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==Life==
==Life==
[[File:Joan of Navarre.jpg|thumb|left|Funeral of Joan]]
[[File:Joan of Navarre.jpg|thumb|left|Funeral of Joan]]
Joan was born Jeanne de Champagne in [[Bar-sur-Seine]], [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]] on 14 January 1273 as a princess of the [[house of Champagne]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}} The following year, upon the death of her father, she became [[Count of Champagne|Countess of Champagne]] and queen regnant of Navarre.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=25}} Her mother was her guardian and [[regent]] in Navarre. Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent, which caused Joan and her mother to seek protection at the court of [[Philip III of France]]. Her mother arrived in France in 1274, and by the treaty of Orleans in 1275, she betrothed Joan to the King's son and heir apparent [[Philip IV of France|Philip]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}} She therefore placed her daughter and the government of Navarre under the protection of the King of France. After this, Joan was brought up with Philip. It is, in fact, uncertain whether she was ever present in Navarre at all during her childhood.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}}
Joan was born Jeanne de Champagne in [[Bar-sur-Seine]], [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]] on 14 January 1273 as a princess of the [[House of Champagne]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}} The following year, upon the death of her father, she became [[Count of Champagne|Countess of Champagne]] and queen regnant of Navarre.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=25}} Her mother, [[Blanche of Artois]], was her guardian and [[regent]] in Navarre.

Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent. Blanche, who was a French princess (daughter of [[Robert I, Count of Artois]], and granddaughter of [[Louis VIII of France]], fled to the French court and sought the protection of the French king, [[Philip III of France|Philip III]]. Her mother arrived in France in 1274.

Philip III wanted the young queen of Navarre to marry his eldest son [[Louis of France (1264–1276)|Louis]], but they were within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, which required papal dispensation. The Kings of Castile and Aragon opposed this scheme, and represented to the Pope, that since a French prince is already ruler of Sicily, it would be unreasonable to add Navarre unto the dominions of the King of France. On the other hand, [[Pope Gregory X]] did not wish to offend the King of France. As a compromise, he granted the dispensation, not to the king's eldest son Louis, but for the second son [[Philip IV of France|Philip]].<ref>S. Richardson, T. Osborne, C. Hitch, A. Millar, John Rivington, S. Crowder, P. Davey and B. Law, T. Longman, and C. Ware, 1760. The Modern Part of a Universal History, Volume 23, p. 373</ref> By the treaty of Orleans in 1275, she betrothed Joan to the King's second son [[Philip IV of France|Philip]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}} She therefore placed her daughter and the government of Navarre under the protection of the King of France. After this, Joan was brought up with Philip. It is, in fact, uncertain whether she was ever present in Navarre at all during her childhood.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=39}} The death of Philip III's son Louis in 1276 made Philip, Joan's betrothed, heir apparent to the throne of France, nullifying the precautions of the Spanish kings and the Pope.


===Queen of France===
===Queen of France===

Revision as of 02:52, 18 July 2015

Joan I
Drawing of Joan I
Queen of Navarre; Countess of Champagne
Reign1274–1305
PredecessorHenry I
SuccessorLouis I
Queen consort of France
Reign1285–1305
Born(1273-01-14)14 January 1273
Bar-sur-Seine, France
Died2 April 1305(1305-04-02) (aged 32)
Château de Vincennes, France
SpousePhilip IV of France
Issue
more...		Louis X of France
Philip V of France
Charles IV of France
Isabella, Queen of England
HouseHouse of Champagne
FatherHenry I of Navarre
MotherBlanche of Artois
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305),[1] the daughter of King Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, reigned as queen regnant of Navarre and also served as queen consort of France.

Life

Funeral of Joan

Joan was born Jeanne de Champagne in Bar-sur-Seine, Champagne on 14 January 1273 as a princess of the House of Champagne.[2] The following year, upon the death of her father, she became Countess of Champagne and queen regnant of Navarre.[3] Her mother, Blanche of Artois, was her guardian and regent in Navarre.

Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent. Blanche, who was a French princess (daughter of Robert I, Count of Artois, and granddaughter of Louis VIII of France, fled to the French court and sought the protection of the French king, Philip III. Her mother arrived in France in 1274.

Philip III wanted the young queen of Navarre to marry his eldest son Louis, but they were within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, which required papal dispensation. The Kings of Castile and Aragon opposed this scheme, and represented to the Pope, that since a French prince is already ruler of Sicily, it would be unreasonable to add Navarre unto the dominions of the King of France. On the other hand, Pope Gregory X did not wish to offend the King of France. As a compromise, he granted the dispensation, not to the king's eldest son Louis, but for the second son Philip.[4] By the treaty of Orleans in 1275, she betrothed Joan to the King's second son Philip.[2] She therefore placed her daughter and the government of Navarre under the protection of the King of France. After this, Joan was brought up with Philip. It is, in fact, uncertain whether she was ever present in Navarre at all during her childhood.[2] The death of Philip III's son Louis in 1276 made Philip, Joan's betrothed, heir apparent to the throne of France, nullifying the precautions of the Spanish kings and the Pope.

Queen of France

At the age of 11 and a half (based on the date of birth above), Joan married the future Philip IV of France on 16 August 1284, becoming queen consort of France in 1285 a year later. Their three surviving sons would all rule as kings of France, in turn, and their only surviving daughter, Isabella became queen consort of England.

Joan was described as having been plump and plain, whereas her beautiful daughter Isabella resembled her father more in physical appearance. As regards her character, Joan was bold, courageous, and enterprising.

Joan was described as a success in her role of Queen of France: she secured the succession, she was an efficient mistress of the royal court, a dignified first lady and a very good relationship with the King. Having grown up together, the couple was evidently close to each other and Philip is reported to have loved and respected her deeply.[5] His emotional dependence of her is suggested as a reason to why she never visited Navarre. In 1294, Philip appointed her regent of France should his son succeed him being still a minor.[6] However, he is not believed to have entrusted her with influence over the affairs of France, unless they concerned her own domains Navarre and Champagne.[6]

Queen Joan founded the famous College of Navarre in Paris in 1305.

Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne

Queen Joan I of Navarre and countess of Champagne and Brie was declared to be of legal majority upon her marriage in 1284, and such did homage to her father-in-law in Paris as his vassal.[7]

Joan never visited the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled in her name by French governors appointed first by her father-in-law and then by her spouse in her name.[2] The French governors were extremely unpopular in Navarre and her absence from the country was resented:[8] however, it was the French who were blamed for her absence rather than her, and the loyalty to her right to rule was not questioned; rather, it was empathized in Navarre that it was in fact she rather than the French who was their sovereign. From afar, edicts were issued in her name, coins struck in her image,[8] and she gave her protection to chapels and convents. She never came closer to Navarre than to Carcasonne in 1300, and her spouse was somewhat blamed for this.[5]

Joan was much more directly active as countess of Champagne. While being a county rather than a kingdom, Champagne was much richer and more strategically important. Philip IV appointed her administrators, however, Joan visited Champagne regularly and are recorded to have participated in all duties of a ruling vassal and is not regarded to have been passive but an active independent ruler in this domain. In 1297, she raised and led an army against the Count of Bar when he rebelled against her by invading Champagne.[9] This was explicitly in the absence of her spouse, and she personally brought the count to prison before she joined her spouse.[9] She also personally acted in her process against Bishop Guichard of Troyes, whom she accused of having stolen funds from Champagne and her mother by fraud.[9]

Joan died in 1305, allegedly in childbirth, though one chronicler accused her husband of having killed her. Her personal physician was the inventor Guido da Vigevano.

Issue

With Philip IV of France:

  1. Margaret (1288 – c. 1294)
  2. Louis X of France, King Louis I of Navarre from 1305, France from 1314 (October 1289 – 5 June 1316)
  3. Blanche (1290 – c. 1294)
  4. Philip V of France and Navarre (as Philip II) (1292/93 – 3 January 1322)
  5. Charles IV of France and Navarre (as Charles I) (c. 1294 – 1 February 1328)
  6. Isabella (c. 1295 – 23 August 1358), married Edward II of England
  7. Robert (1297 – July 1308)

Ancestry

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joan I of Navarre.
Family of Joan I of Navarre
16. Henry I, Count of Champagne
8. Theobald III, Count of Champagne
17. Marie of France, Countess of Champagne
4. Theobald I of Navarre
18. Sancho VI of Navarre
9. Blanche of Navarre
19. Sancha of Castile
2. Henry I of Navarre
20. Guy II of Dampierre
10. Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
21. Matilda of Bourbon
5. Margaret of Bourbon
22. Guy III, Count of Forez
11. Guigone of Forez
23. Adelasia
1. Joan I of Navarre
24. Philip II of France
12. Louis VIII of France
25. Isabelle of Hainaut
6. Robert I of Artois
26. Alfonso VIII of Castile
13. Blanche of Castile
27. Eleanor of England
3. Blanche of Artois
28. Henry I, Duke of Brabant
14. Henry II, Duke of Brabant
29. Matilda of Flanders, Duchess of BrabantMatilda of Flanders
7. Matilda of Brabant
30. Philip of Swabia
15. Marie of Hohenstaufen
31. Irene Angelina

Notes

  1. ^ An annotated index of medieval women. Markus Wiener Publishers. 1992. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  2. ^ a b c d Woodacre 2013, p. 39.
  3. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 25.
  4. ^ S. Richardson, T. Osborne, C. Hitch, A. Millar, John Rivington, S. Crowder, P. Davey and B. Law, T. Longman, and C. Ware, 1760. The Modern Part of a Universal History, Volume 23, p. 373
  5. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 42.
  6. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 43.
  7. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 35-36.
  8. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 40.
  9. ^ a b c Woodacre 2013, p. 37.

References

  • Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)


Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of Navarre
Countess of Champagne
1274–1305
With: Philip the Fair 		Succeeded by
French royalty
Preceded by Queen consort of France
1285–1305 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata

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