parodied the scandal in a skit titled "The Bel-Airabs" (a spoof of The Beverly Hillbillies), February 9, 1980. Fridays parodied the scandal in a skit titled "Abscam Camera" (a spoof of Candid Camera). The incident was also referenced in the Seinfeld episode "The Sniffing Accountant". In music, artist Prince refers to the Abscam story in the track "Annie Christian" from his 1981 album Controversy. Abscam was also mentioned in the film Donnie Brasco when an agent suggests that a boat used in the operation be used undercover to impress Mafia kingpin Santo Trafficante, Jr.. A 1981 Bloom County comic strip in which Milo Bloom envisions himself as a senator on trial has him accused of (among many things) "taking money from FBI agents posing as Arab camel scalpers". Members of the Abscam team were involved in the investigation into Jordan Belfort, as depicted in The Wolf of Wall Street. Abscam was also mentioned as an insult to an FBI agent on an episode of Simon & Simon. The Doonesbury comics also parody the investigation; they show congressmen claiming that they were doing the sting operation to bust FBI agents who were bribing elected officials and working for foreign organizations hostile to the United States.

The Abscam operation is dramatized in the 2013 feature film American Hustle, directed by David O. Russell. The film is described as a "fictionalization" rather than a straight adaptation. The opening screen states, "Some of this actually happened.".[12][37]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Investigations at a Glance; Origin Disclosure Results Inquiries Under Way". The New York Times. February 10, 1980. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Salinger, Lawrence M. Encyclopedia of White-collar & Corporate Crime. (Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications), 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed February 19, 2014).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Jensen, Eric L., and Jurg Gerber. 2007. Encyclopedia of White-collar Crime. (Westport. Conn: Greenwood Press), 2007. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed February 19, 2014).
  4. ^ Maitland, Leslie (February 3, 1980). "High Officials Are Termed Subjects Of a Bribery Investigation by F.B.I." The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  5. ^ "Etymology of "Abscam" Undergoes Revision". The New York Times. August 21, 1980. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Noonan, John T. (1987). Bribes: The Intellectual History of a Moral Idea. University of California Press. pp. 604–11. ISBN 9780520061545.
  7. ^ Leiby, Richard (December 26, 2013). "To the players in Abscam, the real-life 'American Hustle,' the bribes now seem quaint". Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  8. ^ Tolchin, Martin, and Susan J. Tolchin. Glass Houses. Boulder: Westview Press, 2001.
  9. ^ Tale of Atlantic City Hotel That Tried to be a Casino by Donald Janson New York Times May 31, 1981 [1]
  10. ^ The Sting Man: Inside Abscam By Robert W. Greene ISBN 9780525209850
  11. ^ 'Abscam' fallout: Atlantic City casinos By Ward Morehouse III, The Christian Science Monitor February 6, 1980 [2]
  12. ^ a b Yates, Clinton (December 26, 2013). "American Hustle's fun D.C. connection". Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
  13. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation, "A Byte Out of History: Remembering the Lessons of ABSCAM." Last modified 02 07, 05. Accessed February 19, 2014.[3]
  14. ^ Maitland, Leslie (October 31, 1980). "Williams Is Indicted With 3 For Bribery In New Abscam Case; Jersey Senator Denies Guilt Accused of Pledging to Use Office to Obtain Federal Contracts in a Deal for Mine Shares Other Charges in Indictment Jersey's Senator Williams and 3 Are Indicted for Bribery in Abscam Case 2 Representatives Convicted Boast on Casino Alleged A Promise on Immigration". The New York Times.
  15. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (May 2, 1981). "Williams Is Guilty On All Nine Counts In Abscam Inquiry". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "CNN.com – Former N.J. Sen. Harrison Williams dead at 81 – November 19, 2001". Archived from the original on March 23, 2005. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (December 20, 1980). "Williams Seeking the Dismissal of Abscam Charges". The New York Times.
  18. ^ Sullivan, Joseph F. (March 12, 1982). "Williams Quits Senate Seat As Vote To Expel Him Nears; Still Asserts He Is Innocent". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  19. ^ Mercer, Neil (2000). Words and Minds: How We Use Language to Think Together. Routledge. p. 36.
  20. ^ Hitt, Jack (July 23, 2012). "Words on Trial" (PDF). The New Yorker. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  21. ^ "Abscam (cont.)". Time. December 15, 1980.
  22. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (August 26, 2005). "Richard Kelly, 81, Congressman Who Went to Prison in Scandal, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  23. ^ "Full Abscam Video part 1". YouTube. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  24. ^ Template:Wayback
  25. ^ Katz, Neil (February 8, 2010). "Abscam Scandal Lingers as Jack Murtha, Dead Congressman, is Remembered". CBS News. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  26. ^ "Surveillance video". Mfile.akamai.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  27. ^ Rabkin, Jeremy (September 17, 2012). "The American Spectator". Spectator.org. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  28. ^ Jackson, Peter (February 9, 2010). "Pa. Dem Murtha remembered as military advocate". The Seattle Times.
  29. ^ "Pressler, Senator Larry: Biography 2007". Larrypressler.com. March 12, 1999. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  30. ^ Heidentry, John. 'What Wild Ecstasy'. Simon & Schuster 2007 ISBN 978-0-7432-4184-7 [4]
  31. ^ "847 F.2d 1031". Ftp.resource.org. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  32. ^ "Special Report". Usdoj.gov. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  33. ^ "Special Report". Usdoj.gov. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  34. ^ Template:Wayback
  35. ^ Greenberg, Ivan. 'The Dangers of Dissent: The FBI and Civil Liberties Since 1965' (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010), p. 106 [5]
  36. ^ Plunka, Gene A. (January 1, 2002). The black comedy of John Guare. University of Delaware Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-87413-763-7. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  37. ^ "First Trailer for David O. Russell's 'American Hustle' Cuts Loose". iamrogue.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.

External links

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